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Cell ; 187(10): 2393-2410.e14, 2024 May 09.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38653235

RESUMO

SARS-CoV-2 and other sarbecoviruses continue to threaten humanity, highlighting the need to characterize common mechanisms of viral immune evasion for pandemic preparedness. Cytotoxic lymphocytes are vital for antiviral immunity and express NKG2D, an activating receptor conserved among mammals that recognizes infection-induced stress ligands (e.g., MIC-A/B). We found that SARS-CoV-2 evades NKG2D recognition by surface downregulation of MIC-A/B via shedding, observed in human lung tissue and COVID-19 patient serum. Systematic testing of SARS-CoV-2 proteins revealed that ORF6, an accessory protein uniquely conserved among sarbecoviruses, was responsible for MIC-A/B downregulation via shedding. Further investigation demonstrated that natural killer (NK) cells efficiently killed SARS-CoV-2-infected cells and limited viral spread. However, inhibition of MIC-A/B shedding with a monoclonal antibody, 7C6, further enhanced NK-cell activity toward SARS-CoV-2-infected cells. Our findings unveil a strategy employed by SARS-CoV-2 to evade cytotoxic immunity, identify the culprit immunevasin shared among sarbecoviruses, and suggest a potential novel antiviral immunotherapy.


Assuntos
COVID-19 , Evasão da Resposta Imune , Células Matadoras Naturais , Subfamília K de Receptores Semelhantes a Lectina de Células NK , SARS-CoV-2 , Humanos , SARS-CoV-2/imunologia , Células Matadoras Naturais/imunologia , Células Matadoras Naturais/metabolismo , Subfamília K de Receptores Semelhantes a Lectina de Células NK/metabolismo , COVID-19/imunologia , COVID-19/virologia , Antígenos de Histocompatibilidade Classe I/imunologia , Antígenos de Histocompatibilidade Classe I/metabolismo , Animais , Citotoxicidade Imunológica , Regulação para Baixo , Pulmão/imunologia , Pulmão/virologia , Pulmão/patologia
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