Native kidney BK virus nephropathy associated with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia.

BK virus nephropathy (BKVN) is a well-recognized complication of renal transplantation. Several cases of native kidney BKVN following other solid organ or bone marrow transplants have been reported. We describe a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia who presented with deteriorating renal function with no history of solid organ or bone marrow transplantation. Renal biopsy demonstrated tubular injury characteristic of viral infection, confirmed as BK virus by immunohistochemistry and elevated serum BK viral titres. Treatment with leflunomide reduced serum viral titres and stabilized renal function. This is the first biopsy-proven case of native kidney BKVN in a patient with no previous transplantation history.

Acute Kidney Injury: It's as easy as ABCDE.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common, serious problem which has been found to be poorly managed. Early recognition and action is critical in potentially slowing or reversing its course and facilitating timely referral to specialist services. In this quality improvement project, multidisciplinary education sessions and a simple 'ABCDE' checklist to aid AKI management were introduced in a district general hospital. The incidence of AKI (defined as 26umol/l rise in creatinine), its recognition and management were measured hospital wide. AKI recognition was improved by educating the entire multidisciplinary team to identify three key early warning signs: a rise in serum creatinine, urine output of <500mls in 24 hours and systolic blood pressure of <90mmHg. The 'ABCDE' checklist (Address drugs, Boost blood pressure, Calculate fluid balance, Dip urine, Exclude obstruction) was introduced to prompt AKI management. A four week educational programme was delivered, initially on a pilot ward, to doctors, nurses, nursing assistants and pharmacists. AKI recognition and implementation of the 'ABCDE' checklist were measured. Prior to project introduction 16% of patients developed AKI, but were recognised within 24 hours in only 31% of cases, with 80% of 'ABCDE' steps implemented in only 20%. Following multidisciplinary education, AKI recognition improved to 100%, with 80% of 'ABCDE' steps implemented in 67% of cases. These results were replicated when the project was rolled out across the surgical directorate (120 beds) and in the 40 bed medical admission unit. Prevention and treatment of AKI should be a core competency of all clinical staff. Educating and empowering the multidisciplinary team to implement simple interventions improves standards and should be the foundation of strategies targeting AKI. Through this study significant improvements have been demonstrated in AKI recognition and management, positively impacting on patient safety, quality of care and patients' and staff experience.

The uptake of cervical cancer screening by renal transplant recipients.

BACKGROUND: Renal transplant recipients are at an increased risk of developing cervical cancer compared to women in the general population. At least annual cervical smear screening is currently recommended, but little information is available regarding the actual uptake of such screening. METHODS: All female renal transplant recipients in one United Kingdom region who were alive with a functioning graft were identified. The uptake and results of cervical smear testing over a 10-year period in this cohort were determined. RESULTS: Of the 173 women eligible for cervical cancer screening, 18 (10%) undertook the recommended number of screening procedures; 56 (32%) had never had a cervical smear performed. The year of transplantation, age at engraftment and the social deprivation status did not significantly influence the uptake of screening (P > 0.05). In those women who were screened, the incidence of smear test abnormalities was 20% in renal transplant recipients compared with 7% in the general population. The cytological findings in the positive smear tests ranged from borderline changes to grade III cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. CONCLUSIONS: The renal transplant population is at higher risk of abnormal cervical cytology, but the uptake of cervical cancer screening is low. The reasons for this low screening rate are unclear, and changes in practice are necessary to improve the uptake of cervical smear testing in women with renal transplants.

Progressively increasing operative risk among patients referred for coronary artery bypass surgery.

OBJECTIVE: Advances in surgical, anaesthetic and percutaneous interventional techniques may have led to higher risk patients being referred for coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG). The purpose of this study was to compare the predicted mortality risk (EuroSCORE) of a contemporary cohort of patients referred for isolated elective CABG (2002) with that of a cohort referred five years previously (1997) and to examine temporal trends in patient demographics. METHODS: Records (n=2873) of weekly cardiac surgical referral meetings were examined and the age, sex, type of operation and surgical decision for every patient referred from 1997 to 2002 inclusive were recorded. Furthermore samples of patients referred in 1997 (n=111) and in 2002 (n=110) were chosen, and a complete EuroSCORE was calculated for each patient and compared between groups. RESULTS: In both 1997 and 2002 the median EuroSCORE among patients not accepted for surgery was significantly higher than those accepted (1997; 3 vs 2, p < 0.001. 2002; 5 vs. 2, p < 0.001). The median EuroSCORE of patients referred in 2002 was significantly higher than those referred in 1997 (3 vs. 2; p < 0.001). There was a progressive increase in median patient age throughout the study period and this accounted for the observed temporal increase in EuroSCORE. CONCLUSIONS: Predicted mortality risk among patients referred for coronary artery bypass surgery is increasing, mainly due to patient age at referral.