Erratum: Antibiotic Use in Lateral Skull Base Surgery: A Survey of the North American Skull Base Society.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1722642.].

Antibiotic Use in Lateral Skull Base Surgery: A Survey of the North American Skull Base Society.

Objectives Antibiotic use in lateral skull base surgery (LSBS) has not been thoroughly investigated in the literature. There is wide variability in antibiotic use and insufficient data to guide management. This study aims to describe the factors and patterns influencing antibiotic use in LSBS among the membership of the North American Skull Base Society (NASBS). Design An online-based survey was designed and distributed to the membership of the NASBS. Data was analyzed using bivariate analysis and logistic regression modeling. Setting Online-based questionnaire. Participants NASBS membership. Main Outcome Measures Use of intraoperative antibiotics and use of postoperative antibiotics. Results The survey response rate was 26% (208 respondents). Of the 208 total respondents, 143 (69%) respondents performed LSBS. Most respondents are neurosurgeons (69%) with the remaining being otolaryngologists (31%). The majority of respondents (79%) are fellowship-trained in skull base surgery. Academic or government physicians make up 69% of respondents and 31% are in private practice with or without academic affiliations. Bivariate analysis showed that practice setting significantly influenced intraoperative antibiotic use ( p = 0.01). Geographic location significantly affected postoperative antibiotic use ( p = 0.01). Postoperative antibiotic duration was significantly affected by presence of chronic otitis media, cerebrospinal fluid leak, and surgeon training ( p = 0.02, p = 0.01, and p = 0.006, respectively). Logistic regression modeling showed that the motivation to reduce infection significantly impacted postoperative antibiotic use ( p = 0.03). Conclusion This study demonstrates significant variations in intraoperative and postoperative antibiotic use in LSBS among the NASBS membership. Appropriate guidelines for optimal perioperative antibiotic use patterns should be determined with randomized studies in the future.

Surgical approaches to the petrous apex.

The petrous apex is a difficult to reach surgical area due to its deep position in the skull base and many vital surrounding structures. Petrous apex pathology ranges from extradural cholesterol granulomas, cholesteatomas, asymmetric pneumatization, and osteomyelitis to intradural meningiomas and schwannomas. Certain lesions, such as cholesterol granulomas, can be managed with drainage while neoplastic lesions must be completely resected. Surgical options use open, endoscopic, and combined techniques and are categorized into anterior, lateral, and posterior approaches. The choice of approach is determined by the nature of the pathology and location relative to vital structures and extension into surrounding structures and requires thorough preoperative evaluation and discussion of surgical goals with the patient. The purpose of this state-of-the-art review is to discuss the most commonly used surgical approaches to the petrous apex, and the anatomy on which these approaches are based.

NO Candida auris: Nitric Oxide in Nanotherapeutics to Combat Emerging Fungal Pathogen Candida auris.

Candida auris (C. auris) is an emerging pathogenic fungal species that is especially worrisome due to its high mortality rates and widespread antifungal resistance. Previous studies have demonstrated the efficacy of nitric oxide (NO) nanoparticles on Candida species, and, to our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the antifungal effects of a NO-generating nanoparticle on C. auris. Six C. auris strains were incubated with a nanoparticle (NAC-SNO-np), which releases N-acetylcysteine S-nitrosothiol (NAC-SNO) and N-acetylcysteine (NAC), and generates NO, through colony forming unit (CFU) assays, and confocal laser scanning microscopy. NAC-SNO-np effectively eradicates planktonic and biofilm C. auris. Across all six strains, 10 mg/mL NAC-SNO-np significantly reduced the number of CFUs (p < 0.05) and demonstrated a >70% decrease in biofilm viability (p < 0.05). NAC-SNO-np effectively eradicates planktonic C. auris and significantly reduces C. auris biofilm formation. Hence, this novel NO-releasing nanoparticle shows promise as a future therapeutic.

Patient Satisfaction and Efficiency Benefits of a Novel Multidisciplinary Rhinology and Allergy Clinic.

BACKGROUND: Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the sinonasal mucosa and with strong associations to other immune-mediated comorbidities. Patients often require referral to both an otolaryngologist and an allergist/immunologist. This study is the first in the literature to describe a multidisciplinary clinic that offers patient care by subspecialists in rhinology and in allergy/immunology. METHODS: One hundred twenty-nine patients were seen in the Comprehensive Sinus and Allergy Clinic (CSAC) between January 2016 and June 2017 and 43 selected patients were seen in both the standalone allergy and rhinology clinics over the same time period. Patient satisfaction was retrospectively assessed using a modified Press-Ganey satisfaction survey. Time to evaluation and time to follow up appointment were compared between the CSAC and both the standalone rhinology and allergy/immunology clinics. RESULTS: Patients seen in the CSAC reported high satisfaction with the amount of time spent with the physicians (98.3%), quality of medical care (9.3 ± 1.0), and most importantly, the convenience of seeing two physicians in one day (9.5 ± 1.2). Time from referral placement to clinic evaluation (P ≤ .02) and time to follow up appointment (P ≤ .002) was significantly shorter for the CSAC than for the standalone Rhinology or Allergy clinics. CONCLUSION: Patients reported high satisfaction with the medical care provided and were also seen much faster in our multidisciplinary clinic as compared to standalone rhinology or allergy/immunology clinics. Overall, a multidisciplinary approach may be beneficial to patients presenting to tertiary referral centers with CRS and atopic conditions.

Aspirin Exacerbated Respiratory Disease: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Management.

The correlation between aspirin sensitivity, asthma, and nasal polyposis was recognized in the early 20th century. Today, this classic triad of symptoms, eponymously named Samter's Triad, is known as aspirin exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD). Aspirin exacerbated respiratory disease affects approximately 0.3⁻0.9% of the general population in the USA and approximately 7% of asthmatic patients. The management of AERD is challenging as no single modality has proven to have high rates of symptom control. Consequently, disease management typically involves a multimodality approach across both medical and surgical disciplines. This review describes the epidemiology of AERD and the current state-of-the-art as it relates to the underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms of this disease process. A significant proportion of the review is focused on the appropriate diagnostic workup for AERD patients including the utility of aspirin provocation testing. The spectrum of medical treatments, including aspirin desensitization and recently introduced immunotherapies, are discussed in detail. Furthermore, surgical approaches to disease control, including advanced endoscopic techniques, are reviewed and treatment outcomes presented.

Is pulp regeneration necessary for root maturation?

INTRODUCTION: True regeneration of the dental pulp-dentin complex in immature teeth with necrotic pulps has not been shown histologically. It is not known to what extent this true tissue regeneration is necessary to achieve clinically acceptable outcomes. METHODS: This case report describes the treatment of a patient with an immature maxillary right central incisor with a history of impact trauma and enamel-dentin crown fracture. A diagnosis of pulp necrosis with acute apical abscess was established. A regenerative endodontic protocol that used a paste containing Augmentin for 5 weeks as an intracanal medicament was used. RESULTS: Follow-ups at 9, 12, 17, and 31 months revealed complete osseous healing of the periapical lesion and formation of the root apex, but without increase in root length. Clinically, the tooth was functional, asymptomatic, and nonresponsive to pulp vitality tests. The crown discolored over time. On reentering the root canal, no tissues were observed under magnification inside the root canal space. The root canal treatment was completed with mineral trioxide aggregate obturation. CONCLUSIONS: Augmentin might be an acceptable choice for root canal disinfection in regenerative endodontic procedures. The protocol for regenerative endodontic treatment is not predictable for pulp-dentin regeneration. Formation of the root apex is possible without pulp regeneration.

Microbial transformation from normal oral microbiota to acute endodontic infections.

BACKGROUND: Endodontic infections are a leading cause of oro-facial pain and tooth loss in western countries, and may lead to severe life-threatening infections. These infections are polymicrobial with high bacterial diversity. Understanding the spatial transition of microbiota from normal oral cavities through the infected root canal to the acute periapical abscess can improve our knowledge of the pathogenesis of endodontic infections and lead to more effective treatment. We obtained samples from the oral cavity, infected root canal and periapical abscess of 8 patients (5 with localized and 3 with systemic infections). Microbial populations in these samples were analyzed using next-generation sequencing of 16S rRNA amplicons. Bioinformatics tools and statistical tests with rigorous criteria were used to elucidate the spatial transition of the microbiota from normal to diseased sites. RESULTS: On average, 10,000 partial 16S rRNA gene sequences were obtained from each sample. All sequences fell into 11 different bacterial phyla. The microbial diversity in root canal and abscess samples was significantly lower than in the oral samples. Streptococcus was the most abundant genus in oral cavities while Prevotella and Fusobacterium were most abundant in diseased samples. The microbiota community structures of root canal and abscess samples were, however, more similar to each other than to the oral cavity microbiota. Using rigorous criteria and novel bioinformatics tools, we found that Granulicatella adiacens, Eubacterium yurii, Prevotella melaninogenica, Prevotella salivae, Streptococcus mitis, and Atopobium rimae were over-represented in diseased samples. CONCLUSIONS: We used a novel approach and high-throughput methodologies to characterize the microbiota associated normal and diseased oral sites in the same individuals.