Phylogeny and Taxonomic Revision of the Family Discinaceae (Pezizales, Ascomycota).

Species of Discinaceae are common macrofungi with a worldwide distribution. Some of them are commercially consumed, while a few others are reported as poisonous. Two genera were accepted in the family: the epigeous Gyromitra with discoid, cerebriform to saddle-shaped ascomata and the hypogeous Hydnotrya with globose or tuberous ascomata. However, due to discrepancies in their ecological behaviors, a comprehensive investigation of their relationship was not thoroughly explored. In this study, phylogenies of Discinaceae were reconstructed using sequence analyses of combined and separate three gene partitions (internal transcribed spacer [ITS], large subunit ribosomal DNA [LSU], and translation elongation factor [TEF]) with a matrix containing 116 samples. As a result, the taxonomy of the family was renewed. Eight genera were recognized: two of them (Gyromitra and Hydnotrya) were retained, three (Discina, Paradiscina, and Pseudorhizina) were revived, and three (Paragyromitra, Pseudodiscina, and Pseudoverpa) were newly established. Nine new combinations were made in four genera. Two new species in Paragyromitra and Pseudodiscina and an un-named taxon of Discina were described and illustrated in detail based on the materials collected from China. Furthermore, a key to the genera of the family was also provided. IMPORTANCE Taxonomy of the fungal family Discinaceae (Pezizales, Ascomycota) was significantly renewed on the basis of sequence analyses of internal transcribed spacer (ITS), large subunit ribosomal DNA (LSU), and translation elongation factor (TEF). Eight genera were accepted, including three new genera; two new species were described; and nine new combinations were made. A key to the accepted genera of the family is provided. The aim of this study is to deepen the understanding of the phylogenetic relationships among genera of the group, as well as the associated generic concepts.

New insights into the genus Gyroporus (Gyroporaceae, Boletales), with establishment of four new sections and description of five new species from China.

Species of Gyroporus from southern China were studied in this study. Based on morphology and molecular phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequences from the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS), the nuclear ribosomal large subunit (nrLSU), and the mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate ATP synthase subunit 6 (atp6), Gyroporus was divided into four main branches in the phylogenetic tree, and four sections were firstly proposed i.e. Gyroporus sect. Castaneus, G. sect. Cyanescens, G. sect. Longicystidiatus and G. sect. Pallidus. Five new species, i.e. G. alboluteus, G. atrocyanescens, G. pseudolongicystidiatus, G. pallidus and G. subcaerulescens, were revealed from China, and their phylogenetic positions were also analysed. Among them, G. alboluteus and G. pallidus were nested into the sect. Pallidus, although morphologically similar to G. castaneus; G. atrocyanescens and G. subcaerulescens, with obvious cyanescent oxidation reactions, were nested into the sect. Cyanescens; and G. pseudolongicystidiatus characterised by its long cystidia and was nested into the sect. Longicystidiatus. The new species were formally described and illustrated in the present study, and a key to the sections and species of Gyroporus in China was provided.

Diversity of Cantharellus (Cantharellales, Basidiomycota) in China with Description of Some New Species and New Records.

Cantharellus is a well-known genus of edible mushrooms, belonging to the family Hydnaceae in the class Agaricomycetes. In this study, a phylogenetic overview of Cantharellus subg. Cinnabarinus and C. subg. Parvocantharellus in China is carried out with the description of four new species. Species description are based on morphological characters of basidiomata and phylogenetic analyses of multi-locus dataset of 28S + tef1 + rpb2. Among the new species, two species, C. chrysanthus and C. sinocinnabarinus, belong to C. subg. Cinnabarinus and two new species, C. convexus and C. neopersicinus, belong to C. subg. Parvocantharellus. Species delimitation characters of the new taxa are compared with closely related species. In addition, three new records of Cantharellus are reported for China: C. albovenosus and C. citrinus of subg. Cinnabarinus and C. koreanus of subg. Parvocantharellus. A key to the species of subg. Cinnabarinus in China was provided.

Emending Gymnopus sect. Gymnopus (Agaricales, Omphalotaceae) by including two new species from southern China.

Based on phylogenetic analyses, some newly studied Chinese mushroom specimens were found to represent two distinct species within the genus Gymnopus. Along with G.fusipes (sect. Gymnopus) they form a distinct clade with high support, although their macromorphological characters seem to be closer to members of Gymnopus sect. Levipedes or sect. Vestipedes (Collybiopsis). When examined in detail, their micromorphological characters, especially the type of pileipellis, support them as new members of G. sect. Gymnopus. Therefore, two new species, G.omphalinoides and G.schizophyllus, and the emended circumscription of sect. Gymnopus are proposed in this paper. Detailed morphological descriptions, colour photos, illustrations of the two new species, morphological comparisons with similar taxa and the molecular-phylogenetic analyses of the combined nrITS and nrLSU data are presented. A key to the known species of G. sect. Gymnopus is also presented.

Multigene Phylogeny and Morphology Reveal Unexpectedly High Number of New Species of Cantharellus Subgenus Parvocantharellus (Hydnaceae, Cantharellales) in China.

The genus Cantharellus, commonly known as chanterelles, has recently been divided into six subgenera; however, wider sampling approaches are needed to clarify the relationships within and between these groups. A phylogenetic overview of Cantharellus subgenus Parvocantharellus in China was inferred based on the large subunit nuclear ribosomal RNA gene (nrLSU), the DNA-directed RNA polymerase II subunit 2 (rpb2), and the transcription elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1). A total of nine species from China were assigned to the subgenus, including seven novel species, namely Cantharellusaurantinus, C. austrosinensis, C. galbanus, C. luteolus, C. luteovirens, C. minioalbus, and C. sinominior, and two known species, namely C. albus and C. zangii. The detailed descriptions and illustrations were provided based on the newly obtained data, with the comparisons to closely related species. C. zangii was restudied based on the paratype specimens and multiple new collections from the type locality. Futhermore, the Indian species C. sikkimensis was identified as a synonym of C. zangii based on the morphological and molecular analyses. A key to the Chinese species belonging to the subg. Parvocantharellus is also provided.

Two new species of Phallus (Phallaceae) with a white indusium from China.

Two new Phallus species, P.cremeo-ochraceus and P.rigidiindusiatus were discovered in southwestern and southern China, respectively. Phalluscremeo-ochraceus is morphologically characterized by its cream to ochraceous receptacle, white to very slightly pinkish indusium, white to pinkish pseudostipe and white to slightly purplish pink volva. Phallusrigidiindusiatus is characterized by a white to yellowish white receptacle, a strongly rigid indusium usually without serrated margin and smaller basidiospores than those of P.serratus. Phylogenetic positions of the two species are located in two independent lineages respectively. Detailed descriptions, color photographs, illustrations and a key to the related species are presented.

Hygrophorus annulatus, a new edible member of H. olivaceoalbus-complex from southwestern China.

Members of Hygrophorus olivaceoalbus-complex or olive waxcaps have both ecological and economic significance. European and North American species diversity of this fungal group has been presented in recent molecular phylogenetic studies, but no Chinese materials were included. In this study, a phylogenetic overview of the H. olivaceoalbus-complex based on internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences was made, and a local popular edible species from southwestern China was described as a new species H. annulatus. This new species is characterized by grayish brown, olive brown to dark brown pileus disc, inflexed to deflexed pileus margin, obvious and dark brown annulus, basidiospores measuring (8.0-)8.5-11.0(-12.0) × 5.0-7.5(-8.0) µm, and the distribution in subalpine forests dominated by Abies and/or Picea in southwestern China.

Three new species from Guangdong Province of China, and a molecular assessment of Hygrocybe subsection Hygrocybe.

Blackening waxcaps (Hygrocybe subsect. Hygrocybe) are a group of colorful and attractive mushrooms. However, the species diversity of subsect. Hygrocybe in China is still poorly known due to the limited sampling. In this study, three new species of this group from Guangdong Province, China are described and illustrated based on their morphological characteristics and molecular analyses of the internal transcribed spacer and large subunit ribosomal DNA regions. Hygrocybe debilipes from grasslands of South China Sea islands is mainly characterized by its orange red to vivid red pileus, fragile stipe, and ellipsoid to oblong basidiospores; H. griseonigricans from woodlands is characterized by its whitish to dull yellow pileus, quick black discoloration and the globose, subglobose to broadly ovoid basidiospores; H. rubroconica from woodlands is characterized by the hemispheric to plano-convex pileus when mature, semitranslucent fibrose stipe, and globose to ellipsoid basidiospores.

Hygrophorus subsection Hygrophorus (Hygrophoraceae, Agaricales) in China.

Hygrophorus subsect. Hygrophorus has been relatively well-studied in Europe and North America, but studies on the taxa in Asia, particularly in China, are still limited. In this study, phylogenetic overviews of genus Hygrophorus, based on the nuclear large subunit (LSU) ribosomal RNA gene and of subsect. Hygrophorus, based on the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions were generated. Four new species, i.e. H. brunneodiscus, H. fuscopapillatus, H. glutiniceps and H. griseodiscus are described from southern China; and a rarely reported edible species H. hedrychii is described in detail, based upon the materials from north-eastern China. The main characteristics of the species under subsect. Hygrophorus worldwide are summarised in a table.

Transcriptome sequencing analysis of the MSDIN gene family encoding cyclic peptides in lethal Amanita fuligineoides.

Amanita fuligineoides, a lethal mushroom discovered in China, contains abundant cyclic peptide toxins that can cause fatal poisoning. However, the MSDIN gene family encoding for these cyclic peptides in A. fuligineoides has not been systematically studied. In this research, the transcriptome sequencing of A. fuligineoides was performed and its MSDIN family members were analyzed. A total of 4.41 Gb data containing 30833 unigenes was obtained; sequence alignments throughout several databases were done to obtain their functional annotations. Based on these annotations, MSDIN genes were found and verified by RT-PCR. A total of 29 different core peptides were obtained: 3 toxin genes, encoding ß-amanitin (ß-AMA), phalloidin (PHD), and phallacidin (PCD), and 26 genes encoding unknown cyclic peptides, 20 of which are reported for the first time and may encode for novel cyclic peptides. Analysis of the predicted precursor peptides indicated that octocyclic peptides were the main MSDIN peptides synthesized by A. fuligineoides, accounting for the 45%. A phylogenetic analysis suggested that studied precursor peptides could be clustered into 7 clades, which might represent different functionalities. Results suggested that A. fuligineoides might have a strong capacity to synthesize cyclopeptides, laying the foundation for their excavation and utilization.

Corrigendum: He XL, Horak E, Wang D, Li TH, Peng WH, Gan BC (2019) Descriptions of five new species in Entoloma subgenus Claudopus from China, with molecular phylogeny of Entoloma s.l. MycoKeys 61: 1-26. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.61.46446.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.61.46446.].

Descriptions of five new species in Entoloma subgenus Claudopus from China, with molecular phylogeny of Entoloma s.l.

Entoloma subgenus Claudopus is widely distributed, yet the taxonomy and systematics of its species are still poorly documented. In the present study, more than forty collections of Claudopus were gathered in China and subsequently analysed, based on morphological and molecular data. The results revealed first a high level of species diversity of Claudopus in China and second, there is a wide ecological range regarding the substrates and the habitats ranging from temperate, tropical to subalpine locations. Based on morphological and molecular evidence, five novel species from China are proposed, viz. E. conchatum, E. flabellatum, E. gregarium, E. pleurotoides and E. reductum. Molecular phylogeny of Entoloma s.l. was also reconstructed, based on 187 representatives of Entoloma s.l. by employing the combined ITS, LSU, mtSSU and RPB2 sequences. Ten monophyletic clades (Claudopus, Leptonia, Nolanea, Cuboid-spored Inocephalus, "Alboleptonia", Cyanula, Pouzarella, Rhodopolia, Prunuloides and Rusticoides) were recovered, while 13 taxa could not be placed in any defined clades. The results confirmed that Claudopus in a traditional morphological sense is not monophyletic and the Rusticoides-group, previously considered within Claudopus, formed a separate clade; but section Claudopus and relatives of E. undatum belong to a distinctive monophyletic group. Despite some monophyletic groups in Entoloma s.l. being distinctive in both morphology and molecular phylogeny, they were still treated as subgenera of Entoloma s.l. temporarily, because accepting them as genera will make Entoloma s.l. paraphyletic.

Phylogenetic overview of Aureoboletus (Boletaceae, Boletales), with descriptions of six new species from China.

In this study, species relationships of the genus Aureoboletus were studied, based on both morphological characteristics and a four-gene (nrLSU, tef1-a, rpb1 and rpb2) phylogenetic inference. Thirty-five species of the genus have been revealed worldwide, forming eight major clades in the phylogenetic tree, of which twenty-four species have been found in China, including six new species: A. glutinosus, A. griseorufescens, A. raphanaceus, A. sinobadius, A. solus, A. velutipes and a new combination A. miniatoaurantiacus (Bi & Loh) Ming Zhang, N.K. Zeng & T.H. Li proposed here. A key to 24 known Chinese species has been provided.

Two new agaricoid species of the family Clavariaceae (Agaricales, Basidiomycota) from China, representing two newly recorded genera to the country.

Two new lamellar species, Camarophyllopsis olivaceogrisea and Hodophilus glaberripes, of the family Clavariaceae were discovered in the subtropical zone of China. Camarophyllopsis olivaceogrisea is morphologically characterized by its hygrophanous basidiomata, greenish gray to dull green pileus, shortly decurrent lamellae, broadly elliptic basidiospores 4-5.5 × 3.5-4.5 µm in size, and cutis-like pileipellis composed of cylindrical cells. Hodophilus glaberripes is mainly characterized by its white to brownish pileus, glabrous stipe, slight yam bean smell, broadly elliptic basidiospores 5-6.5 × 4-5 µm in size, and epithelium-like pileipellis composed of inflated cells. Phylogenetic placement of the two species was determined by the combined analyses of a DNA data matrix containing ITS and LSU, and showed that collections of the two species formed two independent lineages in the Camarophyllopsis and Hodophilus clades respectively. The delimitation of C. olivaceogrisea and H. glaberripes were evaluated using molecular, morphological, and ecological methods. This is the first report of the genera Camarophyllopsis and Hodophilus in China.

Type studies of Rossbeeverabispora, and a new species of Rossbeevera from south China.

The type of Rossbeeverabispora and additional collections from the type location and adjacent areas were studied. Molecular data for R.bispora derived from the new collections are provided. In addition, R.griseobrunnea, a new species of Rossbeevera, is described from Xiangtoushan National Nature Reserve, Guangdong Province of China. The new species is characterized by its globose to subglobose sequestrate basidiomata with grayish white to grayish brown pileus, pale bluish discoloration in some parts of the hymenophore when injured becoming rusty brown to dark brown after being exposed to the air, fusoid (star-shaped in cross section) basidiospores 17-20 × 9-12 µm, and subcutis elements in the pileus. Based on multi-locus (ITS+nrLSU+tef1-α+rpb2) molecular phylogenetic analyses, both species appear as sister to R.paracyanea. We present color photos, macro- and micro-description, SEM basidiospores, molecular affinities of the species and compare them with morphologically similar taxa within the genus. A key to the species known from northern and southern hemispheres is provided.

Fungal Systematics and Evolution: FUSE 5.

Thirteen new species are formally described: Cortinarius brunneocarpus from Pakistan, C. lilacinoarmillatus from India, Curvularia khuzestanica on Atriplex lentiformis from Iran, Gloeocantharellus neoechinosporus from China, Laboulbenia bernaliana on species of Apenes, Apristus, and Philophuga (Coleoptera, Carabidae) from Nicaragua and Panama, L. oioveliicola on Oiovelia machadoi (Hemiptera, Veliidae) from Brazil, L. termiticola on Macrotermes subhyalinus (Blattodea, Termitidae) from the DR Congo, Pluteus cutefractus from Slovenia, Rhizoglomus variabile from Peru, Russula phloginea from China, Stagonosporopsis flacciduvarum on Vitis vinifera from Italy, Strobilomyces huangshanensis from China, Uromyces klotzschianus on Rumex dentatus subsp. klotzschianus from Pakistan. The following new records are reported: Alternaria calendulae on Calendula officinalis from India; A. tenuissima on apple and quince fruits from Iran; Candelariella oleaginescens from Turkey; Didymella americana and D. calidophila on Vitis vinifera from Italy; Lasiodiplodia theobromae causing tip blight of Dianella tasmanica 'variegata' from India; Marasmiellus subpruinosus from Madeira, Portugal, new for Macaronesia and Africa; Mycena albidolilacea, M. tenuispinosa, and M. xantholeuca from Russia; Neonectria neomacrospora on Madhuca longifolia from India; Nothophoma quercina on Vitis vinifera from Italy; Plagiosphaera immersa on Urtica dioica from Austria; Rinodina sicula from Turkey; Sphaerosporium lignatile from Wisconsin, USA; and Verrucaria murina from Turkey. Multi-locus analysis of ITS, LSU, rpb1, tef1 sequences revealed that P. immersa, commonly classified within Gnomoniaceae (Diaporthales) or as Sordariomycetes incertae sedis, belongs to Magnaporthaceae (Magnaporthales). Analysis of a six-locus Ascomycota-wide dataset including SSU and LSU sequences of S. lignatile revealed that this species, currently in Ascomycota incertae sedis, belongs to Pyronemataceae (Pezizomycetes, Pezizales).

Additions to tribe Chromosereae (Basidiomycota, Hygrophoraceae) from China, including Sinohygrocybe gen. nov. and a first report of Gloioxanthomycesnitidus.

Sinohygrocybe gen. nov., typified by S.tomentosipes sp. nov., is described upon morphological and molecular evidence. The new genus is characterised by its sinuate to subdecurrent or short deccurent, usually furcate and interveined and relatively distant lamellae, dry and whitish tomentose stipe, thin-walled ellipsoid to oviod, non-constricted basidiospores and particularly elongated basidia and a ratio of basidiospore to basidium length of >5 to 8; it is close to genera Chromosera and Gloioxanthomyces of the tribe Chromosereae, but morphologically differs from Chromosera in less umbilicate basidiomata, tomentose stipe and usually longer basidia and differs from Gloioxanthomyces in more robust basidioma and less glutinous pileus and/or stipe surface. Phylogenetic analyses, with ITS-LSU-RPB2 data, also indicate that Sinohygrocybe forms a very distinct and independent clade at the generic level. In addition, a Chinese new record G.nitidus is described here.

Molecular cloning and the expression pattern of AePOPB involved in the α-amanitin biosynthesis in Amanita exitialis fruiting bodies.

Amanita exitialis Zhu L. Yang & T. H. Li is the species responsible for the largest number of mushroom-associated human poisonings and fatalities in South China due to its lethal cyclic peptide toxins. Prolyl oligopeptidase B (POPB) is considered a key enzyme in the production of the highly toxic cyclic peptide α-amanitin. However, the POPB gene of A. exitialis has not been studied. In the present study we cloned and sequenced the full-length A. exitialis POPB (AePOPB) gene. The aim was to verify the gene structure and functions of AePOPB. The full-length sequence of AePOPB is 3144 bp, including 18 exons encoding 730 aa, and the advanced structure is very similar to that of the previously reported POPB in Galerina marginata (GmPOPB). The amino acid sequence of AePOPB is highly homologous with those from other amanitin-producing lethal mushrooms, implying that AePOPB may have a similar role in the biosynthesis of cyclic peptide toxins. Expression levels of AePOPB were detectable in all parts and developmental stages of the fruiting bodies, and AePOPB was expressed more strongly at early development stages (early and late elongation stages). At early and late elongation stages, the expression peaks occurred in the stipe, whereas at early and late mature stages, the expression peaks occurred in the pileus. The expression patterns of AePOPB in different stages and different parts of the fruiting bodies were highly consistent with those of Aeα-AMA, which is required for α-amanitin accumulation. These results indicate that AePOPB should be involved in the α-amanitin biosynthesis in A. exitialis.

Two new species of Phylloporus from Bangladesh, with morphological and molecular evidence.

Two new species of Phylloporus from Bangladesh forests dominated by Shorea robusta are described and illustrated, based on morphological and molecular phylogenetic evidence. Phylloporus attenuatus is characterized by its wine-red to brownish-red pilei, decurrent lamellae that stain blue, downwards tapering stipe, a trichodermium pileipellis, and ellipsoidal-ovoid to ellipsoidal basidiospores (7-8 × 4-5 µm). Phylloporus catenulatus is characterized by its small-sized basidiomata with reddish-brown pilei, narrowly decurrent with distant lamellae that stain blue, a subepithelium pileipellis, and ellipsoidal to ellipsoidal-ovoid basidiospores (8-9.5 × 4-5 µm). Both new species of Phylloporus are distinctive from any known taxa based on phylogenetic analyses of partial sequences of the nuc rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS; including ITS1-ITS2 but not 5.8S) region, partial sequence of nuclear ribosomal large subunit (28S) domains D1 and D2, and translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF1α). Both species are compared with phenotypically similar taxa and illustrated with line drawings and photographs. A key to the species of Phylloporus known from Bangladesh is provided.

Two new species of Xanthagaricus and some notes on Heinemannomyces from Asia.

Xanthagaricus flavosquamosus and X. necopinatus, two new species of Agaricaceae, are described and illustrated from Asia. Macroscopically, both species are closely related to each other, but there are obvious micromorphological and molecular differences between them. Morphological and phylogenetic data showed that the two new species are distinct from other known species of the genus Xanthagaricus. Xanthagaricus flavosquamosus from China is characterized by its small, yellow basidiomata, short clavate cheilocystidia, epithelial pileipellis, and verrucose basidiospores measuring 5-5.5 × 3-3.5 µm. Xanthagaricus necopinatus from Bangladesh is characterized by having small, yellow basidiomata, a fugacious annulus, clavate to narrowly clavate cheilocystidia, epithelial pileipellis, and rugulose-rough basidiospores measuring 4-5 × 2.7-3.2 µm. In addition to the new species, a Heinemannomyces collection from China is reported. Morphological data and molecular phylogenetic analyses fully support the Chinese collection being Heinemannomyces splendidissimus, a species of Agaricaceae, originally described from Southeast Asia. Detailed descriptions, color photos and illustrations of the three species are presented. A key to the genus Xanthagaricus occurring in Bangladesh and China is provided.