[Comparative Evaluation of Healing Wounds at a Local and Combined Radiation Injury in an Experiment].

Wound healing activity of 20 different means of conservative treatment of radiation burns was studies in the experiments on the rats subjected to local ß-radiation (at a dose of 60 Gy) and combined radiation damage (ß-radiation at a dose of 60 Gy and the whole-body γ-irradiation at a dose of 4 Gy). It was found that reparative processes in the irradiated,skin in the case of the local radiation injuries are most effectively accelerated by ointments Biopin, Panthenol-Ratiopharm, IL-1ß and Iruksol; Dimexidum solution; aerosols Olazol, Gipozol and Polkortolon; wound coverings Procell-super and Selenopol. Ointments containing IL-1ß, Dimexidum solution, aerosols and wound coverings have a healing effect in the case of combined radiation injury.

[Radiomitigators: prospects for use in medical radiation protection].

Prospects of creation and use of radiomitigators--the treatment-and-prophylactic means intended for rendering medical care by the victim of influence of ionizing radiation in the earliest terms after irradiation (hours, days) are presented. It is shown that the most effective radiomitigators are found among natural biopolymers of a microbic origin (a vaccine from bacteria of enterotyphus group, preparations of lipopolysaccharide or protein-polysaccharide components of these microbes). Very perspective such preparations as desoxinate, translame and flagellin are represented. The expressed radiomitigate properties such antioxidants as a-tocopherole, xantosine, caffeine, selenium methionine, inosine, guanosine and antioxidant complexes are possess. Among steroids the greatest interest represents 5-androstenediol. Radiomitigate properties have some cytokines, for example interleukine-1beta (betaleukine), trombopoetin, stem cell factor, and also their combination with colony stimulated factors. Tasks of increase of efficiency of medical radiation protection at early stages of a radiation injures are formulated.

[Prospects of the use of radioprotectors for improvement of anti-radiation medicine in the Armed Forces].

rThe author presented review of foreign and domestic literature concerning the problem of researching of new types of radioprotectors. The most effective radioprotectors are non-androgen steroids, organic compounds of protein, organic and chemical antioxidants. The methods of local delivery of radioprotectors to bioplast are under development.

[Modern condition and prospects of improvement of the specialized medical care for acute bone marrow syndrome of radiation etiology].

It is shown, that tactics of treatment of acute marrow failure of radiant etiology is based, first of all, on measures of supporting, replaceable and stimulating therapy. The modern means, used for prophylactic and treatment of infectious complications, are resulted. Opportunities and restrictions of transfusion of donor thrombocytes and granulocytes, erythrocytes and chilled plasma are described. Therapeutic efficiency of transplantation of a bone marrow, cells of embryonic liver and stem cells of peripheral or umbilical cord blood is analyzed. It is shown, that the greatest prospects in perfection of the specialized medical aid at acute radiation syndrome are connected to complex application of interleukin-1beta, interleukin-3, granulocyte or granulocyte/macrophage colony stimulated factor, thrombopoietin and others cytokines.

[Experimental estimation of application efficacy of wound coverings as a means of conservative therapy of local radiation burns formed at combined radiation injures].

The study was aimed at experimental evaluating the efficacy of experimental wound collagen coverings "Sangvikol", "Gemasept", "Kolotsil" and "Biatravm" for treatment of deep radiation burns which form at combined radiation injures. The combined radiation injures were modeled by consecutive local X-ray radiation of skin at a dose of 120 Gy and the total whole body gamma-irradiation from a source of 137Cs at a dose of4 Gy. It is established that wound collagen coverings are well modeled on a wound, absorb excess exudate, maintain optimum humidity in a wound; protect a wound from infection, and medicinal fillers contribute to the activation of reparative processes in the irradiated skin. Wound coverings do not require frequent dressings and more effectively prevent post-radiation depression recovery processes in irradiated skin than ointments.

[Protection from radiation by selenium].

We examined acute toxicity and radioprotective activity of inorganic (calcium selenites, manganese, strontium and lanthanum) and organic selenium compounds. Results from animal experiments indicate that some of the organic selenium compounds are protective against ionizing radiation and promising as radioprotective agents. The time required to achieve the maximum radioprotective activity for selenium compounds depends on the degree of oxidation. Optimal duration of prophylactic administration of drugs with a degree of oxidation of Se+4 is 24 hours, and Se+2--1 hour. The radioprotective mechanism of selenium may be associated with the antioxidant properties.

[The experimental evaluation of influence of exogenous melatonin on the genetic damage induced by radiation exposure].

It is shown in experiments on the rats subjected to gamma-radiation at various doses that preventive introduction of exogenous melatonin reduces the quantity ofchromosomal aberrations in cells ofbone marrow and decreases the expression of oxidative stress. After introduction of melatonin, the activity of leucocytes in peripheral blood and proliferation activity of splenocytes increase, which can play a role in the mechanisms for the genoprotective effect of the studied medication.

[Medical protection during radiation accidents: some results and lessons of the Chernobyl accident].

Actions of medical radiation protection of liquidators of consequences of on Chernobyl atomic power station accident are analysed. It is shown, that during the early period of the accident medical protection of liquidators was provided by administration of radioprotectors, means of prophylaxis: of radioactive iodine incorporation and agent for preventing psychological and emotional stress. When carrying out decontamination and regenerative works, preparations which action is caused by increase of nonspecific resistance of an organism were applied. The lessons taken from the results of the Chernobyl accident, have allowed one to improve the system of medical protection and to introduce in practice new highly effective radioprotective agents.

Experimental study of cytoprotective effect of melatonin in radiation exposure.

The effects of a synthetic analog of melatonin in doses of 10 and 50 mg/kg on the incidence of chromosome aberrations in bone marrow cells was studied in outbred rats exposed to single short-term γ-irradiation in doses of 2 and 4 Gy. Melatonin injected 30 min before the exposure 2-fold reduced the incidence of chromosome aberrations. Possible mechanisms of anticlastogenic effect of melatonin are discussed.

[Urgent problems of experimental modelling of thermal skin burns]. / Aktual'nye voprosy éksperimental'nogo modelirovaniia termicheskikh ozhogov kozhi.

The review presents a critical analysis of principal benefits and shortcomings of standard experimental models of surface and deep thermal burns of the skin. Comparison of the results of experimental studies must rest on reproduction of identical traumas in series of experiments. It is important to choose animals species, burn model, exposition time and thermal agent depending on the study aim. An algorithm of simple and available methods of reproduction of superficial and deep thermal burns of the skin on a rodent model is described.

Effects of new wound dressings on healing of thermal burns of the skin in acute radiation disease.

Effects of new wound dressing bacterial cellulose impregnated with SOD and poviargol (Procel-Super and Procel-PA) and Inerpan hydrogel dressing on the reparative processes in deep dermal burns (IIIa-IIIb degree) in rats exposed to total even irradiation in a dose of 4 Gy were studied. Inerpan and Procel-Super dressings proved to be the most effective under these conditions: they accelerated healing of burn wounds by 17.0 and 5.5%, respectively.

[Cytokines as agents for the early pathogenetic therapy of radiation injuries. Their efficacy and mechanism of action]. / Tsitokiny kak sredstva rannei patogeneticheskoi terapii radiatsionnykh povrezhdenii. Effektivnost' i mekhanizm deistviia.

It has been shown in experiments with three species of laboratory animals that an early administration (during the first hours following irradiation) of human recombinant interleukins 1 alpha and 1 beta separately (to mice, rats) or in combination with antibiotic therapy (dogs) substantially increases survivability, favours a more rapid regeneration of the cellular content of the bone marrow and peripheral blood, intensifies the processes of endogenous colony formation and DNA synthesis in the bone marrow and liver and lowers the expressivity of radiation-induced endotoxemia. The significance of using cytokines in the system of remedial measures in radiation pathology is discussed.

[Radioprotective effect of lymphokinine]. / Radiozashchitnoe deistvie limfokinina.

It is shown that lymphokinine, cytokine complex, i. a. applied in mice (50,000 U/kg) 24 hours before the following acute of prolonged irradiation in dose LD50-85/30 increases animal survival by 30-40%. Lymphokinine shifts down the expression of postradiational leucopenia, significantly accelerates leucocytes and myelokaryocyte recovery and stimulates colony-forming ability of bone marrow cells in irradiated animals. Lymphokinine induced increase of endogenous radioresistance rate is suggested to be associated with its ability to accelerate early haemopoietic cells proliferative and migration activity and modify cells cycle of marrow haemopoietic cells.

[A new classification of prophylactic antiradiation agents]. / Novaia klassifikatsiia profilakticheskikh protivoluchevykh sredtsv.

A new classification has been proposed for prophylactic antiradiation drugs, which are divided into three groups: radioprotectors, stimulators of radioresistance and the means of protection from internal irradiation. Depending on organs (systems) for the protection of which they are designed, radioprotectors in their turn are subdivided into myelo-, entero- and cerebroprotectors; stimulators of radioresistance (depending on the optimal regimens of their use to develop a higher resistance of the organism) are subdivided into drugs that are effective in single and repeated (course) use; the means of protection from internal irradiation are subdivided into the drugs that prevent incorporation of radioiodine by the thyroid gland, and into the drugs preventing absorption of radionuclides in the digestive tract. The main features that distinguish radioprotectors from stimulators of radioresistance are presented. The former are characterized by such properties as exhibiting the effect exquisitely when prophylactically administered in doses close to those of maximal tolerance, greatest effect against shortterm (pulse) irradiation, rapid development and short duration of the radioprotective action period, reduction in the effect in repeated use, etc. Stimulators of radioresistance rank below radioprotectors in their effect against short-term irradiation, however, unlike the latter, they exhibit their protective effect against a long-term (low dose rate) exposure as well under the conditions of both prophylactic and therapeutic use; their radioprotective action is more prolonged, they are distinguished for their low toxicity and lower the risk of delayed sequelae of irradiation, etc. Examples of the most typical members of each group of prophylactic antiradiation drugs are cited, data are presented which characterize their radioprotective activity, the role and place in the system of antiradiation protection of troops and population.

[Change in neutrophils in liquidators of the consequences of the accident at the Chernobyl Atomic Electric Power Station]. / Izmenenie neitrofilov u likvidatorov posledstvii avarii na Chernobyl'skoi AES

In result of own researches and analysis of the literature? the information about high sensitivity of neutrophils of peripheric blood to infringements of constancy of internal state of body, arising as reply to radiating influence, are received. Ionized radiation modulates greatly properties and functions of neutrophilic granulocytes, which are the most sensitive and high-modulated cells of non-specific resistance system. The changes of the functional-metabolic status of neutrophils in participants of liquidation of consequences of Chernobyl disaster have been saving during 10 years after influence of the extreme, including radiating, factors of failure.

A study of the influence of different types of radioprotectors on the survival of mice treated with ionizing radiation over a wide dose range.

The subject of this study is the influence of the preventive administration of cystamine, naphthysin, Ukrain, Lymphokinin, Prodigiosan, and polyribonate on the 30-day survival of mice subject to doses of ionizing radiation ranging from LD50/30 to LD100/30. Conventional radioprotectors were shown to prevent the death of experimental animals irradiated with doses ranging from LD70 to LD100/30 but were inefficient as a means of preventing mortality at doses with a medium lethal effect. In contrast, the bioregulators Ukrain and Lymphokinin were more potent at doses ranging from LD50 to LD70/30 (1.5 times more potent than conventional radioprotectors). Polyribonate and Prodigiosan were the least potent. These findings are discussed with respect to the appropriateness of developing pharmacological means which could protect organisms from different degrees of radiation-induced damage. The need to modify the criteria for the selection of potential radioprotectors is emphasized.

[A new method for the comparative quantitative assessment of a radiomodifying effect]. / Novyi metod sravnitel'noi kolichestvennoi otsenki radiomodifitsiruiushchego éffekta.

A new criterion for the quantitative estimation of a radioprotective effect (radioprotector efficiency) is suggested. This is an integral index of protection. Biologically, this is an estimation of a proportion of animals survived, the survival rate in the experimental and control groups of exposed objects in the studied dose range. The methods of assessing the criterion, and its advantages over the commonly used dose reduction factor (DRF) are described. The efficiency of Cystamine, Naphthysin, Indralin, Thymogen, Lymphokinin, Prodigiosan, and Polyribonate are considered using the suggested criterion. A new method of a comparative estimation of the radioprotective effect is suggested.

[An experimental study of the effect of Zofran on the manifestations of a primary reaction to irradiation]. / Eksperimental'noe issledovanie vliianiia zofrana na proiavleniia pervichnoi reaktsii na obluchenie.

Zofran is a selective antagonist of 5-HT3 receptors which effectively prevents postradiation dyspeptic and behavioral disorders in dogs and rats. Administration of the drug normalizes intestinal absorption and propulsion activity in irradiated animals.