Destabilization of Oxidized Lattice Oxygen in Layered Oxide Cathode.

Integrating anion-redox capacity with orthodox cation-redox capacity is deemed as a promising solution for high-energy-density battery cathodes surmounting the present technical bottlenecks. However, the evolution of oxidized oxygen species during the electrochemical or chemical process easily jeopardizes the reversibility of oxygen redox and remains poorly understood. Herein, we showcase the gradual conversion of the π-interacting oxygen (localized hole states on O) to the σ-interacting oxygen upon resting at a high voltage for P3-type Na0.6Li0.2Mn0.8O2 with nominally stable ribbon-like superstructure, accompanied by the O-O dimerization and the local structural reorganization. We further pinpoint an abnormal Li+ migration process from the alkali-metal layer to the transition-metal layer for desodiated P3-Na0.6Li0.2Mn0.8O2, thereby leading to a partial reconstruction of the ribbon superstructure. The high-voltage plateau of oxygen-redox cathodes is concluded to be exclusively controlled by the oxygen stabilization mechanism rather than the superstructure ordering. In addition, there exists a kinetic competition between π and σ interaction during the uninterrupted electrochemical process.

Facilitating the dry reforming of methane with interfacial synergistic catalysis in an Ir@CeO2-x catalyst.

The dry reforming of methane provides an attractive route to convert greenhouse gases (CH4 and CO2) into valuable syngas, so as to resolve the carbon cycle and environmental issues. However, the development of high-performance catalysts remains a huge challenge. Herein, we report a 0.6% Ir/CeO2-x catalyst with a metal-support interface structure which exhibits high CH4 (~72%) and CO2 (~82%) conversion and a CH4 reaction rate of ~973 µmolCH4 gcat-1 s-1 which is stable over 100 h at 700 °C. The performance of the catalyst is close to the state-of-the-art in this area of research. A combination of in situ spectroscopic characterization and theoretical calculations highlight the importance of the interfacial structure as an intrinsic active center to facilitate the CH4 dissociation (the rate-determining step) and the CH2* oxidation to CH2O* without coke formation, which accounts for the long-term stability. The catalyst in this work has a potential application prospect in the field of high-value utilization of carbon resources.

Smad2/3/4 complex could undergo liquid liquid phase separation and induce apoptosis through TAT in hepatocellular carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) represents one of the most significant causes of mortality due to cancer-related deaths. It has been previously reported that the TGF-ß signaling pathway may be associated with tumor progression. However, the relationship between TGF-ß signaling pathway and HCC remains to be further elucidated. The objective of our research was to investigate the impact of TGF-ß signaling pathway on HCC progression as well as the potential regulatory mechanism involved. METHODS: We conducted a series of bioinformatics analyses to screen and filter the most relevant hub genes associated with HCC. E. coli was utilized to express recombinant protein, and the Ni-NTA column was employed for purification of the target protein. Liquid liquid phase separation (LLPS) of protein in vitro, and fluorescent recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) were utilized to verify whether the target proteins had the ability to drive force LLPS. Western blot and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) were utilized to assess gene expression levels. Transcription factor binding sites of DNA were identified by chromatin immunoprecipitation (CHIP) qPCR. Flow cytometry was employed to examine cell apoptosis. Knockdown of target genes was achieved through shRNA. Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8), colony formation assays, and nude mice tumor transplantation were utilized to test cell proliferation ability in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS: We found that Smad2/3/4 complex could regulate tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT) expression, and this regulation could relate to LLPS. CHIP qPCR results showed that the key targeted DNA binding site of Smad2/3/4 complex in TAT promoter region is -1032 to -1182. In addition. CCK-8, colony formation, and nude mice tumor transplantation assays showed that Smad2/3/4 complex could repress cell proliferation through TAT. Flow cytometry assay results showed that Smad2/3/4 complex could increase the apoptosis of hepatoma cells. Western blot results showed that Smad2/3/4 complex would active caspase-9 through TAT, which uncovered the mechanism of Smad2/3/4 complex inducing hepatoma cell apoptosis. CONCLUSION: This study proved that Smad2/3/4 complex could undergo LLPS to active TAT transcription, then active caspase-9 to induce hepatoma cell apoptosis in inhibiting HCC progress. The research further elucidate the relationship between TGF-ß signaling pathway and HCC, which contributes to discover the mechanism of HCC development.

Babaodan overcomes cisplatin resistance in cholangiocarcinoma via inhibiting YAP1.

CONTEXT: Cholangiocarcinoma with highly heterogeneous, aggressive, and multidrug resistance has a poor prognosis. Although babaodan (BBD) combined with cisplatin improved non-small cell lung cancer efficacy, its impact on overcoming resistance in cholangiocarcinoma remains unexplored. OBJECTIVE: This study explored the role and mechanism of BBD on cisplatin resistance in cholangiocarcinoma cells (CCAs). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cisplatin-resistant CCAs were exposed to varying concentrations of cisplatin (25-400 µg/mL) or BBD (0.25-1.00 mg/mL) for 48 h. IC50 values, inhibition ratios, apoptosis levels, DNA damage, glutathione (GSH) levels, oxidized forms of GSH, total GSH content, and glutaminase relative activity were evaluated using the cell counting kit 8, flow cytometry, comet assay, and relevant assay kits. RESULTS: BBD-reduced the cisplatin IC50 in CCAs from 118.8 to 61.83 µg/mL, leading to increased inhibition rate, apoptosis, and DNA damage, and decreased expression of B-cell lymphoma-2, p-Yes-associated protein 1/Yes-associated protein 1, solute carrier family 1 member 5, activating transcription factor 4, and ERCC excision repair 1 in a dose-dependent manner with maximum reductions of 78.97%, 51.98%, 54.03%, 56.59%, and 63.22%, respectively; bcl2-associated X and gamma histone levels were increased by 0.43-115.77% and 22.15-53.39%. The impact of YAP1 knockdown on cisplatin-resistant CCAs resembled BBD. GSH, oxidized GSH species, total GSH content, and glutaminase activity in cisplatin-resistant CCAs with BBD treatment also decreased, while YAP1 overexpression countered BBD's effects. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: This study provides a scientific basis for BBD clinical application and provides a new direction for BBD biological mechanism research.

A study on the significance of serine hydroxymethyl transferase expression and its role in bladder cancer.

Bladder cancer (BLCA) is a common malignant tumor in urinary system all over the world. However, due to its high recurrence rate and complex causes, clinicians often have limited options for surgical and drug treatments. Recent researchs on the molecular mechanism of BLCA have reveals its biological progress and potential for early diagnosis. Serine hydroxymethyltransferase 1/2 (SHMT1/2) is a crucial enzyme in the one-carbon metabolism of tumor cells, and the expression levels of these isozymes have been found to be associated with the biological progression of various malignant tumors. However, the impact of SHMT1/2 on the biological progression of bladder cancer and its molecular regulation mechanism remain unclear. In this research utilizes BLCA clinical sample data, the TCGA database, and in vitro cell experiments to predict the expression levels of SHMT1/2 in BLCA. The findings indicate that SHMT1 remained unchanged, while SHMT2 expression is increased in BLCA, which was related to poor prognosis. Additionally, SHMT2 affects the growth, migration, and apoptosis of bladder cancer cells in vitro. It also influences the expression levels of E-cadherin and N-cadherin, ultimately impacting the malignant biological progression of bladder tumors. These results establish a correlation between SHMT2 and the malignant biological progression of BLCA, providing a theoretical basis for the early diagnosis and treatment of bladder cancer.

Four-year variation in pathogen distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility of urosepsis: a single-center retrospective analysis.

Background: Urosepsis is a common disease in urology, which is characterized by high treatment costs and high mortality. In the treatment of sepsis, anti-infection therapy is the most important means. However, the effect of empirical anti-infection therapy is often not ideal. Therefore, it is necessary to continuously monitor the prevalence of bacterial isolates in the blood culture of patients with urinary sepsis and their sensitivity to antibacterial drugs. This is of great significance to improve the efficacy of empirical antibiotic therapy for urosepsis. Objective: To elucidate the landscape of prevailing bacterial profiles and their antimicrobial susceptibilities in urosepsis cases, and to furnish robust clinical evidence to underpin the timely initiation of empirical antibiotic treatment. Methods: Collect the basic information and blood culture results of patients with urosepsis hospitalized from 2017 to 2020. Retrospective analysis of bacterial species and antimicrobial susceptibility in urosepsis and changes over 4 years. Results: Gram-negative bacteria (178 isolates, 75.11%) constituted the main pathogens causing urosepsis, followed by Gram-positive bacteria (46 isolates, 19.41%) and fungus (13 isolates, 5.48%). The sensitivity of ertapenem, meropenem, amikacin, and imipenem to Gram-negative bacteria all exceeded 85%. The sensitivity rates of levofloxacin, gentamicin, and ciprofloxacin are decreasing every year (p < 0.05). Tigecycline, vancomycin, and linezolid exhibited excellent sensitivity against Gram-positive bacteria. Among fungi, fluconazole demonstrated universal sensitivity, while itraconazole-resistant isolates have been found, and amphotericin B is still effective. Conclusion: Analysis of blood culture results of patients more accurately reflected the etiology of urosepsis, mainly Escherichia coli, Enterococcus, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. If there are no definitive blood culture results, empiric treatment of urosepsis should not include fluoroquinolone antibiotics. Cefepime, cefoxitin, and ceftazidime are the most sensitive antibiotics to Gram-negative bacteria besides carbapenem antibiotics. In addition, the current situation regarding extended-spectrum ß-lactamase-producing bacteria and carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae bacteria resistance is extremely concerning with limited therapeutic options available. Strengthening antibiotic management practices and exploring novel antibacterial agents can help mitigate this issue.

A chimeric adenovirus-vectored vaccine based on Beta spike and Delta RBD confers a broad-spectrum neutralization against Omicron-included SARS-CoV-2 variants.

Urgent research into innovative severe acute respiratory coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccines that may successfully prevent various emerging emerged variants, particularly the Omicron variant and its subvariants, is necessary. Here, we designed a chimeric adenovirus-vectored vaccine named Ad5-Beta/Delta. This vaccine was created by incorporating the receptor-binding domain from the Delta variant, which has the L452R and T478K mutations, into the complete spike protein of the Beta variant. Both intramuscular (IM) and intranasal (IN) vaccination with Ad5-Beta/Deta vaccine induced robust broad-spectrum neutralization against Omicron BA.5-included variants. IN immunization with Ad5-Beta/Delta vaccine exhibited superior mucosal immunity, manifested by higher secretory IgA antibodies and more tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) in respiratory tract. The combination of IM and IN delivery of the Ad5-Beta/Delta vaccine was capable of synergically eliciting stronger systemic and mucosal immune responses. Furthermore, the Ad5-Beta/Delta vaccination demonstrated more effective boosting implications after two dosages of mRNA or subunit recombinant protein vaccine, indicating its capacity for utilization as a booster shot in the heterologous vaccination. These outcomes quantified Ad5-Beta/Delta vaccine as a favorable vaccine can provide protective immunity versus SARS-CoV-2 pre-Omicron variants of concern and BA.5-included Omicron subvariants.

Effect modification by maternal vitamin D status in the association between prenatal exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and neurodevelopment in 2-year-old children.

BACKGROUND: Pregnant women in the Shanghai Birth Cohort (SBC) of China faced dual threats of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) exposure and vitamin D (VD) insufficiency, potentially impacting offspring neurodevelopment. However, little is known about whether maternal VD status modifies PFAS-related neurodevelopment effect. OBJECTIVES: To explore the modifying role of maternal VD status in the effect of prenatal PFAS exposure on childhood neurodevelopment. METHODS: We included 746 mother-child pairs from the SBC. Ten PFAS congeners and VD levels were measured in maternal blood samples collected during the first and second trimester respectively. At 2 years of age, toddlers underwent neurodevelopment assessments using Bayley-III Scales. Multivariate linear, logistic regression, and weighted quantile sum approach were used to estimate associations of Bayley-III scores with individual and mixture PFAS. We stratified participants into VD sufficient and insufficient groups and further balanced PFAS differences between these groups by matching all PFAS levels. We fitted the same statistical models in each VD group before and after matching. RESULTS: Nearly half (46.5 %) of pregnant women were VD insufficient (<30 ng/mL). In the overall population, PFAS exposure was associated with lower language scores and an increased risk for neurodevelopmental delay, but higher cognitive scores. However, adverse associations with PFAS were mainly observed in the VD sufficient group, while the VD insufficient group showed positive cognitive score associations. Higher PFAS concentrations were found in the VD sufficient group compared to the VD insufficient group. Post-matching, adverse associations in the VD sufficient group were nullified, whereas in the VD insufficient group, positive associations disappeared and adverse associations becoming more pronounced. CONCLUSION: In this Chinese birth cohort, high prenatal PFAS exposure and low maternal VD levels collectively heighten the risk of adverse childhood neurodevelopment. However, disentangling PFAS and VD interrelationships is crucial to avoid paradoxical findings.

Identification of key pathways and mRNAs in interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome treatment with quercetin through bioinformatics analysis of mRNA-sequence data.

BACKGROUND: Interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) is a chronic condition with painful bladder. At present, the pathogenesis of IC/BPS is still unknown. Quercetin (QCT) is a kind of natural flavonoid with wide sources and multiple biological activities. The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of QCT on mRNA expression and related regulatory signal pathways in IC model rats. METHODS: LL-37 was used to induce the IC/BPS model rats. 20 mg/kg QCT was injected intraperitoneally into IC/BPS rats. ELISA, HE, Masson and TB staining were used to evaluate the level of inflammation and pathology. The concentration of QCT in rats was detected by HPLC. The mRNA sequencing was used to detect the differentially expressed (DE) mRNA in each group. The over-expression experiment of Lpl was carried out in IC/BPS model rats. RESULTS: QCT treatment significantly decreased the level of MPO, IL-1ß, IL-6 and TNF-α induced by LL-37 in rats, and alleviated bladder injury and mast cell degranulation. There were significant differences in mRNA sequencing data between groups, and the hub gene Lpl were screened by Cytohubba. The expression of Lpl was downregulated in IC/BPS rats. QCT intervention promoted Lpl expression. Overexpression of Lpl reduced the bladder injury induced by LL-37, increased GAG level and decreased the expression of MPO, IL-1ß, IL-6 and TNF-α. CONCLUSION: In this study, we provided the DE mRNA in IC/BPS rats treated with QCT, the signaling pathways for DE enrichment, screened out the hub genes, and revealed that Lpl overexpression alleviated IC/BPS model rats.

Paternal Preconceptional Alcohol Use Disorder With the Offspring's Mortality Risk.

INTRODUCTION: Paternal preconceptional alcohol use may contribute to early pregnancy loss. However, the link between paternal preconceptional alcohol use disorder and long-term offspring's mortality risk remains unclear. This study examined the association of paternal preconceptional alcohol use disorder and recency of diagnosis with offspring's mortality and further stratified the mortality after the first year of birth by age. METHODS: This is a nationwide cohort study with 1,973,174 Danish births (1980-2012), with follow-up from birth until death; emigration; or December 31, 2016. Paternal conceptional alcohol use disorder was identified from Danish National Patient Register and Prescription Registry, categorizing recency of diagnosis into <1 year, 1 to <4 years, 4 to <8 years, and ≥8 years. Logistic regression estimated the ORs and 95% CIs for offspring mortality risk. All data were analyzed in 2023. RESULTS: Paternal preconceptional alcohol use disorder was associated with a 28% increased mortality after 1 year of birth (95% CI=1.09, 1.51), 23% increased infant mortality (95% CI=1.07, 1.42), and 23% increased odds of stillbirth (95% CI=1.06, 1.43). Paternal alcohol use disorder diagnosed <1 year before conception was associated with an 85%-111% increased risk of mortality in offspring aged 15-40 years. More recent alcohol use disorder diagnosis (i.e., 1 year before conception) had a higher risks of death from infectious and circulatory diseases in offsprings. CONCLUSIONS: Offspring of fathers with alcohol use disorder before conception had higher mortality risk from birth to early adulthood, especially when alcohol use disorder diagnosis is close to conception. Current awareness regarding paternal preconceptional alcohol dependence use is insufficient. Promoting alcohol dependence avoidance, including educating men on the impact of alcohol on child health during prepregnancy examination, may help reduce or prevent long-term offspring mortality.

Type I gamma phosphatidylinositol phosphate 5-kinase i5 controls cell sensitivity to interferon.

The interferon signaling pathway is critical for host defense by serving diverse functions in both innate and adaptive immune responses. Here, we show that type I gamma phosphatidylinositol phosphate 5-kinase i5 (PIPKIγi5), an enzyme that synthesizes phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PI4,5P2), controls the sensitivity to interferon in both human and mouse cells. PIPKIγi5 directly binds to the interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) downstream effector signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1), which suppresses the STAT1 dimerization, IFN-γ-induced STAT1 nuclear translocation, and transcription of IFN-γ-responsive genes. Depletion of PIPKIγi5 significantly enhances IFN-γ signaling and strengthens an antiviral response. In addition, PIPKIγi5-synthesized PI4,5P2 can bind to STAT1 and promote the PIPKIγi5-STAT1 interaction. Similar to its interaction with STAT1, PIPKIγi5 is capable of interacting with other members of the STAT family, including STAT2 and STAT3, thereby suppressing the expression of genes mediated by these transcription factors. These findings identify the function of PIPKIγi5 in immune regulation.

Prenatal Exposure to Severe Stress and the Risk of Heart Failure Up to Middle-Age.

BACKGROUND: Prenatal stress is a potential risk factor for cardiovascular disease, but its association with heart failure (HF) is unknown. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether prenatal stress, defined as maternal bereavement, was associated with HF risk up to middle-age. METHODS: This cohort study included 6,758,560 live singleton births from the Danish (1973-2016) and the Swedish (1973-2014) Medical Birth Registers. The authors retrieved information on death of the mothers' close family members (partner, older children, parents, and siblings) and offspring's HF (up to 2016 in Denmark and 2020 in Sweden) from nationwide registers. They estimated HRs and 95% CIs for HF in the offspring according to maternal bereavement. RESULTS: During up to 48 years of follow-up, 4,812 offspring (0.07%) had a diagnosis of HF. Maternal loss of any close family member was not associated with HF in the offspring (adjusted HR: 1.04; 95% CI: 0.88-1.23). However, the most severe forms of bereavement, ie, death of a partner or an older child (adjusted HR: 1.47; 95% CI: 1.06-2.04) and unnatural death of a relative (adjusted HR: 2.77; 95% CI: 1.49-5.17), were associated with increased risks of HF. Congenital heart disease and preterm birth contributed substantially to the association of maternal loss of a partner or older child with HF risk in the offspring. CONCLUSIONS: Maternal loss of a partner or older child and loss of a close relative caused by unnatural causes the year before or during pregnancy were associated with increased risk of HF in offspring.

Steering the Reconstruction of Oxide-Derived Cu by Secondary Metal for Electrosynthesis of n-Propanol from CO.

As fuel and an important chemical feedstock, n-propanol is highly desired in electrochemical CO2/CO reduction on Cu catalysts. However, the precise regulation of the Cu localized structure is still challenging and poorly understood, thus hindering the selective n-propanol electrosynthesis. Herein, by decorating Au nanoparticles (NPs) on CuO nanosheets (NSs), we present a counterintuitive transformation of CuO into undercoordinated Cu sites locally around Au NPs during CO reduction. In situ spectroscopic techniques reveal the Au-steered formation of abundant undercoordinated Cu sites during the removal of oxygen on CuO. First-principles accuracy molecular dynamic simulation demonstrates that the localized Cu atoms around Au tend to rearrange into disordered layer rather than a Cu (111) close-packed plane observed on bare CuO NSs. These Au-steered undercoordinated Cu sites facilitate CO binding, enabling selective electroreduction of CO into n-propanol with a high Faradaic efficiency of 48% in a flow cell. This work provides new insight into the regulation of the oxide-derived catalysts reconstruction with a secondary metal component.

Optimizing the Solvent Selection of the Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) Pomace: Phenolic Profiles and Antioxidant Activity.

Sea buckthorn pomace (SBP) is a by-product of sea buckthorn processing that is rich in bioactive compounds. In this study, different active ingredients were extracted by using different solvents (water, methanol, ethanol, glycerol, ethyl acetate, and petroleum ether) combined with an ultrasonic assisted method. The correlation between the active ingredients and antioxidant properties of the extract was studied, which provided a research basis for the comprehensive utilization of SBP. This study revealed that the 75% ethanol extract had the highest total phenolic content (TPC) of 42.86 ± 0.73 mg GAE/g, while the 75% glycerol extract had the highest total flavonoid content (TFC) of 25.52 ± 1.35 mg RTE/g. The ethanol extract exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity at the same concentration compared with other solvents. The antioxidant activity of the ethanol, methanol, and glycerol extracts increased in a concentration-dependent manner. Thirteen phenolic compounds were detected in the SBP extracts using UPLC-MS/MS analysis. Notably, the 75% glycerol extract contained the highest concentration of all identified phenolic compounds, with rutin (192.21 ± 8.19 µg/g), epigallocatechin (105.49 ± 0.69 µg/g), and protocatechuic acid (27.9 ± 2.38 µg/g) being the most abundant. Flavonols were found to be the main phenolic substances in SBP. A strong correlation was observed between TPC and the antioxidant activities of SBP extracts. In conclusion, the choice of solvent significantly influences the active compounds and antioxidant activities of SBP extracts. SBP extracts are a valuable source of natural phenolics and antioxidants.

Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone agonist (GnRHa) during chemotherapy and post-cancer childbirths - a Nationwide population-based cohort study of 24,922 women diagnosed with cancer in Sweden.

Background: Worldwide, an increasing number of women with cancer are receiving Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone agonist (GnRHa) co-treatment during chemotherapy aiming at ovarian protection. There is divergence among guidelines, and some have recommended GnRHa co-treatment for women with breast cancer, however, the effect of GnRHa on future fertility is uncertain. Methods: In this population-based cohort study we included all women diagnosed with cancer at ages 15-45 between July 2005 and March 2017 in Sweden, identified in the Swedish Cancer Register. Exposure to GnRHa co-treatment was captured using the Prescribed Drug Register. Post-cancer childbirth, extracted from the Medical Birth Register, was the main outcome. Secondary outcomes included childbirths achieved through natural conception (NC), infertility diagnosis and cancer mortality. For each outcome, adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using delayed-entry Cox models, stratified by age and cancer site. Findings: Among 24,922 women diagnosed with cancer, 1.5% had GnRHa co-treatment. Breast cancer diagnoses were found in 80.2% of GnRHa exposed women and the GnRHa exposure was not associated with higher rates of childbirth (aHR 1.23, 95% CI 0.80-1.89), or NC childbirth (aHR 1.02, 95% CI 0.62-1.67), whereas the rate of infertility was significantly higher (aHR 2.42, 95% CI 1.44-4.08). In women with lymphoma and other cancers, GnRHa exposure was not associated with higher rates of childbirth, NC childbirth or infertility. GnRHa exposure was not associated with higher cancer mortality for any cancer type. Interpretation: We did not find evidence of improved or maintained fertility, estimated as childbirth rates post-cancer, in women who received GnRHa during cancer treatment. Funding: This study was financed by research grants from The Swedish Cancer Society (CAN 2017/704; 190249Pj, 200170F), The Swedish Research Council (Dnr 2019-00446), the Nordic Cancer Union NCU (Grant 2017), The Swedish Childhood Cancer Fund (KP2016-0031), Radiumhemmets Forskningsfonder (Dnr: 201313), Stockholm County Council (FoUI-953912) and Karolinska Institutet (Dnr 2020-01963).

Multifunctionally Reusing Waste Solder to Prepare Highly Efficient Sn-Pb Perovskite Solar Cells.

The preparation of perovskite components (PbI2 and SnI2 ) using waste materials is of great significance for the commercialization of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, this goal is difficult to achieve due to the purity of the recovered products and the easy oxidation of Sn2+ . Here, a simple one-step synthetic process to convert waste Sn-Pb solder into SnI2 /PbI2 and then applied as-prepared SnI2 /PbI2 to PSCs for high additional value is adopted. During fabrication, Sn-Pb waste solder is also employed to serve as a reducing agent to reduce the Sn4+ in Sn-Pb mixed narrow perovskite precursor and hence remove the deep trap states in perovskite. The target PSCs achieved an efficiency of 21.04%, which is better than the efficiency of the device with commercial SnI2 /PbI2 (20.10%). Meanwhile, the target PSC maintained an initial efficiency of 80% even after 800 h under continuous illumination, which is significantly better than commercial devices. In addition, the method achieved a recovery rate of 90.12% for Sn-Pb waste solder, with a lab-grade purity (over 99.8%) for SnI2 /PbI2 , and the cost of perovskite active layer reduced to 39.81% through this recycling strategy through calculation.

DNA Methylation and Chromatin Accessibility Impact Subgenome Expression Dominance in the Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio).

DNA methylation and chromatin accessibility play important roles in gene expression, but their function in subgenome expression dominance remains largely unknown. We conducted comprehensive analyses of the transcriptome, DNA methylation, and chromatin accessibility in liver and muscle tissues of allotetraploid common carp, aiming to reveal the function of epigenetic modifications in subgenome expression dominance. A noteworthy overlap in differential expressed genes (DEGs) as well as their functions was observed across the two subgenomes. In the promoter and gene body, the DNA methylation level of the B subgenome was significantly different than that of the A subgenome. Nevertheless, differences in DNA methylation did not align with changes in homoeologous biased expression across liver and muscle tissues. Moreover, the B subgenome exhibited a higher prevalence of open chromatin regions and greater chromatin accessibility, in comparison to the A subgenome. The expression levels of genes located proximally to open chromatin regions were significantly higher than others. Genes with higher chromatin accessibility in the B subgenome exhibited significantly elevated expression levels compared to the A subgenome. Contrastingly, genes without accessibility exhibited similar expression levels in both subgenomes. This study contributes to understanding the regulation of subgenome expression dominance in allotetraploid common carp.