RESUMO
Resumen ANTECEDENTES Los tumores cardiacos fetales son hallazgos esporádicos en el ultrasonido fetal con una incidencia de 1 caso por cada 10,000 nacidos vivos. Los rabdomiomas son los tumores cardiacos más comunes en la vida intrauterina (60-86%) seguidos por los fibromas y teratomas. Casi siempre tienen regresión espontánea, pueden ocasionar alteraciones hemodinámicas e incrementar la morbilidad y mortalidad perinatal; además de su importante asociación con el complejo de la esclerosis tuberosa, enfermedad genésica que cursa con epilepsia y déficit cognitivo. OBJETIVO Reportar la primera serie mexicana de casos de detección prenatal de rabdomiomas. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS Estudio retrospectivo consistente en la revisión de los expedientes de todos los fetos con diagnóstico prenatal de tumores cardiacos registrados de enero de 2007 a diciembre de 2017 en el Hospital Ángeles Lomas. A todas las pacientes se les realizó ultrasonido de segundo nivel y ecocardiografía avanzada prenatal y postnatal. RESULTADOS Se estudiaron siete casos, la mayoría con tumoraciones únicas. En un caso hubo alteraciones hemodinámicas durante el periodo fetal que le ocasionaron la muerte. En dos casos se confirmó esclerosis tuberosa. CONCLUSIONES Se trata de la primera serie de casos mexicanos de tumores cardiacos fetales. Los hallazgos fueron similares a los reportados en la bibliografía mundial, excepto que se encontraron más casos de tumores únicos que de múltiples. El tamaño del tumor, el número y la localización pueden predecir el pronóstico perinatal y, en especial, la posibilidad de esclerosis tuberosa.
Abstract BACKGROUND Fetal cardiac tumors are sporadic findings in fetal ultrasound with an incidence of 1 case per 10,000 live births. Rhabdomyomas are the most common cardiac tumors in intrauterine life (60-86%) followed by fibroids and teratomas. They almost always have spontaneous regression, can cause hemodynamic alterations and increase perinatal morbidity and mortality; in addition to its important association with the tuberous sclerosis complex, a genetic disease that presents with epilepsy and cognitive deficit. OBJECTIVE To report the first Mexican series of cases of prenatal detection of rhabdomyomas. MATERIALS AND METHODS Retrospective study consisting of the review of the records of all fetuses with prenatal diagnosis of cardiac tumors registered from January 2007 to December 2017 at the Ángeles Lomas Hospital. All patients underwent second-level ultrasound and advanced prenatal and postnatal echocardiography. RESULTS Seven cases were studied, most of them with single tumors. In one case there were hemodynamic alterations during the fetal period that caused his death. In two cases, tuberous sclerosis was confirmed. CONCLUSIONS This is the first series of Mexican cases of fetal cardiac tumors. The findings were similar to those reported in the world literature, except that more cases of single tumors were found than multiple tumors. The size of the tumor, the number and the location can predict the perinatal prognosis and, especially, the possibility of tuberous sclerosis.
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Trisomy 9 can be suspected and confirmed in the prenatal period since the 11-13.6 weeks of screening. In cases of partial trisomy 9, the diagnosis is important especially to counseling the couple due to the increased likelihood of recurrence in subsequent pregnancies.
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Placental acretism is an adherencial pathology associated with a high maternal morbidity and mortality rates. Antepartum diagnosis is essential to plan a proper management and reduce serious complications. Risk factors in these patients include prior cesarean sections, uterine scars and placenta previa. Second level ultrasonography may detect placental acretism with high sensitivity and specificity; magnetic resonance imaging may play a complimentary role in the diagnosis of placental acretism when ultrasonographic findings are non-conclusive, specially when determining miometrium invasion in placental acretism (incretism, percretism). This paper reports the case of a patient treated at the ABC Medical Center of Santa Fe, in her second gestation with the diagnosis of an arcuate uterus, previous cesarean section and placenta previa who presented a vaginal bleeding during pregnancy; ultrasound evaluation, in the second trimester, identified a probable placental acretism, in the third trimester, the same technology suggested placenta percreta, complimentary magnetic resonance imaging supported this diagnosis, with probable invasion to bladder, bowel and abdominal wall muscles. Imaging studies were performed at the Hospital Angeles Lomas (Maternal Fetal Clinic). A diagnosis of placenta acreta-percreta, called for a multidisciplinary surgical team, availability of blood products and other resources to face probable complications associated to the obstetrical resolution. Maternal results were optimal since histopathological evaluation reported miometrial incretism, with placental invasion millimeters away from the uterine serosa. Most ultrasonographic studies evaluating the invasion degree of the placenta have small sample sizes, generating a greater degree of false positive or false negative observations. Therefore, we agree with other authors that in all acretism cases (independent of their invasion degree), a multidisciplinary surgical team should be assembled in order to increase patient's safety. Risk factor identification, precise prenatal diagnosis, and multidisciplinary management diminish maternal morbidity and mortality rates during obstetric resolution procedures.