Refractive Outcomes After Scleral Fixation of the Carlevale Intraocular Lens.

PURPOSE: To assess the refractive predictability of the Carlevale sutureless scleral fixation intraocular lens (IOL) (Sole-ko IOL Division) power calculation. METHODS: This retrospective, non-comparative, interventional case series included patients without a capsular support having undergone sutureless scleral fixation IOL implantation in two French hospitals between October 2019 and April 2022. IOL calculation was performed with the Barrett Universal II, Hoffer Q, Holladay 1, and SRK/T formulas with constant optimization to achieve a mean arithmetic prediction error equal to zero. The main outcomes were prediction error (PE) and its standard deviation (SD-PE), the median absolute error (MedAE), the mean absolute error (MAE), and the percentage of eyes with PE within ±0.50, ±1.00 and ±2.00 diopters (D) 6 months after surgery. RESULTS: Thirty eyes of 30 patients were included in the study. The mean age was 66.6 years, the mean axial length was 24.31 mm, and the mean keratometry was 43.07 D. SDPE ranged from 0.73 to 0.87 D depending on the formula. MedAE ranged from 0.38 to 0.61 D, and MAE from 0.52 to 0.68 D. Between 46.7% and 56.7% of eyes were within ±0.50 D, 76.7% and 90.0% were within ±1.00 D, and 96.7% were within ±2.00 D of target equivalent. No statistically significant difference was observed between the four formulas for any outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirmed that the design of the Carlevale sutureless scleral fixation IOL provides satisfactory refractive results. [J Refract Surg. 2024;40(8):e527-e532.].

RNASeq profiling of retinal pigment epithelial cells derived from induced pluripotent stem cells revealed 3 genes involved in lipid homeostasis in age-related macular degeneration.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is characterized by visual impairment observed in elderly population. Two forms of the disease are generally described, the atrophic (AMDa) and exudative forms (AMDe). Up until now, no curative treatment is available for this disease. The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) plays a central role in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration. Here, involvement of RPE dysfunction in AMD onset and progression was analyzed by a comparison of transcriptome profiles of hiPSC-RPE derived from healthy individuals or individuals affected by AMDa or AMDe. The analysis highlighted almost 1000 genes differentially expressed between the three comparison groups. Among these genes, 33 genes were already known to be involved in AMD pathogenesis. To establish an AMD genetic signature, we focused on genes differentially expressed in both AMDa/e cell lines compared to control cells and focused on the three genes (ABCA1, RPN2, RB1CC1) that were related to lipidic homeostasis. Differences in level expression of these three genes are found not only in control and AMDa/e cell lines, but also between AMDa and AMDe populations.

Self-reported dual sensory impairment and related factors: a European population-based cross-sectional survey.

BACKGROUND: Data on population-based self-reported dual vision and hearing impairment are sparse in Europe. We aimed to investigate self-reported dual sensory impairment (DSI) in European population. METHODS: A standardised questionnaire was used to collect medical and socio-economic data among individuals aged 15 years or more in 29 European countries. Individuals living in collective households or in institutions were excluded from the survey. RESULTS: Among 296 677 individuals, the survey included 153 866 respondents aged 50 years old or more. The crude prevalence of DSI was of 7.54% (7.36-7.72). Among individuals aged 60 or more, 9.23% of men and 10.94% of women had DSI. Eastern and southern countries had a higher prevalence of DSI. Multivariable analyses showed that social isolation and poor self-rated health status were associated with DSI with ORs of 2.01 (1.77-2.29) and 2.33 (2.15-2.52), while higher income was associated with lower risk of DSI (OR of 0.83 (0.78-0.89). Considering country-level socioeconomic factors, Human Development Index explained almost 38% of the variance of age-adjusted prevalence of DSI. CONCLUSION: There are important differences in terms of prevalence of DSI in Europe, depending on socioeconomic and medical factors. Prevention of DSI does represent an important challenge for maintaining quality of life in elderly population.

IMI-Onset and Progression of Myopia in Young Adults.

Myopia typically starts and progresses during childhood, but onset and progression can occur during adulthood. The goals of this review are to summarize published data on myopia onset and progression in young adults, aged 18 to 40 years, to characterize myopia in this age group, to assess what is currently known, and to highlight the gaps in the current understanding. Specifically, the peer-reviewed literature was reviewed to: characterize the timeline and age of stabilization of juvenile-onset myopia; estimate the frequency of adult-onset myopia; evaluate the rate of myopia progression in adults, regardless of age of onset, both during the college years and later; describe the rate of axial elongation in myopic adults; identify risk factors for adult onset and progression; report myopia progression and axial elongation in adults who have undergone refractive surgery; and discuss myopia management and research study design. Adult-onset myopia is common, representing a third or more of all myopia in western populations, but less in East Asia, where onset during childhood is high. Clinically meaningful myopia progression continues in early adulthood and may average 1.00 diopters (D) between 20 and 30 years. Higher levels of myopia are associated with greater absolute risk of myopia-related ocular disease and visual impairment, and thus myopia in this age group requires ongoing management. Modalities established for myopia control in children would be options for adults, but it is difficult to predict their efficacy. The feasibility of studies of myopia control in adults is limited by the long duration required.

Progression of myopia in teenagers and adults: a nationwide longitudinal study of a prevalent cohort.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of myopia is increasing worldwide. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the progression of myopia in teenagers and adults in France. METHODS: This nationwide prospective study followed 630 487 myopic adults and teenagers (mean age 43.4 years±18.2, 59.8% of women) between January 2013 and January 2019. Myopia and high myopia were defined as a spherical equivalent less than or equal to -0.50 and -6.00 diopters (D), respectively. Demographic data were collected at first visit and refractive characteristics were collected at each visit. Analysis of short-term progression (first 12 to 26 months postbaseline) was modelled using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Progression of myopia was stratified according to age, gender and spherical equivalent at first visit. RESULTS: Higher proportions of progressors were observed in the youngest age groups: 14-15 (18.2 %) and 16-17 years old (13.9 %). In multivariate analysis, after adjustment for over age, spherical equivalent and gender, the mean short-term progression decreased from -0.36 D in the 14-15 years age group to -0.13 D in the 28-29 years age group. Young age and higher myopia at baseline together were strongly associated with the risk of developing high myopia, the 5-year cumulative risk being 76% for youngest teenager with higher myopia status at baseline. CONCLUSION: In this large cohort of myopic teenagers and adults, myopia progression was reported in 18.2% and 13.9% of the 14-15 and 16-17 age groups, respectively. The risk to develop high myopia was higher for younger individuals with higher myopia at baseline examination.

Stem cell therapy in retinal diseases.

Alteration of the outer retina leads to various diseases such as age-related macular degeneration or retinitis pigmentosa characterized by decreased visual acuity and ultimately blindness. Despite intensive research in the field of retinal disorders, there is currently no curative treatment. Several therapeutic approaches such as cell-based replacement and gene therapies are currently in development. In the context of cell-based therapies, different cell sources such as embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, or multipotent stem cells can be used for transplantation. In the vast majority of human clinical trials, retinal pigment epithelial cells and photoreceptors are the cell types considered for replacement cell therapies. In this review, we summarize the progress made in stem cell therapies ranging from the pre-clinical studies to clinical trials for retinal disease.

Proteins Associated with Phagocytosis Alteration in Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells Derived from Age-Related Macular Degeneration Patients.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is partially characterized by retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell dysfunction. This study focused on phagocytosis activity and its involvement in AMD. Phagocytic activity was analyzed by flow cytometry using porcine photoreceptor outer segment (POS) and fluorescent beads in basal and under oxidative stress condition induced by Fe-NTA in fifteen hiPSC-RPE cell lines (six controls, six atrophic AMD and three exudative AMD). Oxidative stress exposure inhibited phagocytosis in the same manner for control, atrophic AMD (AMDa) and exudative AMD (AMDe) cell lines. However, altered phagocytosis in basal condition in hiPSC-RPE AMDa/e was observed compared to control cell lines. Gene expression after 3 or 24 h of POS incubation was analyzed by RNA-Seq based transcriptomic profiling. Differential gene expression was observed by RNA seq after 3 and 24 h POS exposure. We have focused on the genes involved in mTOR/PI3K-AKT/MEK-ERK pathway. We investigated differences in gene expression by analyzing the expression levels and activity of the corresponding proteins by Western blot. We showed the involvement of three proteins essential for phagocytosis activity: fak, tuberin and rictor. These findings demonstrate that hiPSC-RPE AMDa/e cells have a typical disease phenotype characterized by alteration of the main function of RPE cells, phagocytosis activity.

Refractive errors in a large dataset of French children: the ANJO study.

Undetected refractive errors (REs) in children can lead to irreversible vision loss. This study aimed to show the proportions of REs in French children using cycloplegic refraction. Multicentre cross-sectional retrospective study including children with cycloplegic refraction and without associated ocular conditions from 2015 to 2018 in French eye clinics. The following data were collected: age, symptoms of eye strain, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), cycloplegic refraction. The analysis included 48,163 children (mean age: 7.75 years, range: 2 to 12 years). The proportion of each RE was as follows: emmetropia (- 0.50 < Spherical Equivalent (SE) ≤ + 2.0; 58.3%), hyperopia (+ 2.0 [Formula: see text] SE [Formula: see text]+5; 17.2%), myopia (- 6 [Formula: see text] SE [Formula: see text]- 0.50; 15.5%), high myopia (SE < - 6; 0.5%), high hyperopia (SE > + 5; 3.6%), mixed astigmatism (4.9%). Anisometropia (SE difference ≥ 1.5) was found in 5.0%. Functional amblyopia in children attending primary school (aged over 6 years) was encountered in 2.7%. Symptoms of eye strain were frequent (70%) but not specific to any RE. REs are frequently found in French children and may remain undetected in the absence of symptoms of eye strain. Few studies have investigated REs in children using cycloplegic refraction, which has been shown to be the gold standard for RE assessment.

Progression of myopia in children and teenagers: a nationwide longitudinal study.

BACKGROUND: Data on myopia prevalence and progression in European children are sparse. The aim of this work was to evaluate the progression of myopia in children and teenagers in a large prospective study. METHODS: A prospective study involving a nationwide cohort. Myopia was defined as a spherical equivalent (SE) of ≤ -0.50 diopters (D). Data on refractive error, gender and age were collected in 696 optical centres in France between 2013 and 2019, including 136 333 children (4-17 years old) in the analysis.Progression of myopia was assessed between the first visit and the last visit over up to 6.5 years. RESULTS: Mean age was 11.3±3.8 years (55.0% of female). The proportion of children progressing more than -0.50 D per year was higher in age groups 7-9 years and 10-12 years and in children with SE ≤ -4.00 D at first visit, representing 33.1%, 29.4% and 30.0% of these groups, respectively. In multivariate analysis, progression during the first 11-24 months was higher in the 7-9 and 10-12 age groups (-0.43 D and -0.42 D, respectively), for higher SE at baseline (at least -0.33 D for SE ≤ -1 D) and for girls (-0.35 D). CONCLUSION: This is the first French epidemiological study to investigate myopia progression in a large-scale cohort of children. Sex, age groups and myopia severity are associated with differing rates of progression.

The Risks and Benefits of Myopia Control.

PURPOSE: The prevalence of myopia is increasing around the world, stimulating interest in methods to slow its progression. The primary justification for slowing myopia progression is to reduce the risk of vision loss through sight-threatening ocular pathologic features in later life. The article analyzes whether the potential benefits of slowing myopia progression by 1 diopter (D) justify the potential risks associated with treatments. METHODS: First, the known risks associated with various methods of myopia control are summarized, with emphasis on contact lens wear. Based on available data, the risk of visual impairment and predicted years of visual impairment are estimated for a range of incidence levels. Next, the increased risk of potentially sight-threatening conditions associated with different levels of myopia are reviewed. Finally, a model of the risk of visual impairment as a function of myopia level is developed, and the years of visual impairment associated with various levels of myopia and the years of visual impairment that could be prevented with achievable levels of myopia control are estimated. RESULTS: Assuming an incidence of microbial keratitis between 1 and 25 per 10 000 patient-years and that 15% of cases result in vision loss leads to the conclusion that between 38 and 945 patients need to be exposed to 5 years of wear to produce 5 years of vision loss. Each additional 1 D of myopia is associated with a 58%, 20%, 21%, and 30% increase in the risk of myopic maculopathy, open-angle glaucoma, posterior subcapsular cataract, and retinal detachment, respectively. The predicted mean years of visual impairment ranges from 4.42 in a person with myopia of -3 D to 9.56 in a person with myopia of -8 D, and a 1-D reduction would lower these by 0.74 and 1.21 years, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The potential benefits of myopia control outweigh the risks: the number needed to treat to prevent 5 years of visual impairment is between 4.1 and 6.8, whereas fewer than 1 in 38 will experience a loss of vision as a result of myopia control.

Visual, hearing, and dual sensory impairment are associated with higher depression and anxiety in women.

OBJECTIVE: We investigated cross-sectional gender-specific associations with vision, hearing, and both (dual) impairment with depression and chronic anxiety using a large representative sample of Spanish adults. METHODS: The present study utilized data from the Spanish National Health Survey 2017. A total of 23,089 adults (15-103 years, 45.9% men) participated in this survey. Participants self-reported whether they had suffered depression and/or anxiety, and also whether they experience vision, hearing and both vision/hearing (dual) impairment. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted to assess the associations between the three types of sensory impairment and anxiety or depression, in men and women. RESULTS: Across the whole sample (n = 23,089) the prevalence of depression and anxiety was between 2.00 and 2.56 times higher in women compared to men. Dual sensory impairment (hearing and vision) was associated with higher levels of depression (odds ratio [OR] = 2.980, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.170-4.091) and anxiety (OR = 2.636, 95% CI: 1.902-3.653) compared to single sensory impairment. Stratified associations by gender showed higher odd ratios for women with dual sensory loss (3.488 for depression and 3.478 for anxiety) compared to men (2.773 for depression and 1.803 for anxiety). CONCLUSIONS: Dual sensory impairment (hearing and seeing) is are associated with increased depression and anxiety. Women with dual sensory impairment showed stronger associations compared to men among adults in Spain. Interventions are needed to address vision and/or hearing impairment in order to reduce anxiety and depression especially in women.

Self-reported visual difficulties in Europe and related factors: a European population-based cross-sectional survey.

PURPOSE: There is a relative paucity of self-reported vision problems data in European countries. METHODS: In this context, we investigated self-reported vision problems through European Health Interview Survey 2, a cross-sectional European population survey based on a standardized questionnaire including 147 medical, demographic and socioeconomic variables applied to non-institutionalized individuals aged 15 years or more in 28 European countries, in addition to Iceland and Norway. RESULTS: The survey included 311 386 individuals (54.18% women), with overall crude prevalence of self-reported vision problems of 2.07% [95% CI; 2.01-2.14]. Among them, 1.70 % [1.61-1.78] of men, 2.41% [2.31-2.51] of women and 4.71% [4.53-4.89] of individuals aged 60 or more reported to have a lot of vision problems or to be not able to see. The frequency of self-reported vision problems was the highest in Eastern European countries with values of 2.43% [2.30-2.56]. In multivariate analyses, limiting long-standing illness, depression, daily smoking, lack of physical activity, lower educational level and social isolation were associated with self-reported vision problems with ORs of 2.66 [2.42-2.92], 2.16 [2.01-2.32], 1.11 [1.01-1.23], 1.31 [1.21-1.42], 1.29 [1.19-1.40] and 1.45 [1.26-1.67], respectively, while higher income was associated with less self-reported vision problems with OR of 0.80 [0.73-0.86]. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated inequalities in terms of prevalence of self-reported vision problems in Europe, with higher prevalence in Eastern European countries and among women and older individuals.

Corrigendum to "Cathepsin B pH-Dependent Activity Is Involved in Lysosomal Dysregulation in Atrophic Age-Related Macular Degeneration".

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1155/2019/5637075.].

Prevalence of macular complications related to myopia - Results of a multicenter evaluation of myopic patients in eye clinics in France.

PURPOSE: Uncorrected refractive errors are the first cause of vision impairment worldwide. High myopia is a frequent cause of sight-threatening chorioretinal complications. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of macular complications, visual impairment and blindness in patients with myopia. METHODS: A cross-sectional multicenter study carried out in French eye clinics mainly dedicated to refractive errors. Myopia severity was defined as mild (-0.5 to -3 D), moderate (-3 to -6 D), high (-6 to -10 D) and very high (more than -10 D). Macular complications related to myopia included lacquer cracks, myopic choroidal neovascularization, chorioretinal atrophy and retinoschisis. The prevalences of macular complications, blindness and vision impairment were estimated with respect to degree of myopia and age. Eligibility criteria were myopia on the left eye of -0.5 D or more. Exclusion criteria included any missing data related to subjective refractive error, age, gender and any history of cataract or refractive surgery. RESULTS: Data files from 198 641 myopic individuals with a mean age of 34 years (SD: 15 years) were analysed. The prevalence of mild, moderate, high and very high myopia was, respectively, 65.95%, 26.14%, 6.72% and 1.19%. The prevalence of macular complications in the high and very high myopia groups was 0.5% [0.39-0.64] and 4.27% [3.49-5.17]. The prevalence of blindness or vision impairment was observed in 10.10% [8.91-11.39%] of the very high myopic group. At 60 years old or over, the prevalences of blindness or vision impairment were, respectively, 9.75% [7.91-11.85%] and 25.71% [21.00-30.87%] in the high and very high myopia groups. CONCLUSIONS: This multicenter cross-sectional study provides new insights in terms of prevalence of macular complications related to myopia. To our knowledge, this is one of the largest European studies focusing on individuals with myopia, particularly on the macular complications and the functional consequences in relation to myopia.

Combined Vision and Hearing Difficulties Results in Higher Levels of Depression and Chronic Anxiety: Data From a Large Sample of Spanish Adults.

OBJECTIVE: Individually, vision and hearing impairments have been linked to higher levels of anxiety and depression. We investigated the effect of dual sensory impairment (difficulty seeing and hearing) in a large representative sample of Spanish adults. METHODS: Data from a total of 23,089 adults (age range: 15-103 years, 45.9% men) from the Spanish National Health Survey 2017 were analyzed. Self-reported difficulty of seeing and hearing (exposures), and depression and chronic anxiety (outcomes) were analyzed. Multivariable logistic regression was assessed for difficulty with vision alone, hearing alone and with difficulty with both, adjusting for gender, age, marital status, living as a couple, education, smoking, alcohol consumption, BMI, physical activity, use of glasses/contact lenses, and hearing aid. RESULTS: Visual difficulty, hearing difficulty, and dual difficulties were all associated with significantly higher odds for depression (ORs 2.367, 2.098, and 3.852, respectively) and for chronic anxiety (ORs 1.983, 1.942, and 3.385, respectively). Dual sensory difficulty was associated with higher odds ratios for depression and anxiety when compared to either impairment alone. CONCLUSION: Dual sensory difficulty is associated with significantly higher odds of anxiety and depression when compared to either vision or hearing difficulty alone. Appropriate interventions are needed to address any reversible causes of vision and hearing as well as anxiety and depression in people in these specific groups.

Cathepsin B pH-Dependent Activity Is Involved in Lysosomal Dysregulation in Atrophic Age-Related Macular Degeneration.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is characterized by retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell dysfunction beginning at early stages of the disease. The lack of an appropriate in vitro model is a major limitation in understanding the mechanisms leading to the occurrence of AMD. This study compared human-induced pluripotent stem cell- (hiPSC-) RPE cells derived from atrophic AMD patients (77 y/o ± 7) to hiPSC-RPE cells derived from healthy elderly individuals with no drusen or pigmentary alteration (62.5 y/o ± 17.5). Control and AMD hiPSC-RPE cell lines were characterized by immunofluorescence, flow cytometry, and electronic microscopy. The toxicity level of iron after Fe-NTA treatment was evaluated by an MTT test and by the detection of dichloro-dihydro-fluorescein diacetate. Twelve hiPSC-RPE cell lines (6 AMD and 6 controls) were used for the experiment. Under basal conditions, all hiPSC-RPE cells expressed a phenotypic profile of senescent cells with rounded mitochondria at passage 2. However, the treatment with Fe-NTA induced higher reactive oxygen species production and cell death in hiPSC-RPE AMD cells than in hiPSC-RPE Control cells. Interestingly, functional analysis showed differences in lysosomal activity between the two populations. Indeed, Cathepsin B activity was higher in hiPSC-RPE AMD cells compared to hiPSC-RPE Control cells in basal condition and link to a pH more acidic in this cell population. Moreover, oxidative stress exposure leads to an increase of Cathepsin D immature form levels in both populations, but in a higher proportion in hiPSC-RPE AMD cells. These findings could demonstrate that hiPSC-RPE AMD cells have a typical disease phenotype compared to hiPSC-RPE Control cells.

hRPE cells derived from induced pluripotent stem cells are more sensitive to oxidative stress than ARPE-19 cells.

The ARPE-19 cell line is currently used as an in vitro model for retinal diseases such as age-related degeneration (AMD). However, several studies have pointed out morphological and genetic differences between ARPE-19 cells and human fetal or adult retinal pigment epithelial (hRPE) cells. This study aims to compare ARPE-19 cells to hRPE cells derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) in both normal and oxidative stress conditions induced by Fe-NTA treatment. Indeed, oxidative stress is an essential contributing factor in AMD. hiPSC obtained from peripheral venous blood samples or fibroblasts of individuals aged over 60 years were first reprogrammed to hiPSC and then differentiated into RPE cells. In contrast to ARPE-19 cells, hiPSC-RPE cells expressed ß-galactosidase activity, suggesting that only the latter display signs of senescence. Treatment with 10 mM of FeNTA induced a higher reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and increased cell death in hiPSC-RPE cells compared to ARPE-19 cells. Moreover, morphological analysis and Annexin V and Propidium iodide (PI) test suggested a necrotic cell death pattern induced by treatment in hiPSC-RPE cells that is not observed in ARPE-19 cells. Taken as a whole, our findings suggest that hiPSC-RPE cells are more sensitive to oxidative stress than ARPE-19 cells.

Neovascularization detection in diabetic retinopathy from fluorescein angiograms.

Although a lot of work has been done on optical coherence tomography and color images in order to detect and quantify diseases such as diabetic retinopathy, exudates, or neovascularizations, none of them is able to evaluate the diffusion of the neovascularizations in retinas. Our work has been to develop a tool that is able to quantify a neovascularization and the fluorescein leakage during an angiography. The proposed method has been developed following a clinical trial protocol; images are taken by a Spectralis (Heidelberg Engineering). Detections are done using a supervised classification using specific features. Images and their detected neovascularizations are then spatially matched by an image registration. We compute the expansion speed of the liquid that we call diffusion index. This last one specifies the state of the disease, permits indication of the activity of neovascularizations, and allows a follow-up of patients. The method proposed in this paper has been built to be robust, even with laser impacts, to compute a diffusion index.

Retinal microvascular alterations related to diabetes assessed by optical coherence tomography angiography: A cross-sectional analysis.

Fluorescein angiography has been so far the gold-standard test to assess diabetic macular ischemia (DMI), a cause of irreversible visual impairment in diabetic patients. The aim of this study was to investigate foveal avascular zone (FAZ) and perifoveal microcirculation changes in eyes with nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA), a new and noninvasive vascular imaging technique.Cross-sectional study including eyes of diabetic patients with NPDR.All patients underwent medical history, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) measurement, slit-lamp and fundus examination, multicolor imaging, SD-OCT, and swept-source OCT. OCTA was performed in order to assess macular superficial and deep capillary plexus, and swept-source OCT was performed to evaluate the central choroidal thickness.Fifty-eight eyes of 35 patients with a mean age of 61.8 years (±12.1) with mean HbA1C level of 7.6% (±1.5) were included in this study. Among them, 19 eyes had mild NPDR, 24 eyes had moderate NPDR, and 15 eyes had severe NPDR. There was a significant progression between NPDR stages for FAZ grade (P < 0.0001), surface (P = 0.0036) and perimeter (P = 0.0001), and for superficial capillary plexus nonperfusion index (NPI) (P = 0.0009). Moreover, a significant correlation was found between NPI and BCVA (P = 0.007).OCT angiography is a useful noninvasive tool to explore early phases of diabetic retinopathy, which are not routinely explore with fluorescein angiography and not precisely enough with color photographs. NPI and foveal avascular zone parameters are correlated with glycated hemoglobin in patients with NPDR. If confirmed by further studies, these results could represent a mean to sensibilize diabetic patients to their disease.

Understanding the determinants of myopic choroidal neovascularization and response to treatment.

PURPOSE: The pathophysiologic pathways that govern the development of choroidal neovascularization (CNV) are complex. Patchy atrophy and lacquer cracks are known to be major anatomic risk factors for the development of myopic CNV, but they are not alone and much remains to be understood about other factors that influence development. In addition, a greater understanding of the modifiable and nonmodifiable factors that influence outcome, resolution, and recurrence after intravitreal injection of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) could lead to more personalized treatment algorithms that integrate parameters other than the presence of CNV itself and could help improve clinical outcomes and reduce recurrence. METHODS: We reviewed recently published data on risk factors for CNV and predictors of response to anti-VEGF treatments. In particular, data pertaining to age, sex, genetic predisposition, baseline visual acuity, axial length, staphyloma, lacquer cracks, atrophic lesions, choroidal thickness or choroidal thinning, characteristics of CNV such as duration, localization, and size of CNV, and treatment considerations such as choice of treatment, loading doses, and combination treatments were reviewed. RESULTS: Our analysis showed that the body of evidence is incomplete. CONCLUSIONS: Additional studies are required to identify high-risk patients and to develop personalized therapeutic approaches.