"This policy sucks and it's stupid:" Mapping maternity care for First Nations women on reserves in Manitoba, Canada.

First Nations women who live on rural and remote reserves in Canada leave their communities between 36 and 38 weeks gestational age to receive labor and birthing services in large urban centers. The process and administrative details of this process are undocumented despite decades of relocation as a routine component of maternity care. Using data from 32 semistructured interviews and information from peer-reviewed literature, grey literature, and public documents, I constructed a descriptive map and a visual representation of the policy. I present new and detailed information about Canada's health policy as well as recommendations to address the health care gaps identified.

Mental health indicators among pregnant Aboriginal women in Canada: results from the Maternity Experiences Survey. / Indicateurs de santé mentale chez les femmes autochtones enceintes au Canada : résultats de l'Enquête sur l'expérience de la maternité.

INTRODUCTION: There is little research done on mental health among pregnant Aboriginal women. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to examine the prevalence of postpartum depression (PPD) and its determinants, including pre-existing depression among non-Aboriginal and Aboriginal women in Canada. METHODS: The Maternity Experiences Survey (MES) is a national survey of Canadian women's experiences and practices before conception, up to the early months of parenthood. Predictors of PPD were calculated using the Mantel-Haenszel correction method relative to the risk estimates based on the odds ratio from adjusted regression analysis. The analysis was conducted among women who self-identified as Aboriginal (Inuit, Métis or First Nations living off-reserve) and those who identified as non-Aboriginal. RESULTS: The prevalence of pre-existing depression was higher among self-reported First Nations off-reserve and Métis women than non-Aboriginal women. Inuit women had the lowest prevalence of self-reported pre-existing depression, and Aboriginal women reported a higher prevalence of PPD than non-Aboriginal women. Pre-existing depression was not a predictor for PPD for Inuit or Métis women in this study but was a positive predictor among First Nations off-reserve and non-Aboriginal women. A disproportionally higher number of Aboriginal women reported experiencing abuse, as compared to non-Aboriginal women. CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrated that common predictors of PPD including anxiety, experiencing stressful life events during pregnancy, having low levels of social support, and a previous history of depression were consistent among non-Aboriginal women. However, with the exception of the number of stressful events among First Nations offreserve, these were not associated with PPD among Aboriginal women. This information can be used to further increase awareness of mental health indicators among Aboriginal women.

INTRODUCTION: On dispose de peu de recherches sur la santé mentale chez les femmes autochtones enceintes, ce qui nous a conduit à examiner dans cette étude la prévalence de la dépression post-partum (DPP) et ses déterminants, en tenant compte des antécédents de dépression chez les femmes non autochtones et autochtones du Canada. MÉTHODOLOGIE: L'Enquête sur l'expérience de la maternité (EEM) est une enquête nationale portant sur l'expérience et les pratiques des femmes canadiennes préalablement à la conception et jusqu'aux premiers mois de la maternité. On a calculé, à l'aide de la méthode de correction Mantel-Haenszel, les estimations du risque pour les facteurs de prédiction de la DPP en se basant sur les rapport de cotes de l'analyse de régression ajustée. L'analyse a été menée auprès de femmes s'étant auto-identifiées comme autochtones (Inuites, Métisses ou membres des Premières Nations vivant hors réserve) ou comme non autochtones. RÉSULTATS: La prévalence d'antécédents dépression était plus élevée chez les femmes s'étant auto-identifiée comme membre des Premières Nations vivant hors réserve ou métisses que chez les femmes non autochtones, les femmes inuites offraient la plus faible prévalence d'antécédents de dépression autodéclarée. Les femmes autochtones avaient une prévalence plus élevée de DPP que les femmes non autochtones. La présence d'antécédents de dépression n'était pas un facteur de prédiction de DPP chez les femmes inuites et métisses, mais s'est révélée en être un chez les femmes des Premières Nations vivant hors réserve et chez les femmes non autochtones. Un nombre disproportionnellement plus élevé de femmes autochtones que de femmes non autochtones ont déclaré avoir été victimes de violence. CONCLUSION: Notre étude a montré que les facteurs usuels de prédiction de DPP que sont l'anxiété, les événements stressants de la vie pendant la grossesse, un faible niveau de soutien social et des antécédents de dépression étaient bien présents chez les femmes non autochtones mais que, à l'exception du nombre d'événements stressants chez les femmes des Premières Nations vivant hors réserve, ces facteurs n'étaient pas associés à la DPP chez les femmes autochtones. Ces résultats incitent à développer la sensibilité des indicateurs de santé mentale pour les femmes autochtones.

Canada's evacuation policy for pregnant First Nations women: Resignation, resilience, and resistance.

BACKGROUND: Aboriginal peoples in Canada are comprised of First Nations, Métis, and Inuit. Health care services for First Nations who live on rural and remote reserves are mostly provided by the Government of Canada through the federal department, Health Canada. One Health Canada policy, the evacuation policy, requires all First Nations women living on rural and remote reserves to leave their communities between 36 and 38 weeks gestational age and travel to urban centres to await labour and birth. Although there are a few First Nations communities in Canada that have re-established community birthing and Aboriginal midwifery is growing, most First Nations communities are still reliant on the evacuation policy for labour and birthing services. In one Canadian province, Manitoba, First Nations women are evacuated to The Pas, Thompson, or Winnipeg but most - including all women with high-risk pregnancies - go to Winnipeg. AIM: To contribute scholarship that describes First Nations women's and community members' experiences and perspectives of Health Canada's evacuation policy in Manitoba. METHODS: Applying intersectional theory to data collected through 12 semi-structured interviews with seven women and five community members (four females, one male) in Manitoba who had experienced the evacuation policy. The data were analyzed thematically, which revealed three themes: resignation, resilience, and resistance. FINDINGS: The theme of resignation was epitomized by the quote, "Nobody has a choice." The ability to withstand and endure the evacuation policy despite poor or absent communication and loneliness informed of resilience. Resistance was demonstrated by women who questioned the necessity and requirement of evacuation for labour and birth. In one instance, resistance took the form of a planned homebirth with Aboriginal registered midwives. CONCLUSION: There is a pressing need to improve the maternity care services that First Nations women receive when they are evacuated out of their communities, particularly when understood from the specific legal and constitutional position of First Nations women in Manitoba.

Kivalliq Inuit Centre boarding home and the provision of prenatal education.

The Kivalliq Inuit Centre (KIC), a boarding home in Winnipeg, Manitoba, is unique in its provision of a pilot prenatal education class and public health nursing services for Nunavummiut who are beneficiaries of the Nunavut Land Claim Agreement. Through a critical review of literature, policies and interviews related to evacuation for birth, we argue that the pilot at the KIC has the potential to play an important role in improving maternal child health for residents of Nunavut.