Distinct profiles of university students engaged in food and alcohol disturbance behaviors.

The present study aimed at exploring the combined effect of risk of eating disorders (ED), alcohol use, physical activity, and social and psychological traits in Food and Alcohol Disturbance (FAD) behaviors. Nine-hundred and seventy-six college students were included in the study. They were then divided into two groups based on the Compensatory Eating and Behaviors in Response to Alcohol Consumption Scale (CEBRACS): students with a FAD positive score and student with a FAD negative score. Both groups of participants were compared on the risk of ED, alcohol and physical activity variables, as well as social and psychological dimensions. A cluster analysis was performed on the FAD positive group to determine distinct subgroups and to explore the involvement of social and psychological dimensions in FAD behaviors. The comparison between FAD and non-FAD students demonstrated a more severe alcohol use, risk of ED, a higher level of impulsivity, anxiety, depression and more drinking motives as well as a lower self-esteem in students engaged in FAD behaviors compared with non-engaged students. The cluster analysis identified four clusters: the asceticism FAD subgroup, the damage control FAD subgroup, the emotional FAD subgroup and the recreational FAD subgroup. Overall, results reveal that FAD should not be considered as a unitary behavior but rather as a more complex pattern involving distinct psychological profiles.

French validation of the Compensatory Eating and Behaviors in Response to Alcohol Consumption Scale (CEBRACS) in a university student sample.

PURPOSE: Food and Alcohol Disturbance (FAD) is characterized by the combination of problematic alcohol use and eating disorder symptoms to offset caloric intake associated with alcohol drinking and/or to enhance intoxication. The Compensatory Eating and Behaviors in Response to Alcohol Consumption Scale (CEBRACS) is a proven tool for measuring FAD, validated in English and Italian populations but never in the French population. The present study aims at validating a French version of the CEBRACS in a representative sample of university students and to determine its validity and reliability. METHODS: 2267 university students completed the CEBRACS and measures of eating disorders, alcohol consumption and exercise. RESULTS: An exploratory factor analysis revealed a 4-factor structure: enhancement of the effects of alcohol, dietary restraint and exercise, purging and vomiting and extreme fasting. The internal consistency for these subscales ranged from good to excellent. Correlations between the CEBRACS and eating disorders, alcohol and exercise measures revealed a good concurrent validity. No gender differences were found in the CEBRACS scores. Participants with a CEBRACS total score > 21 points were at higher risk for developing eating disorders and alcohol-related problems. CONCLUSIONS: These findings highlight the reliability and validity of the French version of the CEBRACS. The distinct factors identified in the CEBRACS allow to distinguish between participants with different motives for engaging FAD behaviour and thus to prevent future development of eating and/or alcohol use disorders. The CEBRACS seems to be a relevant scale to capture FAD behaviors and thus to prevent negative and deleterious consequences. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III, evidence obtained from well-designed cohort or case-control analytic studies.

Exercise therapy in the treatment of anorexia nervosa: Its effects depending on the type of physical exercise-A systematic review.

Background and purpose: Clinical research focusing on the effectiveness of exercise therapy (ET) in patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) shows increasing interest in the last decade. The aim of this systematic review was to provide an overview of quantitative studies that have examined the impact of ET in AN patients and to examine its specific effects on physical and mental health according to the type of physical exercise (PE) practiced. Methods: The review was carried out based on the PRISMA 2020. Electronic databases PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Wiley were searched from inception to December 2021. Quantitative studies assessing the effects of ET interventions on AN patients were included and study quality was assessed using the PEDro scale. Results: A total of 27 studies were selected, including 13 randomized controlled trials. Regarding outcomes measured, results showed that aerobic and resistance exercise improved muscle strength, that mind-body PE decreased main symptoms of AN and mental health, and that combined PE reduced dysfunctional exercise and improved weight gain. Conclusion: The findings suggest that ET intervention can induce benefits and has no deleterious effects on patients. In addition, specific effects on anorexia symptoms and physical and mental health have been observed according to the type of PE. However, this review reported several methodological weaknesses, including a lack of control group or randomization and statistical misconduct. Finally, ET intervention parameters were heterogeneous, and ET intervention generally lacked details, making reproducibility and comparability difficult. All these limitations underscore the need for a more rigorous methodology for further research.

Supervised Physical Activity Quickly Improves Social Dimension of Quality of Life in Breast Cancer Patients.

PURPOSE: The objectives of the present study was to evaluate the implementation of the program in real life and the evolution of the quality of life (QoL) in breast cancer patients after 3 months of supervised PA in real life and to determine the factors associated with changes in various QoL dimensions. METHODS: This prospective cohort study was carried out in female patients with breast cancer diagnosed within a maximum of 3 yr. QoL and physical exertion intensity during the supervised physical activity (PA) sessions were assessed by the Quality of Life Questionnaire for Cancer and Borg scale, respectively. Statistical analyses comparing QoL scores between the start and the end of supervised PA program were assessed using paired Student's t -tests. Multivariate analysis was performed by linear regression with only variables with a P value <0.15 in univariate model. RESULTS: A total of 93 patients were included in the analyses. There was a significant improvement of social functioning at T3 (∆ = 11.5; P < 0.001). The improvement of social functioning was significantly and independently associated with the Borg improvement ( ß = 2.66 ± 1.31, P = 0.046), chemotherapy ( ß = 11.03 ± 5.45, P = 0.046), hormone therapy ( ß = -13.91 ± 5.51, P = 0.013), social isolation ( ß = -14.81 ± 6.55, P = 0.026), and comorbidities ( ß = -15.32 ± 5.59, P = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS: We observed a real enthusiasm and need among patients for practicing PA supervised by a sport trainer near their home. The increase in the intensity of exercise over time contributes to the improvement of the QoL, especially on the social functioning. These results, consistent with previous literature, reinforce the importance of exercise intensity on many dimensions of QoL. In addition, patients expressed great satisfaction with the supervised program, resulting in a strong desire to maintain long-term PA.

[Adapted physical activity and health: from training to interventional research]. / De la formation à la recherche interventionnelle en APA.

The deployment of adapted physical activity (APA) teaching within universities has enabled the development of research work in this field. The challenge is to demonstrate the effectiveness of APA interventions on health with scientific evidence. Close collaborations are thus established with health institutions and organisations.

Why should we ask binge drinkers if they smoke cannabis? Additive effect of alcohol and cannabis use on college students' neuropsychological performance.

INTRODUCTION: Binge drinking (BD) and cannabis use are prevalent in European adolescents and students. BD has been shown to have a negative impact on neuropsychological functioning, but little is known about the additive effect when it is combined with cannabis consumption. We therefore investigated the neuropsychological profiles of students who engage in combined BD and cannabis use, in order to explore the potentially harmful additive effects of cannabis use and BD on cognition. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A sample of college students (N = 298) completed questionnaires on alcohol and cannabis use, and were screened for neuropsychological impairments using the Brief Evaluation of Alcohol-Related Neuropsychological Impairments (BEARNI). First, after dividing students into three groups according to their alcohol and cannabis use (i.e., light drinkers, binge drinkers, and binge drinkers consuming cannabis), we ran a linear mixed model based on the BEARNI z scores to test the performances of the three groups. Information yielded by the mixed model was supplemented by individual analyses. Second, to explore the heterogeneity of binge drinkers' profiles, we ran a cluster analysis to characterize the alcohol users at higher risk of more severe neuropsychological impairment. RESULTS: Overall, poorer neuropsychological performances were observed among binge drinkers compared with light drinkers, whether they used cannabis or not. However, flexibility, episodic memory and working memory were particularly affected among binge drinkers who used cannabis. CONCLUSIONS: Results emphasize the importance of asking binge drinkers if they smoke cannabis, in order to adapt care and prevention strategies to their consumption and neuropsychological profile.

What really matters in binge drinking: A dominance analysis of binge drinking psychological determinants among University students.

INTRODUCTION: Binge drinking (BD) is a public health concern, especially in young people. Multiple individual factors referring to different level of analyses - positional, inter-individual and intra-individual - are associated to BD. As they have mainly been explored separately, little is known about the psychological variables most associated with BD. This study, based on an integrative model considering a large number of variables, aims to estimate these associations and possible dominance of some variables in BD. METHODS: A sample of university students (N = 2851) participated in an internet survey-based study. They provided information on alcohol related variables (AUDIT, BD score), positional factors (sex, age), inter-individual factors (subjective norm, social identity, external motivations), and intra-individual factors (internal motivations, meta-cognitions, impulsivity and personality traits). The data were processed via a backward regression analysis including all variables and completed with a dominance analysis on variables that are significantly associated with BD intensity. RESULTS: The strongest variables associated with BD intensity were enhancement motives and drinking identity (average ΔR 2 = 21.81%), followed by alcohol subjective norm and social motives (average ΔR 2 = 13.99%). Other associated variables (average ΔR 2 = 2,84%) were negative metacognition on uncontrollability, sex, coping motives, lack of premeditation, positive metacognition on cognitive self-regulation, positive urgency, lack of perseverance, age, conformity motives and loneliness. CONCLUSION: Results offer new avenues at the empirical level, by spotting particularly inter-individual psychological variables that should be more thoroughly explored, but also at the clinical level, to elaborate new prevention strategies focusing on these specific factors.

Cycle more with virtual reality: a proof of concept study in an institutionalised able-bodied geriatric population.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Physical activity (PA) has significant benefits for older adults. However, the recommended PA is rarely achieved in nursing homes. In this proof of concept study, we assessed whether virtual reality (VR) could help to increase spontaneous PA during a stationary cycling session. DESIGN: Prospective crossover proof of concept study. SETTING: Nursinghome. PARTICIPANTS: Twelve participants (10 men) aged 63-88, able-bodied but with moderate cognitive impairment. INTERVENTION: TWO stationary cycling sessions with and withoutVR. MEASUREMENTS: Cycling distance, pedalling duration, average speed, mean pedalling cadence and the modified Borg rating of perceived exertion scale. RESULTS: Cycling distance and duration were significantly higher in the VR condition. Most participants would rather repeat cycling sessions with VR than without. CONCLUSION: The use of VR seems feasible to help achieve PA recommendations for able-bodied people living in nursing homes, even with moderate cognitive impairments.

Distinct psychological profiles among college students with substance use: A cluster analytic approach.

Substance use in youth is a central public health concern, related to deleterious consequences at psychological, social, and cognitive/cerebral levels. Previous research has identified impulsivity and consumption motives as key factors in the emergence of excessive substance use among college students. However, most studies have focused on a specific substance and have considered this population as a unitary group, ignoring the potential heterogeneity in psychological profiles. We used a cluster analytic approach to explore the heterogeneity in a large sample (N = 2741) of substance users (i.e., tobacco, alcohol, cannabis, ecstasy, cocaine, heroin) on impulsivity and consumption motives. We identified four clusters: The first two clusters, associated with good self-esteem, low anxiety, and moderate substance use, were respectively characterized by low impulsivity and consumption motives (Cluster 1) and by high social and enhancement motives without marked impulsivity (Cluster 2). The two other clusters were conversely related to low self-esteem and high anxiety, and characterized by high consumption motives (particularly conformity) together with elevated urgency (Cluster 3) and by globally increased impulsivity and consumption motives (Cluster 4). These two clusters were also associated with higher substance use. These results highlight the existence of distinct psychological profiles of substance users and underline the need to develop targeted prevention and intervention programs (e.g., focusing on the specific impulsivity facets and consumption motives presented by each subgroup). Based on these findings, we also suggest extending the exploration of distinct profiles of substance users by targeting other psychological variables (e.g., self-esteem).

Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome, Hypermobility Type: Impact of Somatosensory Orthoses on Postural Control (A Pilot Study).

Elhers-Danlos syndrome (EDS) is the clinical manifestation of connective tissue disorders, and comprises several clinical forms with no specific symptoms and selective medical examinations which result in a delay in diagnosis of about 10 years. The EDS hypermobility type (hEDS) is characterized by generalized joint hypermobility, variable skin hyperextensibility and impaired proprioception. Since somatosensory processing and multisensory integration are crucial for both perception and action, we put forth the hypothesis that somatosensory deficits in hEDS patients may lead, among other clinical symptoms, to misperception of verticality and postural instability. Therefore, the purpose of this study was twofold: (i) to assess the impact of somatosensory deficit on subjective visual vertical (SVV) and postural stability; and (ii) to quantify the effect of wearing somatosensory orthoses (i.e., compressive garments and insoles) on postural stability. Six hEDS patients and six age- and gender-matched controls underwent a SVV (sitting, standing, lying on the right side) evaluation and a postural control evaluation on a force platform (Synapsys), with or without visual information (eyes open (EO)/eyes closed (EC)). These two latter conditions performed either without orthoses, or with compression garments (CG), or insoles, or both. Results showed that patients did not exhibit a substantial perceived tilt of the visual vertical in the direction of the body tilt (Aubert effect) as did the control subjects. Interestingly, such differential effects were only apparent when the rod was initially positioned to the left of the vertical axis (opposite the longitudinal body axis). In addition, patients showed greater postural instability (sway area) than the controls. The removal of vision exacerbated this instability, especially in the mediolateral (ML) direction. The wearing of orthoses improved postural stability, especially in the eyes-closed condition, with a particularly marked effect in the anteroposterior (AP) direction. Hence, this study suggests that hEDS is associated with changes in the relative contributions of somatosensory and vestibular inputs to verticality perception. Moreover, postural control impairment was offset, at least partially, by wearing somatosensory orthoses.

A model-driven approach to studying dissociations between body size mental representations in anorexia nervosa.

This study compared dissociations between mental representations of current, ideal and normal body sizes (i.e., Current BS, Ideal BS and Normal BS) for women with anorexia nervosa (AN group, n=56) and healthy women (control group, n=56). Along the lines of the single channel model of Cornelissen et al. (2013), the discrepancy between Current BS and BMI for both groups was adequately described along a common linear continuum of Current BS (mis)perception. Body size mental representations were ranked similarly (Ideal BS

The prevalence and determinants of overweight and obesity among French youths and adults with intellectual disabilities attending special education schools.

This study examines the prevalence of overweight and obesity and a panel of potential determinants among French youths and adults with an intellectual disability (ID). The sample used consisted of 1120 youths and adults with an ID, from 5 to 28 years old, attending a French special education school. The results indicated that 19.8% of the participants with an ID are classified as overweight and 8.6% as obese. Multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed that there are nearly three times more girls/women classified as overweight than boys/men. Additionally, they showed that there are nearly two times more participants from southern France classified as overweight than from northern France, and that the risk of being classified as overweight significantly increases with seniority in the school. Next, the interaction effects observed indicated first that there are nearly two times more boys/men on psychotropic medication classified as overweight than boys/men not on psychotropic medication. Second, they revealed that the odds of being classified as overweight for boys/men not on psychotropic medication are 47% lower than for girls/women not on psychotropic medication. Third, they indicated that there are nearly two times more boys/men from southern France classified as obese than boys/men from northern France. Fourth, they showed that the odds of being classified as obese for boys/men from northern France are 52% lower than for girls/women from northern France. In conclusion, these results should be viewed as preliminary and need to be replicated since, to our knowledge, this study is the first one to examine this topic while simultaneously controlling for all of the potential determinants and relying on a sample of youths and adults.

Interaction of hand preference with eye dominance on accuracy in archery.

In this study, the interaction of hand preference, eye dominance, and performance in archery was investigated. Beginners' accuracy (right-handed French students (48 men, 34 women) from the University of Sport Sciences (M age = 19.3 yr., SD = 1.7 yr.), were tested and 1,323 practitioners were given a laterality questionnaire. Analysis suggested the interaction of hand preference and eye dominance might influence accuracy of the novice archers (uncrossed patterns were more accurate) when the bow was used without sights, but the use of sights by practitioners seemed to eliminate this effect.

Lateral preferences in children with intellectual deficiency of idiopathic origin.

The goal of this study was to evaluate lateral preferences in a population of children with intellectual deficiency of idiopathic origin, compared with those of typically developing (TD) children. Two groups of children with mild or moderate intellectual deficiency were observed. Handedness (using a 10-item test and Bishop's card-reaching task), eyedness and footedness were studied. The younger group consisted of sixteen 10- to 11-year olds; the older group comprised fourteen 12- to 14-year olds. A control group of fifteen TD children was matched for age with the younger group of intellectually deficient (ID) children. The results show that the occurrence of left-handedness is not higher in children with ID of unknown origin than in age-matched TD children. However, we observed a marginally reduced tendency toward right-handedness in ID than in TD children: more mixed-handers among ID than TD children; test-retest consistency of hand preference significantly lower in the 10- to 11-year-old ID children than in the age-matched TD children; greater tendency of ID children to use their nonpreferred left hand when the card was presented to the left, as compared with TD children. Left-eyedness and crossed hand-eye preference were also more frequent in ID than in age-matched TD children. No age-related difference in laterality was found in ID children. These results partially support other studies indicating that less rightward asymmetry is associated with intellectual deficiency in children.

Which factors affect hand selection in children's grasping in hemispace? Combined effects of task demand and motor dominance.

Sixty-five right- and left-handed preschool and school children were tested on three reach-to-grasp tasks of different levels of complexity, performed in three space locations. Our goal was to evaluate how the effect of attentional information related to object location interacts with task complexity and degree of handedness on children's hand selection. Results revealed a shift to the non-preferred hand in the contralateral hemispace, which was more or less pronounced according to the level of task complexity. The subject's degree of handedness also influenced this shift, since strongly lateralized children exhibited a greater use of their preferred hand than less lateralized ones for actions in the contralateral hemispace. These findings confirm that hand selection is to some extent adaptable to task demand and environmental context.

Influence of object spatial location and task complexity on children's use of their preferred hand depending on their handedness consistency.

The goal of the present study was to compare the use of the preferred versus the nonpreferred hand in children performing two tasks of different levels of complexity, in various positions in space. Right-handed and left-handed consistent children were compared to their inconsistent counterparts. The results showed that the general tendency to use one's preferred hand to grasp an object is more or less pronounced depending on the object's spatial location and the task's complexity. The children used their preferred hand more often even when the object was presented contralaterally, and did so to a greater extent during the more complex task. Inconsistent-handers were more likely to shift to using their nonpreferred hand when the object was presented to this hand's side. Finally, we found that the influence of handedness consistency on hand use for the spatial positions varied with the complexity of the task. These results favor a view of handedness as a dynamic process in which motor preferences interact with task demand, probably through task-related attention.