Determination of monochloramine dissipation kinetics in various surface water qualities under relevant environmental conditions - Consequences regarding environmental risk assessment.

A total 190 experiments were performed to study the dissipation kinetics of monochloramine (NH2Cl, CAS no 10599-90-3) in surface water samples from six rivers (Loire, Rhône, Meuse, Garonne, Seine and Moselle) and an artificial reservoir (Mirgenbach), all located in France. Experiments were conducted in an open reactor, under relevant controlled environmental conditions. The impact of various parameters such as initial NH2Cl concentration, temperature, pH, presence of sediments, sampling site and collection period was investigated. It was found that NH2Cl dissipated rapidly without any lag phase, and that decay follows an apparent first-order kinetics (r2 > 0.99). Presence of sediment greatly accelerated decay. Half-lives were generally <1 h in river water in presence of natural sediment, but of several hours without sediment. The impact of pH was low for the normal river water pH range. However, increase in temperature significantly accelerated decay. The combination of high initial NH2Cl concentrations and elevated temperatures generally gives half-lives similar to those obtained at lower temperatures and lower concentrations. Short half-lives (0.06 to 1.50 h) were found in all the surface waters examined, regardless of geographic location of sampling site or collection period, indicating no temporal or site-specific effects on NH2Cl dissipation. Decay was slightly faster at lower initial concentrations, which supports extrapolation of half-lives measured in this study to a wide range of environmental concentrations. It can thus be assumed that NH2Cl degradation in river and reservoir waters is mainly determined by presence of sediments and temperature.

Selective and trace determination of monochloramine in river water by chemical derivatization and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry analysis.

Monochloramine (MCA) may enter the aquatic environment through three main sources: wastewater treatment plant effluents, industrial effluents and thermal power plant wastes. Up to date, there are no available data about the concentration levels of this chemical in river water due to lack of appropriate analytical methods. Therefore, sensitive and selective analytical methods for monochloramine analysis in river water are required to evaluate its environmental fate and its effects on aquatic ecosystems. Thus, in this study we describe a highly specific and sensitive method for monochloramine determination in river water. This method combines chemical derivatization of monochloramine into indophenol followed by liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionisation-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) analysis. Two precursor-to-product ion transitions were monitored (200→127 and 200→154) in positive ionisation mode, fulfilling the criteria of selectivity, in accordance with the European Legislation requirements (decision 2002/657/EC). Ion structures and fragmentation mechanisms have been proposed to explain the selected transitions. Linearity range, accuracy and precision of the method have been assessed according to the French method validation standard NF T90-210. Detecting the derivatized monochloramine (indophenol) in Multiple Reaction Monitoring (MRM) mode provided a limit of quantification of 40 ng L(-1) equivalent monochloramine. Applied to Loire river water (France), the developed method occasionally detected monochloramine at concentrations less than 300 ng L(-1), which could be explained by punctual discharges of water containing active chlorine upstream of the sampling point. Indeed, it is widely reported in the literature that the addition of chlorine to water containing ammonia (e.g., wastewater effluents and river water) may result in the instantaneous formation of monochloramine. The proposed method is a powerful tool that can be used in environmental research (e.g., assessment of environmental fate and generating of ecotoxicological data) as well as in research studies concerning the evaluation of water disinfection efficiency; but it is not currently appropriate for routine use in industrial applications given the complexity of the procedure, the instability of indophenol and the use of certain toxic reagents.