The influence of various endocrine disruptors on the reproductive system.

Various stimulants (VS) are chemicals that disrupt the endocrine system - endocrine homeostasis of the reproductive system - which also known as endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). These substances are found in the human body, in both the blood and urine, amniotic fluid, or, among others, the adipose tissue. This article presents the current state of knowledge of the effect of EDCs and additional factors such as smoking, alcohol consumption, and cannabis on the gonads. The article is an overview of the impact of EDCs and their mechanism of action, with particular emphasis on gonads, based on databases such as PubMed, EMBASE and Google Scholar, and Web of Science available until May 2022. The impact of human exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) is not fully understood, but it has been shown that phthalates show a negative correlation in anti-androgenic activity in the case of men and women for the anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH). Smoking cigarettes and passive exposure to tobacco have a huge impact on the effects of endocrine disorders in both women and men, especially during the reproductive time. Also, the use of large amounts of cannabinoids during the reproductive years can lead to similar disorders. It has been documented that excessive alcohol consumption leads to disturbed function of the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis (HPG). Excess caffeine consumption may adversely affect male reproductive function, although this is not fully proven. Therefore, the following publication presents various stimulants (BPA, phthalates, nicotine, alcohol, cannabis) that disrupt the function of the endocrine system and, in particular, affect the function of the gonads.

Glioblastoma Multiforme: The Latest Diagnostics and Treatment Techniques.

BACKGROUND: Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a WHO grade 4 glioma and the most common malignant primary brain tumour. Recently, there has been outstanding progress in the treatment of GBM. In addition to the newest form of GBM removal using fluorescence, three-dimensional (3D) imaging, tomoradiotherapy, moderate electro-hyperthermia, and adjuvant temozolomide (post-operative chemotherapy), new developments have been made in the fields of immunology, molecular biology, and virotherapy. An unusual and modern treatment has been created, especially for stage 4 GBM, using the latest therapeutic techniques, including immunotherapy and virotherapy. Modern oncological medicine is producing extraordinary and progressive therapeutic methods. Oncological therapy includes individual analysis of the properties of a tumour and targeted therapy using small-molecule inhibitors. Individualised medicine covers the entire patient (tumour and host) in the context of immunotherapy. An example is individualised multimodal immunotherapy (IMI), which relies on individual immunological tumour-host interactions. In addition, IMI is based on the concept of oncolytic virus-induced immunogenic tumour cell death. SUMMARY: In this review, we outline current knowledge of the various available treatment options used in the therapy of GBM including both traditional therapeutic strategy and modern therapies, such as tomotherapy, electro-hyperthermia, and oncolytic virotherapy, which are promising treatment strategies with the potential to improve prognosis in patients with GBM. KEY MESSAGES: This newest therapy, immunotherapy combined with virotherapy (oncolytic viruses and cancer vaccines), is displaying encouraging signs for combating GBM. Additionally, the latest 3D imaging is compared to conventional two-dimensional imaging.