Structural and Functional Retinal Changes in Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment with and without Diabetes.

Our objective is to analyze retinal changes using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A) in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to characterize structural and vascular alterations. This cross-sectional study involved 117 eyes: 39 eyes from patients with MCI plus diabetes (DM-MCI), 39 eyes from patients with MCI but no diabetes (MCI); and 39 healthy control eyes (C). All patients underwent a visual acuity measurement, a structural OCT, an OCT-A, and a neuropsychological examination. Our study showed a thinning of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFL) and a decrease in macular thickness when comparing the MCI-DM group to the C group (p = 0.008 and p = 0.016, respectively). In addition, an increase in arteriolar thickness (p = 0.016), a reduction in superficial capillary plexus density (p = 0.002), and a decrease in ganglion cell thickness (p = 0.027) were found when comparing the MCI-DM group with the MCI group. Diabetes may exacerbate retinal vascular changes when combined with mild cognitive impairment.

Impact of music performance anxiety on cardiovascular blood pressure responses, autonomic tone and baroreceptor sensitivity to a western classical music piano-concert.

Introduction: Music Performance Anxiety (MPA) is a prevalent condition among musicians that can manifest both psychologically and physiologically, leading to impaired musical performance. Physiologically, MPA is characterized by excessive muscular and/or autonomic tone. This study focuses on the cardiovascular blood pressure responses, autonomic tone and baroreceptor sensitivity changes that occur during musical performance due to MPA. Methods: Six professional pianists perform a piece for piano written only for the left hand by Alexander Scriabin. The following parameters have been studied during the performance: ECG, non-invasive beat to beat continuous arterial blood pressure and skin conductance. Sympathetic and parasympathetic autonomic flow was studied with Wigner-Ville analysis (W-V) from R-R ECG variability, and baroreceptor sensitivity with the Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT). Results: During the concert a significant increase of heart rate, systolic, mean and diastolic arterial pressure were observed. No significant differences were found in skin conductance. The W-V analysis, which studies frequency changes in the time domain, shows a significant increase of sympathetic flow and a decrease of parasympathetic flow during the concert which is associated with a significant decrease in sympathetic and vagal baroreceptor sensitivity. Discussion: The study of cardiac variability using the Wigner-Ville analysis may be a suitable method to assess the autonomic response in the context of MPA, and could be used as biofeedback in personalized multimodal treatments.

Effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists on neurological complications of diabetes.

Emerging evidence suggests that treatment with glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) could be an interesting treatment strategy to reduce neurological complications such as stroke, cognitive impairment, and peripheral neuropathy. We performed a systematic review to examine the evidence concerning the effects of GLP-1 RAs on neurological complications of diabetes. The databases used were Pubmed, Scopus and Cochrane. We selected clinical trials which analysed the effect of GLP-1 RAs on stroke, cognitive impairment, and peripheral neuropathy. We found a total of 19 studies: 8 studies include stroke or major cardiovascular events, 7 involve cognitive impairment and 4 include peripheral neuropathy. Semaglutide subcutaneous and dulaglutide reduced stroke cases. Liraglutide, albiglutide, oral semaglutide and efpeglenatide, were not shown to reduce the number of strokes but did reduce major cardiovascular events. Exenatide, dulaglutide and liraglutide improved general cognition but no significant effect on diabetic peripheral neuropathy has been reported with GLP-1 RAs. GLP-1 RAs are promising drugs that seem to be useful in the reduction of some neurological complications of diabetes. However, more studies are needed.

Paraneoplastic autoimmune autonomic ganglionopathy as the first symptom of bladder cancer: a case report and review of literature.

BACKGROUND: Autoimmune autonomic ganglionopathy is a rare, immune-mediated disorder associated with anti-ganglionic α3-subunit nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (anti-α3gAChR) antibodies, which bind to acetylcholine receptor in autonomic ganglia (parasympathetic and sympathetic) leading to autonomic failure. This disorder is mostly associated with viral infections, but it can also be associated with systemic malignancies. Here, we report the case of a paraneoplastic autonomic ganglionopathy as the first symptom of bladder cancer. METHOD: Case report. RESULTS: A 47-year-old man, without medical history of interest, stated to the emergency department for progressive blurry vision with eye and mouth dryness, constipation, and dizziness upon standing for the last 2 weeks. Orthostatic hypotension was demonstrated by a drop in 13.3 mmHg mean blood pressure (BP) from supine (100/60 mmHg) to 45° reclining sitting position (80/50 mmHg). Blood tests, chest X-ray, brain MRI, and electroneuronography were unremarkable. Electrochemical skin conductance was reduced. Serological examination was positive for anti-α3gAChR antibodies. A full-body CT scan revealed a bladder tumor, which was treated by transurethral bladder resection. The pathologic study demonstrated a low-grade non-muscle-invasive bladder urothelial carcinoma. After tumor resection, and treatment with intravenous immunoglobulins and corticoids, a gradually improvement was observed. Today, the patient remains asymptomatic. CONCLUSION: Subacute panautonomic failure can be the first symptom for systemic malignancies. This case reports a paraneoplastic autonomic ganglionopathy as the first symptom of bladder cancer. This case highlights the importance of a systemic study to rule out the presence of cancer when autoimmune autonomic ganglionopathy is present.

IGF-1 regulates astrocytic phagocytosis and inflammation through the p110α isoform of PI3K in a sex-specific manner.

Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) signaling plays a key role in neuroinflammation. Here we show that IGF-1 also regulates phagocytosis of reactive astrocytes through p110α isoform of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), differentially in both sexes. Systemic bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treatment increased the expression of GFAP, a reactive astrocyte marker, in the cortex of mice in both sexes and was blocked by IGF-1 only in males. In primary astrocytes, LPS enhanced the mRNA expression of Toll-like receptors (TLR2,4) and proinflammatory factors: inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), chemokine interferon-γ-inducible protein-10 (IP-10) and cytokines (IL-1ß, IL-6, and IL-10) in male and female. Treatment with IGF-1 counteracted TLR4 but not TLR2, iNOS, and IP10 expression in both sexes and cytokines expression in males. Furthermore, reactive astrocyte phagocytosis was modulated by IGF-1 only in male astrocytes. IGF-1 was also able to increase AKT-phosphorylation only in male astrocytes. PI3K inhibitors, AG66, TGX-221, and CAL-101, with selectivity toward catalytic p110α, p110ß, and p110δ isoforms respectively, reduced AKT-phosphorylation in males. All isoforms interact physically with IGF-1-receptor in both sexes. However, the expression of p110α is higher in males while the expression of IGF-1-receptor is similar in male and female. AG66 suppressed the IGF-1 effect on cytokine expression and counteracted the IGF-1-produced phagocytosis decrease in male reactive astrocytes. Results suggest that sex-differences in the effect of IGF-1 on the AKT-phosphorylation could be due to a lower expression of the p110α in female and that IGF-1-effects on the inflammatory response and phagocytosis of male reactive astrocytes are mediated by p110α/PI3K subunit.

Cardiovascular fingolimod effects on rapid baroreceptor unloading are counterbalanced by baroreflex resetting.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Initial cardiovascular fingolimod effects might compromise baroreflex responses to rapid blood pressure (BP) changes during common Valsalva-like maneuvers. This study evaluated cardiovascular responses to Valsalva maneuver (VM)-induced baroreceptor unloading and loading upon fingolimod initiation. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty-one patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis performed VMs before and 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 hours after fingolimod initiation. We recorded heart rate (HR) as RR intervals (RRI), systolic and diastolic BP (BPsys, BPdia) during VM phase 1, VM phase 2 early, VM phase 2 late, and VM phase 4. Using linear regression analysis between decreasing BPsys and RRI values during VM phase 2 early, we determined baroreflex gain (BRG) reflecting vagal withdrawal and sympathetic activation upon baroreceptor unloading. To assess cardiovagal activation upon baroreceptor loading, we calculated Valsalva ratios (VR) between maximal and minimal RRIs after strain release. Analysis of variance or Friedman tests with post hoc analysis compared corresponding parameters at the eight time points (significance: p < 0.05). RESULTS: RRIs at VM phase 1, VM phase 2 early, and VM phase 2 late were higher after than before fingolimod initiation, and maximal after 4 hours. Fingolimod did not affect the longest RRIs upon strain release, but after 3, 5, and 6 hours lowered the highest BPsys values during overshoot and all BPdia values, and thus reduced VRs. BRG was slightly higher after 3 and 5 hours, and significantly higher after 4 hours than before fingolimod initiation. CONCLUSIONS: VR-decreases 3-6 hours after fingolimod initiation are physiologic results of fingolimod-associated attenuations of BP and HR increases at the end of strain and do not suggest impaired cardiovagal activation upon baroreceptor loading. Stable and at the time of HR nadir significantly increased BRGs indicate improved responses to baroreceptor unloading. Thus, cardiovascular fingolimod effects do not impair autonomic responses to sudden baroreceptor loading or unloading but seem to be mitigated by baroreflex resetting.

Non-dystrophic myotonia Chilean cohort with predominance of the SCN4A Gly1306Glu variant.

Non-dystrophic myotonias are a group of rare neuromuscular diseases linked to SCN4A or CLCN1. Among the subtypes, myotonia permanens, associated with the Gly1306Glu variant of SCN4A, is a relatively less frequent but more severe form. Most reports of non-dystrophic myotonias describe European populations. Therefore, to expand the genetic and phenotypic spectrum of this disorder, we evaluated 30 Chilean patients with non-dystrophic myotonias for associated variants and clinical characteristics. SCN4A variants were observed in 28 (93%) of patients, including 25 (83%) with myotonia permanens due to the Gly1306Glu variant. Myotonia permanens was inherited in 24 (96%) patients; the mean age of onset was 6 months, and the initial symptoms were orbicularis oculi myotonia in 17 (74%) patients and larynx myotonia in 12 (52%) patients. The extraocular muscles were involved in 11 (44%) patients, upper limbs in 20 (80%), and lower limbs in 21 (84%). Thirteen (52%) patients experienced recurrent pain and 10 (40%) patients reported limitations in daily life activities. Carbamazepine reduced myotonia in eight treated patients. The high frequency of the Gly1306Glu variant in SCN4A in Chilean patients suggests a founder effect and expands its phenotypic spectrum.

Neck cooling induces blood pressure increase and peripheral vasoconstriction in healthy persons.

INTRODUCTION: Noninvasive temperature modulation by localized neck cooling might be desirable in the prehospital phase of acute hypoxic brain injuries. While combined head and neck cooling induces significant discomfort, peripheral vasoconstriction, and blood pressure increase, localized neck cooling more selectively targets blood vessels that supply the brain, spares thermal receptors of the face and skull, and might therefore cause less discomfort cardiovascular side effects compared to head- and neck cooling. The purpose of this study is to assess the effects of noninvasive selective neck cooling on cardiovascular parameters and cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV). METHODS: Eleven healthy persons (6 women, mean age 42 ± 11 years) underwent 90 min of localized dorsal and frontal neck cooling (EMCOOLS Brain.Pad™) without sedation. Before and after cooling onset, and after every 10 min of cooling, we determined rectal, tympanic, and neck skin temperatures. Before and after cooling onset, after 60- and 90-min cooling, we monitored RR intervals (RRI), systolic, diastolic blood pressures (BPsys, BPdia), laser Doppler skin blood flow (SBF) at the index finger pulp, and CBFV at the proximal middle cerebral artery (MCA). We compared values before and during cooling by analysis of variance for repeated measurements with post hoc analysis (significance: p < 0.05). RESULTS: Neck skin temperature dropped significantly by 9.2 ± 4.5 °C (minimum after 40 min), while tympanic temperature decreased by only 0.8 ± 0.4 °C (minimum after 50 min), and rectal temperature by only 0.2 ± 0.3 °C (minimum after 60 min of cooling). Index finger SBF decreased (by 83.4 ± 126.0 PU), BPsys and BPdia increased (by 11.2 ± 13.1 mmHg and 8.0 ± 10.1 mmHg), and heart rate slowed significantly while MCA-CBFV remained unchanged during cooling. CONCLUSIONS: While localized neck cooling prominently lowered neck skin temperature, it had little effect on tympanic temperature but significantly increased BP which may have detrimental effects in patients with acute brain injuries.

A Novel Model of Mixed Vascular Dementia Incorporating Hypertension in a Rat Model of Alzheimer's Disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mixed dementia (MxD) comprise the majority of dementia cases in the growing global aging population. MxD describes the coexistence of AD pathology with vascular pathology, including cerebral small vessel disease (SVD). Cardiovascular disease increases risk for AD and MxD, but mechanistic synergisms between the coexisting pathologies affecting dementia risk, progression and the ultimate clinical manifestations remain elusive. To explore the additive or synergistic interactions between AD and chronic hypertension, we developed a rat model of MxD, produced by breeding APPswe/PS1ΔE9 transgenes into the stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHRSP) background, resulting in the SHRSP/FAD model and three control groups (FAD, SHRSP and non-hypertensive WKY rats, n = 8-11, both sexes, 16-18 months of age). After behavioral testing, rats were euthanized, and tissue assessed for vascular, neuroinflammatory and AD pathology. Hypertension was preserved in the SHRSP/FAD cross. Results showed that SHRSP increased FAD-dependent neuroinflammation (microglia and astrocytes) and tau pathology, but plaque pathology changes were subtle, including fewer plaques with compact cores and slightly reduced plaque burden. Evidence for vascular pathology included a change in the distribution of astrocytic end-foot protein aquaporin-4, normally distributed in microvessels, but in SHRSP/FAD rats largely dissociated from vessels, appearing disorganized or redistributed into neuropil. Other evidence of SVD-like pathology included increased collagen IV staining in cerebral vessels and PECAM1 levels. We identified a plasma biomarker in SHRSP/FAD rats that was the only group to show increased Aqp-4 in plasma exosomes. Evidence of neuron damage in SHRSP/FAD rats included increased caspase-cleaved actin, loss of myelin and reduced calbindin staining in neurons. Further, there were mitochondrial deficits specific to SHRSP/FAD, notably the loss of complex II, accompanying FAD-dependent loss of mitochondrial complex I. Cognitive deficits exhibited by FAD rats were not exacerbated by the introduction of the SHRSP phenotype, nor was the hyperactivity phenotype associated with SHRSP altered by the FAD transgene. This novel rat model of MxD, encompassing an amyloidogenic transgene with a hypertensive phenotype, exhibits several features associated with human vascular or "mixed" dementia and may be a useful tool in delineating the pathophysiology of MxD and development of therapeutics.

Caracterização dos resultados de exames citopatológicos do colo do útero entre 2014 e 2016 / Characterization of the results of citopatological examinations of the uterus coloss between 2014 and 2016 / Caracterización de los resultados de examenes citopatológicos del colo del útero entre 2014 y 2016

Objetivo: analisar resultados dos exames citopatológicos de colo do útero alterados de mulheres submetidas à colposcopia. Método: pesquisa descritiva, exploratória, com abordagem quantitativa e de cunho documental, realizada no periodo de 2014 a 2016 em Barra do Garças, Mato Grosso. A análise de dados foi realizada por meio da estatística descritiva simples. Resultados: foram analisados 218 registros, prevalecendo entre as mulheres abaixo de 25 anos e entre 25 a 35 anos lesão de baixo grau, 65,85%, e 38,46% respectivamente; 36 a 45 anos, 35,71% lesão de alto grau; 46 a 55 anos, 39,39% células escamosas atípicas de significado indeterminado, não podendo afastar lesão de alto grau; entre 56 a 64 anos, 27,77% células escamosas atípicas de significado indeterminado, possivelmente não neoplásicas e 27,77% lesão de alto grau e e entre 65 anos ou mais, 26, 31% células escamosas atípicas de significado indeterminado, não podendo afastar lesão de alto grau. Conclusão: a faixa etária de 25 a 35 anos foi a que mais apresentou número de alterações. Em todas as faixas etárias investigadas no estudo, notou-se que ocorreram encaminhamentos indevidos à colposcopia, pois muitos desses encaminhamentos não requeriam o seguimento imediato, contrariando os critérios e condutas preconizadas.

Objective: to analyze the results of cervical cytopathological exams altered in women submitted to colposcopy. Method: descriptive, exploratory research, with a quantitative and documentary approach, carried out in the period from 2014 to 2016 in Barra do Garças, Mato Grosso. Data analysis was performed using simple descriptive statistics. Results: 218 records were analyzed, prevailing among women under 25 years and between 25 and 35 years of low grade lesions, 65.85%, and 38.46%, respectively; 36 to 45 years, 35.71% high-grade injury; 46 to 55 years old, 39.39% atypical squamous cells of indeterminate significance, and can not rule out high grade lesions; between 56 and 64 years, 27.77% atypical squamous cells of indeterminate significance, possibly non-neoplastic and 27.77% high-grade lesion and and between 65 years and over, 26, 31% atypical squamous cells of indeterminate significance, high grade injury. Conclusion: the age group of 25 to 35 years was the one that presented the most number of alterations. In all the age groups investigated in the study, it was noticed that undue referrals to colposcopy occurred, since many of these referrals did not require immediate follow-up, contrary to the criteria and recommended guidelines.

Objetivo: analizar resultados de los exámenes citopatológicos de cuello del útero alterados de mujeres sometidas a la colposcopia. Método: investigación descriptiva, exploratoria, con abordaje cuantitativo y de cuño documental, realizado en el período de 2014 a 2016 en Barra do Garças, Mato Grosso. El análisis de datos fue realizado por medio de la estadística descriptiva simple. Resultados: se analizaron 218 registros, prevaleciendo entre las mujeres menores de 25 años y entre 25 a 35 años lesión de bajo grado, 65,85%, y 38,46% respectivamente; De 36 a 45 años, 35,71% lesión de alto grado; 46 a 55 años, 39,39% células escamosas atípicas de significado indeterminado, no pudiendo alejarse lesión de alto grado; entre 56 y 64 años, 27,77% de las células escamosas atípicas de significado indeterminado, posiblemente no neoplásicas y 27,77% lesión de alto grado y entre 65 años o más, 26, 31% células escamosas atípicas de significado indeterminado, no pudiendo alejarse lesión de alto grado. Conclusión: el grupo de edad de 25 a 35 años fue el que más presentó número de alteraciones. En todas las edades investigadas en el estudio, se notó que ocurrieron encaminamientos indebidos a la colposcopia, pues muchos de esos encaminamientos no requerían el seguimiento inmediato, contrariando los criterios y conductas preconizadas.

Eyeball pressure stimulation induces subtle sympathetic activation in patients with a history of moderate or severe traumatic brain injury.

OBJECTIVE: After traumatic brain injury (TBI), there may be persistent central-autonomic-network (CAN) dysfunction causing cardiovascular-autonomic dysregulation. Eyeball-pressure-stimulation (EPS) normally induces cardiovagal activation. In patients with a history of moderate or severe TBI (post-moderate-severe-TBI), we determined whether EPS unveils cardiovascular-autonomic dysregulation. METHODS: In 51 post-moderate-severe-TBI patients (32.7 ±â€¯10.5 years old, 43.1 ±â€¯33.4 months post-injury), and 30 controls (29.1 ±â€¯9.8 years), we recorded respiration, RR-intervals (RRI), systolic and diastolic blood-pressure (BPsys, BPdia), before and during EPS (120 sec; 30 mmHg), using an ocular-pressure-device (Okulopressor®). We calculated spectral-powers of mainly sympathetic low (LF: 0.04-0.15 Hz) and parasympathetic high (HF: 0.15-0.5 Hz) frequency RRI-fluctuations, sympathetically mediated LF-powers of BPsys, and calculated normalized (nu) LF- and HF-powers of RRI. We compared parameters between groups before and during EPS by repeated-measurement-analysis-of-variance with post-hoc analysis (significance: p < 0.05). RESULTS: At rest, sympathetically mediated LF-BPsys-powers were significantly lower in the patients than the controls. During EPS, only controls significantly increased RRIs and parasympathetically mediated HFnu-RRI-powers, but decreased LF-RRI-powers, LFnu-RRI-powers, and LF-BPsys-powers; in contrast, the patients slightly though significantly increased BPsys upon EPS, without changing any other parameter. CONCLUSIONS: In post-moderate-severe-TBI patients, autonomic BP-modulation was already compromised at rest. During EPS, our patients failed to activate cardiovagal modulation but slightly increased BPsys, indicating persistent CAN dysregulation. SIGNIFICANCE: Our findings unveil persistence of subtle cardiovascular-autonomic dysregulation even years after TBI.

Fingolimod initiation in multiple sclerosis patients is associated with potential beneficial cardiovascular autonomic effects.

BACKGROUND: Fingolimod slows heart rate (HR) due to vagomimetic effects and might cause additional cardiovascular autonomic changes. While the time course of HR changes is well described, the extent and course of cardiovascular autonomic changes upon fingolimod initiation has not yet been evaluated. This study, therefore, intended to assess cardiovascular autonomic changes during the first 6 h after fingolimod initiation. METHODS: In 21 patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS), we recorded respiration (RESP), electrocardiographic RR interval (RRI), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BPsys, BPdia) at rest, before and 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 h after fingolimod initiation. We calculated parameters of total autonomic modulation [RRI standard deviation (RRI-SD), RRI coefficient of variation (RRI-CV), RRI-total powers], mainly sympathetic cardiac modulation [RRI low frequency (LF) powers], sympathetic BP modulation (BPsys-LF powers), parasympathetic modulation [square root of the mean squared difference of successive RRIs (RMSSD), RRI high frequency (HF) powers], sympatho-vagal cardiac balance (RRI-LF/HF ratios), and baroreflex sensitivity (BRS). We compared parameters between the eight measurements [analysis of variance (ANOVA) or Friedman test with post-hoc analysis; significance: p < 0.05]. RESULTS: After fingolimod initiation, RESP, BPsys, and BPsys-LF powers remained unchanged while RRIs, RRI-CV, RRI-SD, RRI-total powers, RRI-LF powers, RMSSD, RRI-HF powers, and BRS increased after 1 h and rose to peak values occurring after 5, 1, 2, 2, 1, 4, 4, and 4 h, respectively. After 3 h, BPdia had decreased significantly and was lowest after 5 h. RRI-LF/HF ratios decreased to a nadir after 4 h. CONCLUSIONS: The increases in parasympathetic and overall cardiac autonomic modulation and in BRS seen with fingolimod initiation are theoretically beneficial for the MS patient's cardiovascular system. However, long-term studies must show whether these effects persist or are attenuated (e.g. due to S1P1 receptor down-regulation upon continued fingolimod therapy).

Biossegurança e gerenciamento de resíduos de serviços de saúde: a importância na formação do profissional da Odontologia na perspectiva da saúde humana e ambiental / Biosafety and waste management in health services: the importance in the dentistry professionals' formation in perspective of human and environmental health

A construção da consciência de cidadania, com responsabilidade e ética, depende de ações que iniciem na formação e possam ser perpetuadas no trabalho profissional. É no período da graduação da odontologia que o aluno se vê à frente com questões não somente técnicas, mas com as situações da saúde na visão da integralidade, como no caso dos resíduos gerados durante a prática clínica. Os agravos aos profissionais/alunos e funcionários, a terceiros nos ambientes extraestabelecimento, e também ao meio ambiente poderão ocorrer se procedimentos corretos no gerenciamento de resíduos produzidos na odontologia não forem observados, pois os potenciais de risco destes aumentam quando os mesmos são manuseados de forma inadequada ou não são apropriadamente acondicionados e descartados, especialmente em situações que favoreçam a penetração de agentes de risco no organismo e/ou agridam o meio ambiente. Na problemática que envolve estes resíduos, o conhecimento é a ferramenta essencial para ações de manejo adequado, desde a minimização na produção até a disposição correta. Com o intuito de contribuir como o conhecimento pode ser inserido na aplicação desta temática na formação do profissional da odontologia, propõe-se uma revisão da literatura, com pesquisa descritiva, exploratória e bibliográfica de materiais acadêmico-científicos e normativos relacionados ao gerenciamento de resíduos de serviços de saúde na odontologia, associando à importância da abordagem deste tema na disciplina de Biossegurança, apresentando o seu escopo de promotora em saúde humana e ambiental, que se configura como relevante proposta no âmbito da saúde pública (AU).

The building of consciousness in citizenship, with responsibility and ethics, depends on actions that initiate in the formation and can be perpetuated in professional work. It's in the period of dentistry graduation that the student sees itself faced with not only technical issues, but with health situations in a wholesome view, as in the case of wastes generated during clinical practice. The aggravations to professionals/students and staff, third parties, in the outdoors of service establishments, as well as in the environment, may occur if proper procedures in management of wastes produced in dentistry are not observed, given that the potential risk of these increases when they are handled inadequately or are not properly prepared and disposed of, particularly in situations which favor the penetration of risk agents in the human organism and/or harm to the environment. In the issue that involves these types of waste, knowledge is the essential tool for proper management actions, from minimizing production to correct disposal. In order to contribute how the knowledge can be inserted in the application of this theme in the dentistry professional formation, it's proposed a literature review, with descriptive, exploratory and bibliographic research of academic-scientific and normative materials related to the management of health waste in dentistry, associating it to the importance of approaching the issue in the Biosafety discipline, presenting its scope in promoting in human and environmental health, which constitutes as a relevant proposal in the context of public health (AU).

Estudo da percepção do profissional quanto a biossegurança no gerenciamento de resíduos odontológicos no município de Valença - RJ / Study of the perception of professionals regarding biosafety in dental waste management in the city of Valença, Rio de Janeiro

Consultórios odontológicos geram resíduos que contém agentes químicos nocivos e patógenos, bem como pérfurocortantes. No município de Valença-RJ, o serviço de coleta municipal não agrega os resíduos odontológicos como biológicos infectantes em coletas e transportes especiais e são descartados como resíduos comuns em um vazadouro a céu aberto, fato que impacta a saúde humana e a saúde ambiental, sendo, pois, uma questão que está no âmbito da Saúde Pública e sua correlação com a Biossegurança. Sublinha-se como preocupação relevante que os geradores devem estabelecer um gerenciamento, adequando, prioritariamente, a aplicação dos conceitos de Biossegurança nas práticas cotidianas, promovendo a saúde ocupacional da equipe odontológica, dos trabalhadores da coleta e transporte e dos catadores. O estudo objetivou investigar a percepção dos profissionais quanto a Biossegurança no gerenciamento dos resíduos, utilizando as pesquisas exploratória e descritiva, adequada a metodologia quantitativa e qualitativa, para subsidiar o estudo de caso como estratégia de problematização do objetivo proposto. Os resultados demonstraram que parte significativa dos profissionais envolvidos na pesquisa não estabelece relação entre os temas: Biossegurança, gerenciamento de resíduos, risco, saúde ambiental, saúde pública...

Dental offices generate waste containing harmful chemicals and pathogens, as well as sharps. In the city of Valença, Rio de Janeiro, the municipal collection service does not add dental waste as biological infectious in gathering and special transportation and are disposed of as ordinary waste in an open dump, fact that impacts human health and environmental health, being, therefore, a matter that is within the Public Health and its correlation to Biosafety. It should be noted as a relevant concern that the generators should establish a management, adapting, principally, the application of the concepts of Biosafety in everyday practices, promoting the occupacional health of dental staff, the collection and transportation workers and scavengers. The study aimed to investigate the perception of professionals regarding Biosafety in waste management, using exploratory and descriptive research, suiting quantitative and qualitative methodology, to subsidize the case study as a strategy of questioning the proposed objective. The results demonstrated that a significant part of the professionals involved in the research do not establish connection between the themes: Biosafety, waste management, risk, environmental health, public health...

Insight among psychotic patients with auditory hallucinations.

Poor insight in psychosis has been described as a seeming lack of awareness of the deficits, consequences of the disorder, and of the need for treatment. The aim of this study is to investigate whether patients with auditory hallucinations have less insight than those without hallucinations, and to determine which hallucination characteristics are related to patient insight. Using the PANSS and PSYRATS, the authors have evaluated the lack of insight data corresponding to 168 psychotic patients divided into three groups: patients with a history of nonpersistent hallucinations, patients with persistent hallucinations, and patients without hallucinations. Patients with persistent hallucinations showed significantly less insight than patients without persistent hallucinations and patients without hallucinations, the farther away the hallucination is located, the greater the lack of patient insight. Patients who hear the hallucination inside their head rather than outside show better insight, possibly because such patients can understand the voice as being created by their own mind.

[Emotional response to threatening stimuli in psychosis and anxiety disorders]. / Respuesta emocional ante estímulos amenazantes en psicosis y trastornos de ansiedad.

Emotional response to threatening stimuli in psychosis and anxiety disorders. Evolution has provided humans with an alarm system that may facilitate adaptation. Both psychosis and anxiety disorders involve danger detection difficulties. Our main goal is to compare threat responses of these diagnostic groups and with those of healthy subjects. We studied 24 subjects with an anxiety disorder diagnosis, 39 with psychosis, and 39 healthy control subjects. We compared threat and pleasantness perception using visual stimuli (human and nonhuman stimuli, either threatening or nonthreatening). Regarding threat perception, significant differences were found between psychosis and control groups. Subjects with anxiety disorder diagnosis evaluated any kind of stimuli more negatively. These results suggest differential emotional processing of diverse visual stimuli in these diagnostic groups.

The relationship of personality traits to substance abuse in patients with bipolar disorder.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study is to determine if personality traits contribute to the likelihood of substance abuse in Bipolar Disorder (BD). SUBJECTS/MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty-nine patients meeting DSM-IV criteria for BD: 20 without any history of Substance Related Disorder (SRD), 21 with a lifetime history of SRD but without current SRD, and 18 with current SRD. Patients filled out the TCI, the differences were analyzed by ANOVA and the likelihood was obtained by Multinomial Logistic Regression. RESULTS: Only Novelty Seeking (NS) is statistically different between the groups. Patients with BD with current SRD have higher rates in NS than those with past SRD, and those without a history of SRD. NS was confirmed as a predicting variable, both to current SRD (OR [CI 95%]=1.039/1.351; p=0.011) and past SRD (OR [CI 95%]=1.004/1.277; p=0.042) on patients with BD. DISCUSSION: The results shown would appear to confirm the relationship of NS with the SRD, so long as there is no clear evidence that indicates the association of NS with BD. CONCLUSIONS: There appears a greater predisposition to develop SRD in those patients with a higher degree of NS. The use of the Cloninger's TCI could be used in BD to determine the risk of developing an SRD. Early detection might help improve prognosis.