RANGATAHI MAORI AND THE WHANAU CHOCOLATE BOX: Rangatahi wellbeing in whanau contexts.

Whanau (Maori understandings of family) are comprised of unique and vital relationships that support and scaffold rangatahi (youth) wellbeing, yet are often reduced to nuclear family structures within individualised notions of wellbeing. While rangatahi contend with racialised discourses in a colonial socio-cultural context, their whanau can be an important site for mitigating these challenges, supporting rangatahi agency and wellbeing. This article explores how whanau practices inform rangatahi wellbeing, drawing upon photo-projects and interviews with 51 rangatahi and their whanau. Interviews were thematically analysed, informing four themes that drew on Maori (the Indigenous people of Aotearoa) concepts and whakatauki: te haerenga whakamua, kotahitanga, he toa takitini and tatai hono. These themes speak to the significance of vitalising relationships between rangatahi, their whanau and beyond. We outline a strengths-based activity with rangatahi and their whanau, identifying and drawing from the delightful array of whanau relationships, qualities and characteristics that may be likened to a 'whanau chocolate box' for rangatahi to derive influence, systems of support and inspiration for future identities and inspiration.

Indigenous adolescent health in Aotearoa New Zealand: Trends, policy and advancing equity for rangatahi Maori, 2001-2019.

Background: Rangatahi Maori, the Indigenous adolescents of Aotearoa New Zealand (NZ), have poorer health outcomes than Pakeha (NZ European /other European/"White") adolescents. We explored the influence of policies for Indigenous youth by presenting health trends, inequities and contrasting policy case examples: tobacco control and healthcare access. Methods: Cross-sectional representative surveys of NZ secondary school students were undertaken in 2001, 2007, 2012 and 2019. Health indicators are presented for Maori and Pakeha adolescents (relative risks with 95% CI, calculated using modified Poisson regression) between 2001-2019 and 2012-2019. Policy examples were examined utilising Critical Te Tiriti Analysis (CTA). Findings: Rangatahi Maori reported significant health gains between 2001 and 2019, but an increase in depressive symptoms (13.8% in 2012 to 27.9% in 2019, RR 2.01 [1.65-2.46]). Compared to Pakeha youth there was a pattern of persistent Maori disadvantage, particularly for racism (RR 2.27 [2.08-2.47]), depressive symptoms (RR 1.42 [1.27-1.59]) and forgone healthcare (RR 1.63 [1.45-1.84]). Tobacco use inequities narrowed (RR 2.53 [2.12-3.02] in 2007 to RR 1.55 [1.25-1.93] in 2019). CTA reveals rangatahi Maori-specific policies, Maori leadership, and political support aligned with improved outcomes and narrowing inequities. Interpretation: Age-appropriate Indigenous strategies are required to improve health outcomes and reduce inequities for rangatahi Maori. Characteristics of effective strategies include: (1) evidence-based, sustained, and comprehensive approaches including both universal levers and Indigenous youth-specific policies; (2) Indigenous and rangatahi leadership; (3) the political will to address Indigenous youth rights, preferences, priorities; and (4) a commitment to an anti-racist praxis and healthcare Indigenisation. Funding: Two Health Research Council of New Zealand Project Grants: (a) Fleming T, Peiris-John R, Crengle S, Parry D. (2018). Integrating survey and intervention research for youth health gains. (HRC ref: 18/473); and (b) Clark TC, Le Grice J, Groot S, Shepherd M, Lewycka S. (2017) Harnessing the spark of life: Maximising whanau contributors to rangatahi wellbeing (HRC ref: 17/315).

Health and wellbeing of Maori secondary school students in New Zealand: Trends between 2001, 2007 and 2012.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the health status over time of Maori secondary school students in New Zealand compared to European students. METHODS: Anonymous representative health surveys of New Zealand secondary school students were conducted in 2001, 2007 and 2012 (total n=27,306 including 5,747 Maori). RESULTS: Compared to 2001, Maori students in 2012 experienced improved health, family and school connections. However, considerable inequity persists with Maori students reporting poorer health, greater exposure to violence and socioeconomic adversity compared to European students. When controlling for socioeconomic deprivation, inequity was substantially reduced, although worse Maori health outcomes remained for general health, mental health, contraceptive use, healthy weight, substance use, access to healthcare and exposure to violence. There was some evidence of convergence between Maori and European students on some indicators. CONCLUSIONS: There have been significant improvements for Maori youth in areas of health where there has been investment. Priority areas identified require adequate resourcing alongside addressing systematic discrimination and poverty. Implications for public health: Socioeconomic contexts, discrimination, healthcare access and identified priority health areas must be addressed to improve equity for Maori youth. Building on these gains and hastening action on indicators that have not improved, or have worsened, is required.

Indigenous (Maori) sexual health psychologies in New Zealand: Delivering culturally congruent sexuality education.

Indigenous (Maori) psychologies of sexual health occur at the cultural nexus of Indigenous and Western knowledge, colonising influence and intervention. Formal school-based sexuality education holds potential to intervene in this psychological space by decolonising notions of Maori sexuality, relationships and reproduction. This research utilises an Indigenous feminist (Mana Wahine) methodology and interviews with 43 Maori participants (26 women and 17 men). We explore how Maori knowledges (matauranga Maori), responsive to the surrounding colonising context, were interwoven through four themes: relationships, reproductive responsibility, open conversations about sexuality and contraceptive education. Indigenous knowledges can contribute to good sexual health psychologies for all.

Exotic dancing and relationship violence: exploring Indigeneity, gender and agency.

How should we begin to explore the complex considerations influencing young Indigenous New Zealand Maori women's sexuality? Centring a Maori woman's analysis through a Mana Wahine methodology, and utilising an Indigenous form of storying, purakau, I explore this question by attending to my autobiographical memory of experiences of exotic dancing and moments of violence in heterosexual relationships. The analysis provides critical reflection on the interchanges between individual experience and the social and cultural conditions of a reality, informed by colonisation and historical trauma. Attending to the rawness and detail of lived experience highlights how complicated the workings of sexual(ised) agency and power, as well as pleasure and risk, can be in the lives of Maori teenage girls. It has also provided an impetus to consider how complex vectors of oppression are brought to bear on us as individuals, and how Indigenous cultural forms can provide the basis for knowing beyond imposed colonising racist and sexist cultural forms.