A meta-analytic examination of the gender difference in creative performance.

Studies examining gender and creative performance ratings have offered mixed results. The current meta-analysis integrates insights from gender role theories (Eagly, 1987; Eagly & Karau, 2002) with Woodman et al. (1993) interactionist perspective of creativity to identify factors that explain these observed inconsistencies across studies. Cumulating decades of research from 259 independent studies (N = 79,915), we find a male advantage in creative performance (δ = .13). An examination of contextual moderators reveals that this gender gap is contingent on several social and cultural factors. We observe a decline in the creativity gender gap when the country-level cultural context of the sample is communal and an increase when it is agentic. Results also show that the gender disparity declined over time, but industry gender composition did not influence the gender gap. Interestingly, we find that the gender gap is larger when creative performance is self- versus other-reported. Finally, methodological contingency factors such as publication status, study setting, creativity type, and occupational creativity requirements were also assessed. Overall, our findings clarify gender's relationship with creative performance and underscore the importance of undertaking contingency-based approaches in future research. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Inclined but less skilled? Disentangling extraversion, communication skill, and leadership emergence.

Individual extraversion is considered to be one of the most consistent predictors of leadership emergence according to meta-analytic support, but inconsistent empirical results indicate that their relationship may be more nuanced than scholars have concluded. We propose two key reasons for why the extraversion-emergence relationship has yielded inconsistent results. First, we challenge one of the fundamental theoretical assumptions regarding why extraverts emerge as leaders, namely, that extraverts have high levels of communication skill. Drawing on the personality literature, we argue that rather than being inextricably linked to extraversion, communication skill not only plays a separate role but also may determine when extraversion relates to emergence. Second, we test a multilevel model accounting for the team context by proposing in alignment with the social identity model of leadership that a team's overall level of extraversion impacts the team's leadership prototypes and thus the importance of extraversion and communication skill for leadership emergence. We test our hypotheses across two studies in assessment center contexts. We find broad support for our multilevel model and show that extraversion's effects may be much more conditional than previously assumed, whereas communication skill may be a more promising explanatory factor. Thus, we provide a more complete understanding of why and when interpersonal characteristics relate to leadership emergence. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Multiple team membership and empowerment spillover effects: Can empowerment processes cross team boundaries?

In today's organizations, employees are often assigned as members of multiple teams simultaneously (i.e., multiple team membership), and yet we know little about important leadership and employee phenomena in such settings. Using a scenario-based experiment and 2 field studies of leaders and their employees in the People's Republic of China and the United States, we examined how empowering leadership exhibited by 2 different team leaders toward a single employee working on 2 different teams can spillover to affect that employee's psychological empowerment and subsequent proactivity across teams. Consistent across all 3 studies, we found that each of the team leaders' empowering leadership uniquely and positively influenced an employee's psychological empowerment and subsequent proactive behaviors. In the field studies, we further found that empowering leadership exhibited by one team leader influenced the psychological empowerment and proactive behaviors of their team member not only in that leader's team but also in the other team outside of that leader's stewardship. Finally, across studies, we found that empowering leadership exhibited on one team can substitute for lower levels of empowering leadership experienced in a different team led by a distinct leader. We discuss our contributions to the motivation, teams, and leadership literatures and provide practical guidance for leaders charged with managing employees that have multiple team memberships. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

Detrimental Effects of "Stretch" Goals in Specialty Substance Use Disorder Treatment Organizations.

BACKGROUND: "Stretch" goals, a rarely examined concept that represents seemingly impossible, highly ambitious organizational goals ostensibly established to fill performance gaps and motivate employees, are examined within a sample of substance use disorder (SUD) treatment centers in the United States in terms of their prevalence and effects on organizational behavior. Stretch goals are defined as "seemingly impossible" goals intended to motivate employees to achieve high performance. In light of the high level of environmental change and unpredictability faced by SUD treatment centers in recent decades, we theorize that stretch goals would be both common and often detrimental (in terms of capacity utilization rate and efficiency) in these settings. METHODS: In a temporally lagged analysis of data from leaders of a representative U. S. national sample of 219 SUD treatment centers characterized by entrepreneurial management structures, we examined the prevalence of stretch goals and their impact on key outcome variables of capacity utilization rate and efficiency. RESULTS: Widespread adoption of stretch goals was found, with 43% of our sample falling within the stretch category. Stretch goals had a negative main effect on capacity utilization rate as compared to less ambitious challenging goals. Stretch and prior performance interacted to further predict capacity utilization rate, whereas stretch and slack resource availability interacted to predict center efficiency. DISCUSSION: Although stretch goals are frequently used in the SUD treatment industry, we find them mostly detrimental to performance. Stretch goals may enhance the efficiency of treatment centers with prior limited resource availability, but they are negatively associated with capacity utilization, especially in centers with a record of already strong performance. Despite the high prevalence of such goals and positive values centered on aspirational behavior, these results strongly suggest caution in such goal setting in SUD treatment centers.

Above and beyond, again and again: self-regulation in the aftermath of organizational citizenship behaviors.

In this temporally lagged study of employees in a service organization, we examined the ways in which feedback regarding organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) may affect employees' motives to continue performing OCBs over time. Building on the self-regulation approach to citizenship (Bolino, Harvey, & Bachrach, 2012), we propose and test an overall model of OCB motive, others' attribution and feedback, and motive fulfillment to determine their impact on continuing OCB. Using a total sample of 213 employees and structural equation modeling, we found support for most of our model, indicating that instances of OCB initiate a chain of events that can ultimately lead individuals to alter their OCB patterns, based on their own motives, others' motive attributions, and feedback. We also find that feedback regarding OCB can influence motive fulfillment and the motivations to engage in future OCB, although this feedback is most powerful when it comes from peers, as opposed to managers.

Synthesis of the nucleoside moiety of liposidomycins: elucidation of the pharmacophore of this family of MraY inhibitors.

Tunicamycins (TCMs) and liposidomycins (LPMs) are naturally occurring inhibitors of the bacterial translocase (MraY). Based on structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies, a molecular model has been proposed for their inhibitory mechanism. This study points out the importance of the nucleoside moiety of liposidomycins in the inhibition of MraY. A simplified molecule (I) based on the liposidomycin core structure has been synthesised and tested on MraY. The compound displayed a moderate inhibitory activity (IC50 = 50 microM). The validation of the molecular model was then performed by synthesising higher homologues of I, containing an additional stereocentre in the 5' position (XIV and XV). In agreement with the prediction, only the (S) isomer XV showed significant activity against MraY (IC50 = 5 microM).

[Comparative lipophilia of trandolapril and other converting enzyme inhibitors]. / Lipophilie comparée du trandolapril et des autres inhibiteurs de l'enzyme de conversion.

The lipophilicity of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE-I) available in France has been compared using two complementary methods. Studies have been performed both on active ACE-I and prodrugs. The first study used reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in order to measure the n-octanol water partition coefficients. They were measured at 3 pH values (2.5, 4.7 and 7.4). The second study was performed on the basis of computer drawn chemical formula. The lipophilic area to hydrophilic area ratio was calculated from the three dimensional structure of each ACE-I. A calculated n-octanol water partition coefficient was then determined. Whatever the method, a broad range of values was seen. The HPLC n-octanol water partition coefficient ranged from -1.86 (captopril) to 1.02 (trandolaprilate). The lipophilic to hydrophilic ratio ranged from 1.33 (captopril) to 2.74 (trandolaprilate) and the computer determined n-octanol water partition coefficient ranged from -0.36 (perindoprilate) to 0.69 (quinaprilate). A strong correlation (r = 0.97 p = 0.0001) was found between the lipophilic/hydrophilic area ratio and the HPLC partition coefficient. The classification of the ACE-I was very close whatever the mode of determination. The less lipophilic ACE-I are lisinopril and captopril and the most lipophilic are quinalapril and trandolapril. Clinical consequences of such differences remain unknown.

Surgical resection of pulmonary metastases. Up to what number?

Specific results on the surgical resection of a large number of pulmonary metastases (PM) are currently unavailable, and the risk-benefit ratio of this aggressive approach may appear questionable. A systematic review of the records of 456 adult patients who underwent thoracic surgery for PM between 1979 and 1990 led to the identification of 44 patients who underwent at least one resection of eight or more PM (range eight to 110), of whom 33 (75%) had PM from osteogenic or soft tissue sarcoma. These 44 patients underwent a total of 77 operations, of which 47 (61%) were bilateral and nine (12%) incomplete resections. The 3- and 5-yr probabilities of survival after the first resection of eight or more PM were 36 and 28%, respectively, and were not significantly different from those of the 412 other patients who underwent surgery for PM over the same period. In this small group of patients, only the quality of resection (complete or incomplete) was found to be a highly significant prognostic factor (p < 0.01). A critical analysis of the reported data supports the view that, at least in patients with osteogenic or soft tissue sarcoma, the prognostic value of the number of PM seems to be more dependent on associated resectability than on the number per se and that, after careful preoperative patient selection, PM that can be resected should be resected, whatever their number.

Localized dumbbell neuroblastoma: a study of 25 cases treated between 1982 and 1987 using the same protocol.

Among the 108 non-metastatic neuroblastomas treated at the Institut Gustave Roussy between 1982 and 1987, 25 dumbbell neuroblastomas were observed. Therapeutics included: 1) an initial laminectomy in forms with neurological deficit; 2) surgical excision of the primary tumor; 3) preoperative chemotherapy in children in which the primary tumor was considered as unresectable at diagnosis and postoperative chemotherapy in cases of incomplete resection; and 4) radiation therapy on macroscopic residual disease. Fifteen out of 25 (60%) presented a neurological deficit. A laminectomy was performed in 14 cases. Neurological recovery was good in 4 cases, partial in 4 cases, and absent in 4 cases. Two patients were worse after the procedure. The event-free survival was 88%. This high survival rate is linked: 1) to the non-metastatic stage; 2) to a high proportion of children under 1 year of age (18/25) (median age = 7 months); and 3) to a high proportion of thoracic location (12/25). The high incidence of macroscopically incomplete excision (13/25) did not jeopardize the prognosis. Out of the 22 survivors, there were 8 cases of major neurological sequellae (36%) and 5 cases of major orthopedic ones (26%). The coexistence of a serious functional prognosis and an excellent vital prognosis for these patients has led us to analyse the therapeutic modalities, to reevaluate the necessity of routine initial neurosurgical removal by laminectomy and to discuss the use of first line chemotherapy.

Nonmetastatic thoracic neuroblastomas: a review of 40 cases.

From 1982 to 1987, 40 children with non-metastatic thoracic neuroblastoma were treated with the same therapeutic regimen. According to TNM staging, there were 11 CS I, 19 CS II, and 10 CS III. All patients underwent surgery; 30 had primary surgical excision; in 10 whose tumors were deemed unresectable, surgery was delayed until after a trial of chemotherapy. Operation was completed by several courses of chemotherapy in case of microscopic residual disease or regional lymph node involvement; radiotherapy was delivered in case of gross residual disease. Using this therapeutic approach, EFS is 92% with a median follow-up of 40 months. Severe complications were rare and sequellae appear to be related to the disease, i.e., neurologic consequences of cord compression.

Left main-stem bronchial stenosis complicating bronchial artery embolization.

A 36-year-old patient was found to have severe left main-stem bronchial stenosis two years after bronchial artery embolization (BAE) for hemoptysis. Embolization-induced bronchial ischemia appeared to be the only potential cause for the observed lesions, and, to our knowledge, this constitutes the first report of late bronchial sequelae following BAE. Despite balloon-catheter dilatation of the stenosis, the severity of poststenotic lesions led to left pneumonectomy. The anatomic data further supported the hypothesis of a complication of BAE. Clinicians and radiologists should be aware of this potential complication of a widely used therapeutic procedure.

[Localized thoracic neuroblastoma: the role of surgery and therapeutic results. Apropos of 40 cases]. / Neuroblastomes thoraciques localisées: place de la chirurgie et résultats thérapeutiques. A propos de 40 cas.

From 1982 to 1987, forty children with non-metastatic thoracic neuroblastoma were treated with a same therapeutic regimen. According to TNM staging, there were II CS I, 19 CS II and 10 CS III. All patients underwent surgery; thirty had primary surgical excision; in ten whose tumor were deemed uresectable, surgery was delayed until after a trial of chemotherapy. Operation was completed by several courses of chemotherapy in case of microscomic residual disease or lymph node involvement; radiotherapy was delivered in case of gross residual disease. Using this therapeutic approach. Event Free Survival is 92% with a median follow up of 40 months. Severe complications were rare and sequellae appear to be related to the disease i.e. neurologic consequence of cord compression.

Mediastinal infection after cardiac operation. A simple closed technique.

From March 1984 to March 1987, a simple closed method, previously described for the treatment of osteomyelitis after orthopedic operations, was used to treat deep sternal infection in 11 patients. The basis of this technique is, after meticulous débridement of the wound, to drain all the infected areas with small catheters connected to a bottle inside of which a strong (700 mm Hg) negative pressure is created (Redon drainage device). The method does not require irrigation. The maximum duration of the drainage was 24 days and complete recovery was obtained in all patients without further surgical treatments. The comfort of the patients was optimal.

Anatomic repair of anomalies of ventriculo-arterial connection (REV). Results of a new technique in cases associated with pulmonary outflow tract obstruction.

From November 1980 to November 1986, 63 patients aged 4 months to 13 years (mean 3.4 years) underwent repair of anomalies of ventriculo-arterial connection with ventricular septal defect and pulmonary outflow tract obstruction, using a technique (REV) first described by us in 1982. The selection of patients was based on preoperative criteria, namely the measurement of the distance between the tricuspid and the semilunar valves. These measurements enabled us to select from patients with an abnormal ventriculo-arterial connection, those in whom the anomaly could be repaired by intra-ventricular partition alone. In the remaining cases, REV was indicated in the presence of pulmonary stenosis. The principles of the technique are: (1) resection of the infundibular septum creating a large, direct and subarterial communication between the left ventricle and the aorta; (2) construction of a straight left ventricle to aorta tunnel by intraventricular partition; (3) direct anastomosis of the pulmonary trunk to the right ventricle. There were 12 hospital deaths (19%). The mean follow-up was 32 months. One patient died suddenly 1 year after repair. Six patients required reoperation. All survivors are in NYHA class I, except for 3 patients who are in class II. No stenosis of the left ventricular outflow tract was found but 5 patients had a significant pressure gradient at the pulmonary outflow tract level. Our present experience suggests that in properly selected patients, REV allows anatomic repair in a wide variety of anomalies of the ventriculo-arterial connection associated with VSD and pulmonary outflow tract obstruction with an acceptable rate of mortality and morbidity.

Anatomic repair of anomalies of ventriculoarterial connection associated with ventricular septal defect. II. Clinical results in 50 patients with pulmonary outflow tract obstruction.

From November 1980 to November 1985, 50 patients underwent anatomic repair of anomalies of ventriculoarterial connection associated with ventricular septal defect and pulmonary outflow tract obstruction. The technique used was one that we have previously described, which we call REV. The principles of this technique are resection of the infundibular septum, construction of a tunnel connecting the left ventricle to the aorta, and direct anastomosis, without a prosthetic conduit, of the pulmonary arterial trunk with the right ventricle. The tunnel is situated beneath the aortic valve and occupies very little space in the right ventricular cavity. Age at operation ranged from 4 months to 13 years (mean 3.5 years). Twenty-six patients had a classic type of transposition of the great arteries; all other patients had various types of anomalies of ventriculoarterial connection in which it was impossible, after the intraventricular connection of the left ventricle to the aorta, to use the natural pulmonary orifice for the pulmonary outflow tract reconstruction. There were nine hospital deaths (18%) and one late death. Twenty-six of 29 patients whose follow-up time exceeded 1 year had an excellent clinical result. No stenosis of the aortic outflow tract was found. Four patients had significant pressure gradients on the pulmonary outflow tract. Our present experience with REV suggests that this technique allows anatomic repair in a wide variety of anomalies of ventriculoarterial connection associated with ventricular septal defect and pulmonary outflow tract obstruction, even in infants, with an acceptable rate of mortality and morbidity.