RESUMO
Mild, metal-free, and operationally simple three-component coupling reactions involving arynes, phosphites, and acrylates have been achieved. The reaction proceeded well with α- or ß-substituted acrylates. Additionally, various functional groups were tolerated under these reaction conditions, resulting in diverse ortho-3-propanoate-substituted aryl phosphonates. Moreover, the reaction can be used to synthesize a range of organophosphorus compounds present in natural products, materials, and biologically active compounds.
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Lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase (Lck) plays vital roles in the T-cell receptor- mediated development, function, and differentiation of T-cells. Given its substantial involvement in T cell signaling, irregularities in the expression and functionality of Lck may lead to various diseases, including cancer. In this study, we found that compound 12a exerted significant inhibitory potency against Lck with an IC50 value of 10.6 nM. In addition, 12a demonstrated high efficacy in various colon cancer cell lines as indicated by GI50 values ranging from 0.24 to 1.26 µM. Notably, 12a inhibited the phosphorylation of Lck in Colo201 cells. Overall, the anti-proliferative effects of 12a on diverse cancer cell lines highlights its potential application for the treatment of various cancer types.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos , Proteína Tirosina Quinase p56(lck) Linfócito-Específica , Proteína Tirosina Quinase p56(lck) Linfócito-Específica/metabolismo , Proteína Tirosina Quinase p56(lck) Linfócito-Específica/farmacologia , Linfócitos T , Transdução de Sinais , Fosforilação , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfócitos T/metabolismo , Antineoplásicos/farmacologiaRESUMO
A lack of the T cell-inflamed tumor microenvironment limits the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Activation of stimulator of interferon genes (STING)-mediated innate immunity has emerged as a novel therapeutic approach in cancer therapy. 2',3'-Cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) is a natural STING agonist; however, cGAMP is subjected to endogenous degradation by ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase phosphodiesterase 1 (ENPP1). To improve the ICI response rate, we developed 29f, a novel ENPP1 inhibitor with phthalazin-1(2H)-one as the core scaffold. 29f inhibited the cGAMP hydrolysis by ENPP1 in vitro (IC50 = 68 nM) and enhanced the STING-mediated type I interferon response in both immune and tumor cells. 29f demonstrated excellent metabolic stability and bioavailability (F = 65%). Orally administered 29f promoted tumor growth inhibition in a CT26 syngeneic model and increased the anti-PD-L1 response. Furthermore, 29f-induced immunological memory prevented the tumor relapse against tumor rechallenge, suggesting the promising therapeutic potential of 29f.
Assuntos
Neoplasias , Diester Fosfórico Hidrolases , Humanos , Diester Fosfórico Hidrolases/metabolismo , Neoplasias/terapia , Pirofosfatases , Imunoterapia , Microambiente TumoralRESUMO
A mild, efficient, and transition-metal-free three-component coupling reaction involving arynes, phosphites, and aldehydes was established to afford 3-mono-substituted benzoxaphosphole 1-oxides. A range of 3-mono-substituted benzoxaphosphole 1-oxides was obtained from both aryl- and aliphatic-substituted aldehydes in moderate to good yields. Moreover, the synthetic utility of the reaction was demonstrated by a Gram-scale reaction and the transformation of the products into various P-containing bicycles.
Assuntos
Óxidos , Fosfitos , AldeídosRESUMO
Palladium-catalyzed asymmetric allylic alkylation has proven to be a powerful method for the preparation of a wide variety of chiral molecules. However, the catalytic and atroposelective allylic alkylation is still rare and challenging, especially for biaryl substrates. Herein, we report the palladium-catalyzed desymmetric and atroposelective allylation, in which the palladium complex with a chiral phosphoramidite ligand enables desymmetrization of nucleophilic 2-arylresorcinols in a highly enantioselective manner. With the aid of the secondary kinetic resolution effect, a wide variety of substrates containing a hydroxymethyl group at the bottom aromatic ring are able to provide O-allylated products up to 98:2 er. Computational studies show an accessible quadrant of the allylpalladium complex and provide three plausible transition states with intra- or intermolecular hydrogen bonding. The energetically favorable transition state is in good agreement with the observed enantioselectivity and suggests that the catalytic reaction would proceed with an intramolecular hydrogen bond.
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An efficient and straightforward method for the synthesis of aryl(alkynyl)phosphinates was developed via a three-component coupling reaction involving arynes, phosphites, and alkynes. An array of aryl(alkynyl)phosphinates were produced from both aryl and aliphatic group-substituted acetylenes. This operationally simple reaction is tolerant to many functional groups, affording various aryl(alkynyl)phosphinates in moderate to good yields. The synthetic utility of alkynyl phosphinates afforded by this method was demonstrated by the elaboration of the products into various phosphorus-containing compounds.
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In an effort to discover novel scaffolds of non-nucleotide-derived Ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 (ENPP1) inhibitors to stimulate the Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING) pathway, we designed and synthesised pyrrolopyrimidine and pyrrolopyridine derivatives and performed structure-activity relationship (SAR) study. We found 18p possessed high potency (IC50 = 25.0 nM) against ENPP1, and activated STING pathway in a concentration dependent manner. Also, in response to STING pathway activation, cytokines such as IFN-ß and IP-10 were induced by 18p in a concentration dependent manner. Finally, we discovered that 18p causes inhibition of tumour growth in 4T1 syngeneic mouse model. This study provides new insight into the designing of novel ENPP1 inhibitors and warrants further development of small molecule immune modulators for cancer immunotherapy.
Assuntos
Diester Fosfórico Hidrolases , Pirofosfatases , Animais , Camundongos , Diester Fosfórico Hidrolases/metabolismo , Pirimidinas , Pirofosfatases/genética , Pirofosfatases/metabolismo , Pirróis/farmacologia , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Identification of highly selective type II kinase inhibitors is described. Two different chiral peptidomimetic scaffolds were introduced on the tail region of non-selective type II kinase inhibitor GNF-7 to enhance the selectivity. Kinome-wide selectivity profiling analysis showed that type II kinase inhibitor 7a potently inhibited Lck kinase with great selectivity (IC50 of 23.0 nM). It was found that 7a and its derivatives possessed high selectivity for Lck over even structurally conserved all Src family kinases. We also observed that 7a inhibited Lck activation in Jurkat T cells. Moreover, 7a was found to alleviate clinical symptoms in DSS-induced colitis mice. This study provides a novel insight into the design of selective type II kinase inhibitors by adopting chiral peptidomimetic moieties on the tail region.
Assuntos
Peptidomiméticos , Animais , Proteína Tirosina Quinase p56(lck) Linfócito-Específica , Camundongos , Peptidomiméticos/farmacologia , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacologia , Quinases da Família srcRESUMO
Herein, we describe a novel approach for the practical synthesis of thiadiazine 1-oxides 10. The first example of an intramolecular cyclization with 2-N-cyano-sulfonimidoyl amides 9 to form the desired thiadiazine 1-oxides 10 was developed. One-pot acid-induced hydrolysis of the cyano group and the intramolecular cyclocondensation protocol readily provided various heterocyclic frameworks in good to moderate yields. Notably, the crystal structures of N-urea sulfoximine 11 and thiadiazine 1-oxide 10i have been determined using X-ray crystallography.
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INTRODUCTION: While tobacco control policies have been adopted and enforced, and anti-smoking campaigns have been conducted, the evaluation of their impact on tobacco quitting is lacking in Korea. Therefore, the effectiveness of tobacco control policies and mass media campaigns to encourage use of the Quitline were evaluated by monitoring call volume on Quitline, which has been in operation since 2006, in Korea. METHODS: Tobacco control policies and mass media campaigns, from 1 January of 2007 to 31 December of 2016, were assessed from the review of government documents and the history of law and regulation changes. The corresponding period incoming call volumes of the Quitline were assesed. The average monthly call volume, when policies and anti-smoking advertising were implemented, was compared with that of the whole year or baseline years (2007 and 2008). RESULTS: Peak call volume occurred in 2010 when the Quitline was directly promoted on television. The call volume in the month the TV campaign aired was 5.5 times higher than the average monthly call volume in the year 2010. A relatively gradual rise in call volume was found from 2013 to 2016 when the tobacco control policies and campaigns, such as Quitline number included on cigarette packs, a fear-oriented anti-tobacco campaign on mass media, and a tax increase on tobacco was implemented, were introduced sequentially. In that period, the average monthly call volume was about five times higher than in 2007 and 2008. CONCLUSIONS: Continuous efforts to contribute to tobacco control policies and campaigns by the promotion of the Quitline is a most effective approach to raise quitting attempts. Based on the Korean experience, Quitline data may be useful for assessing the impact of tobacco control policies and campaigns in Asian Pacific countries.
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Obesity-associated non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) increases coagulation and inflammation. We hypothesized that (S)YS-51, an agent found to be beneficial in animal models of sepsis, may reduce NAFLD in high-fat diet (HFD) mice by reducing coagulation and inflammation. C57BL/6 mice were fed either a chow diet or HFD and each was supplemented with or without (S)YS-51 (10mg/kg, daily, i.p.) for 16 weeks. The results showed that HFD caused significant increases in lipogenesis [CD36, fatty acid synthase (FAS) and sterol response element binding protein (SREBP)-1c mRNA and protein], inflammation [monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), TGF-ß, and procollagen type 1 mRNA, macrophage infiltration] and coagulation [tissue factor (TF) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) mRNA and thrombin antithrombin complex (TAT)] in the liver, adipose tissue and serum, which were significantly reduced by (S)YS-51. These results of (S)YS-51 were accompanied by significant reduction of weight gain, liver size, hepatic steatosis and fibrosis, blood cholesterol, hepatic triglyceride, and macrophage infiltration and inflammatory cytokines in adipose tissue without affecting food intake in HFD mice. Interestingly, (S)YS-51 increased SIRT1 mRNA and protein and AMPK expression in the liver of HFD mice by increasing both NAD(+)/NADH ratio and LKB1 phosphorylation. In HepG2 cells, (S)YS-51 activated SIRT1 followed by AMPK. Finally, (S)YS-51 improved glucose tolerance and insulin resistance in HFD mice. We concluded that (S)YS-51 attenuates NAFLD and insulin resistance in HFD mice by, at least, activation of SIRT1/AMPK signals. Thus, (S)YS-51 may be beneficial in NAFLD treatment.
Assuntos
Coagulação Sanguínea/efeitos dos fármacos , Lipogênese/efeitos dos fármacos , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica/tratamento farmacológico , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica/metabolismo , Obesidade/complicações , Tetra-Hidroisoquinolinas/farmacologia , Proteínas Quinases Ativadas por AMP/metabolismo , Tecido Adiposo/efeitos dos fármacos , Tecido Adiposo/patologia , Animais , Dieta Hiperlipídica/efeitos adversos , Fibrose , Regulação Enzimológica da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Hep G2 , Humanos , Inflamação/complicações , Resistência à Insulina , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Fígado/metabolismo , Fígado/patologia , Fígado/fisiopatologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica/complicações , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica/fisiopatologia , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Sirtuína 1/metabolismo , Tetra-Hidroisoquinolinas/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
A molecular design is presented for tailoring the energy levels in D-π-A organic dyes through fluorination of their acceptor units, which is aimed at achieving efficient dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). This is achieved by exploiting the chemical structure of common D-π-A organic dyes and incorporating one or two fluorine atoms at the ortho-positions of the cyanoacetic acid as additional acceptor units. As the number of incorporated fluorine atoms increases, the LUMO energy level of the organic dye is gradually lowered due to the electron-withdrawing effect of fluorine, which ultimately results in a gradual reduction of the HOMO-LUMO energy gap and an improvement in the spectral response. Systematic investigation of the effects of incorporating fluorine on the photovoltaic properties of DSSCs reveals an upshift in the conduction-band potential of the TiO2 electrode during impedance analysis; however, the incorporation of fluorine also results in an increased electron recombination rate, leading to a decrease in the open-circuit voltage (Voc). Despite this limitation, the conversion efficiency is gradually enhanced as the number of incorporated fluorine atoms is increased, which is attributed to the highly improved spectral response and photocurrent.
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This article describes the synthesis and biological evaluation of a chemical library of mibefradil analogues to investigate the effect of structural modification on in vitro stability. The construction of the dihydrobenzopyran structure in mibefradil derivatives 2 was achieved through two efficient approaches based on a diastereoselective intermolecular Reformatsky reaction and an intramolecular carbonyl-ene cyclization. In particular, the second strategy through the intramolecular carbonyl-ene reaction led to the formation of a key intermediate 3 in a short and highly stereoselective way, which has allowed for practical and convenient preparation of analogues 2. Using this protocol, we could obtain 22 new mibefradil analogues 2, which were biologically tested for in vitro efficacies against T-type calcium channels and metabolic stabilities. Among the synthesized compounds, we found that analogue 2aa containing a dihydrobenzopyran ring and a secondary amine linker showed high % remaining activities of the tested CYP enzymes retaining the excellent T-type calcium channel blocking activity. These findings indicated that the structural modification of 1 was effective for improving in vitro stability, i.e., reducing CYP inhibition and metabolic degradation.
Assuntos
Química Orgânica/métodos , Mibefradil/análogos & derivados , Mibefradil/síntese química , Aldeídos/síntese química , Aldeídos/química , Benzimidazóis/síntese química , Benzimidazóis/química , Bloqueadores dos Canais de Cálcio/farmacologia , Canais de Cálcio Tipo T/metabolismo , Cristalografia por Raios X , Inibidores das Enzimas do Citocromo P-450/farmacologia , Sistema Enzimático do Citocromo P-450/metabolismo , Estabilidade de Medicamentos , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Mibefradil/química , Microssomos Hepáticos/efeitos dos fármacos , Microssomos Hepáticos/metabolismo , Conformação MolecularRESUMO
This paper reports on new D-π-A organic dyes for application in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), which were developed by incorporating thieno[3,2-b]thiophene-thiophene (M9) and thieno[3,2-b]thiophene-EDOT (M10) as π-bridges. These dyes exhibited relatively small highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO)-lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy gaps in spite of the short π-conjugation lengths, resulting in broad spectral responses. As photosensitizers in DSSCs, M10 showed a broader spectral response than M9, leading to a greater short-circuit photocurrent (Jsc). In addition, M10 exhibited higher open-circuit voltage (Voc) compared to M9, because of the greater electron lifetime of the photoanode. The impedance analysis revealed that the greater electron lifetime of the photoanode with M10 was attributed to the lower electron recombination rate caused by the blocking effect of the bulky EDOT unit. As a result, M10 showed much higher conversion efficiency (η = 7.00%) than M9 (η = 5.67%) under one sun condition (AM 1.5 G, 100 mW/cm(2)). This conversion efficiency was comparable to that of the conventional Ru-based dye N719 (η = 7.24%) under the same condition. In addition, M10 exhibited a remarkable long-term stability, i.e., 95% of the initial conversion efficiency was maintained after light soaking for 45 days (1080 h).
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A convergent and enantioselective total synthesis of (-)-amphidinolide O (1) and P (2), 15-membered macrolides with seven chiral centers along with many functional groups, is described. The key reactions include enantioselective Brown allylation, anti- and syn-selective aldol reactions, (E)-selective olefin metathesis, conformation-controlled stereoselective epoxidation, and selective introduction of the exomethylene group. Assignments of the absolute stereochemistries of the natural (+)-amphidinolide O (ent-1) and P (ent-2) are also discussed in detail.
Assuntos
Macrolídeos/química , Macrolídeos/síntese química , Estrutura Molecular , EstereoisomerismoRESUMO
Interferon (INF) is an effective drug in treating several human diseases. Ge-132, which is the most common and well-studied organic germanium, has been reported to induce INF-gamma and has undergone clinical trials with promising preclinical results. However, it has been reported that long-term ingestion or high doses of organic Ge-132 causes similar toxic effects as GeO(2) because Ge-132 can be easily contaminated with significant amounts of inorganic germanium during the preparation. In this study, we synthesized the water-soluble organogermanium compound (Ge-OH) without possible contamination with toxic inorganic germanium and showed that Ge-OH is a better INF-gamma inducer than Ge-132 by an animal study.
Assuntos
Germânio/química , Germânio/farmacologia , Compostos Orgânicos/síntese química , Compostos Orgânicos/farmacologia , Água/química , Animais , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , Espectrometria de Massas , Camundongos , SolubilidadeRESUMO
An expedient, traceless, solid-phase synthesis of 2,4,6-trisubstituted thiazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine-5,7-dione derivatives has been developed. The solid-phase synthetic route utilizes urea formation by a microwave irradiation promoted reaction of a thiazole amino ester resin with an isocyanate. The resulting urea resin is converted to a thiazolopyrimidinedione resin, containing two diversity elements at N-4 and N-6, by using a one-pot cyclization/N-alkylation process. After oxidation to form a sulfone, nucleophilic C-2 substitution with amines, the third diversity element, gives the target 2,4,6-trisubstituted thiazolo[4,5-d]pyrimide-5,7-dione derivatives. This highly efficient solid-phase synthetic sequence enables the incorporation of three points of diversity into the preparation of the thiazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine-5,7-dione ring system.
Assuntos
Técnicas de Química Combinatória/métodos , Pirimidinonas/síntese química , Bibliotecas de Moléculas Pequenas/síntese química , Técnicas de Química Combinatória/economia , Isocianatos/síntese química , Isocianatos/química , Micro-Ondas , Pirimidinonas/química , Bibliotecas de Moléculas Pequenas/química , Tiazóis/síntese química , Tiazóis/química , Fatores de Tempo , Ureia/síntese química , Ureia/químicaRESUMO
Optically active tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids, (R)-(+)-higenamine (1R) and (S)-(-)-higenamine (1 S), and their optically active 1-naphthylmethyl analogues (2 and 3), were synthesized by enantioselective hydrogenation of the corresponding dihydroisoquinoline intermediates 7 as a key step. The evaluation of the platelet anti-aggregation effect demonstrated clearly that the (S)-(-)-enantiomers, 1S, 2S, and 3S, had higher inhibitory potency than the corresponding (R)-(+)-antipodes, 1R, 2R, and 3R, respectively, to platelet aggregation induced by epinephrine. 1S enantiomer was superior to the corresponding 1R enantiomer in attenuating all of the disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and multiple organ failure (MOF) parameters tested, while the S enantiomers 2S and 3S ameliorated some of the DIC and MOF parameters more effectively than the corresponding antipodes 2R and 3R.
Assuntos
Alcaloides/síntese química , Coagulação Intravascular Disseminada/tratamento farmacológico , Agregação Plaquetária/efeitos dos fármacos , Tetra-Hidroisoquinolinas/síntese química , Alcaloides/química , Amidas/química , Animais , Catálise , Química Farmacêutica/métodos , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Desenho de Fármacos , Epinefrina/química , Concentração Inibidora 50 , Modelos Químicos , Ratos , Estereoisomerismo , Tetra-Hidroisoquinolinas/químicaRESUMO
Enantioselective synthesis of 2, a revised structure for (-)-clavosolide B, was accomplished by a convergent approach, where syn-selective aldol, hydroxy-directed cyclopropanation, Mitsunobu inversion, Schmidt-type glycosylation, and macrolactonization reactions were utilized as key reactions. Comparison of 1H and 13C NMR spectra and optical rotation measurement confirmed the relative and absolute stereochemistry of clavosolide B (2).
Assuntos
Macrolídeos/síntese química , Animais , Imidoésteres/química , Cetonas/química , Macrolídeos/química , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , Metilação , Estrutura Molecular , Poríferos/química , EstereoisomerismoRESUMO
[reaction: see text] A library containing 1200 analogues of 2,6-difunctionalized 2-methyl-2H-1-benzopyran was constructed by using a solid-phase synthesis protocol. Polymer-bound 6-amido-, 6-sulfonamido-, and 6-uredo-functionalized 2-hydroxymethyl-2-methylbenzopyrans 10 were prepared as part of a first-generation diversification step by employing reactions of respective acid halides, sulfonyl chlorides, and isocyanates with the amine precursor 7. Transformations of the resin-bound intermediates 10 by reactions with alkyl and acid halides were then used to produce a diverse series of 2,6-difunctionalized 2-methyl-2H-1-benzopyran analogues 12 and 14.