Oxidized Starch-Reinforced Aqueous Polymer Isocyanate Cured with High-Frequency Heating.

In this research, an oxidized starch/styrene-butadiene rubber system with high capability of absorbing electromagnetic energy was adopted as the main component, the effect of oxidized starch content on the bonding and mechanical properties of aqueous polymer isocyanate (API) after high-frequency curing was evaluated, and the effect mechanisms were explored by combining thermodynamic tests and material characterization methods. Our findings revealed that the addition of oxidized starch enhanced the mechanical properties of API after high-frequency curing and the increase in the amount of oxidized starch enhanced the improvement effect of high-frequency curing on API bonding and mechanical properties. At 5 wt% oxidized starch, high-frequency curing improved API bonding properties by 18.0% and 17.3% under ambient conditions and after boiling water aging, respectively. An increase in oxidized starch content to 25 wt% increased enhancement to 25.1% and 26.4% for the above conditions, respectively. The enhancement effects of tensile strength and Young's modulus of the API adhesive body were increased from 9.4% and 18.2% to 18.7% and 22.6%, respectively. The potential enhancement mechanism could be that oxidized starch could increase the dielectric loss of API, converting more electromagnetic energy into thermal energy creating more cross-linked structures.

A Survey of Data-Driven Soft Sensing in Ironmaking System: Research Status and Opportunities.

Data-driven soft sensing modeling is becoming a powerful tool in the ironmaking process due to the rapid development of machine learning and data mining. Although various soft sensing techniques have been successfully used in both the sintering process and blast furnace, they have not been comprehensively reviewed. In this work, we provide an overview of recent advances on soft sensing in the ironmaking process, with a special focus on data-driven techniques. First, we present a general soft sensing development framework of the ironmaking process based on the mechanism analysis and process characteristics. Second, we provide a detailed taxonomy of current soft sensing methods categorized by their predictive tasks (i.e., quality indicators prediction, state parameters prediction, etc.). Finally, we outline several insightful and promising directions, such as self-supervised learning and digital twins in the ironmaking process, for future research.

Facile Synthesis of PtP2 Nanocrystals as Highly Active Electrocatalysts for Methanol Oxidation.

Although significant efforts have been made in the past few decades, the development of affordable, durable, and effective electrocatalysts for direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) remains a formidable challenge. Herein, we present a facile and efficient phosphorization approach for synthesizing PtP2 intermetallic nanocrystals and utilize them as electrocatalysts in the methanol oxidation reaction (MOR). Impressively, the synthesized PtP2 nanocatalysts exhibit a mass activity of 2.14 mA µg-1 and a specific activity of 6.28 mA cm-2, which are 5.1 and 9.5 times higher than those achieved by the current state-of-the-art commercial Pt/C catalyst, respectively. Moreover, the PtP2 nanocatalysts demonstrate improved stability toward acidic MOR by retaining 92.1% of its initial mass activity after undergoing 5000 potential cycles, far surpassing that of the commercial Pt/C (38%). Further DMFC tests present a 2.7 times higher power density than that of the commercial Pt/C, underscoring their potential for application in methanol fuel cells. Density functional theory calculations suggest that the accelerated MOR kinetics and improved CO tolerance on PtP2 can be attributed to the attenuated binding strength of CO intermediates and the enhanced stability due to strong Pt-P interaction. To our knowledge, this is the first report identifying the MOR performance on PtP2 intermetallic nanocrystals, highlighting their potential as highly active and stable nanocatalysts for DMFCs.

Gyroid Liquid Crystals as Quasi-Solid-State Electrolytes Toward Ultrastable Zinc Batteries.

The potential for optimizing ion transport through triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) structures renders promising electrochemical applications. In this study, as a proof-of-concept, we extend the inherent efficiency and mathematical beauty of TPMS structures to fabricate liquid-crystalline electrolytes with high ionic conductivity and superior structural stability for aqueous rechargeable zinc-ion batteries. The specific topological configuration of the liquid-crystalline electrolytes, featuring a Gyroid geometry, enables the formation of a continuous ion conduction pathway enriched with confined water. This, in turn, promotes the smooth transport of charge carriers and contributes to high ionic conductivity. Meanwhile, the quasi-solid hydrophobic phase assembled by hydrophobic alkyl chains exhibits notable rigidity and toughness, enabling uniform and compact dendrite-free Zn deposition. These merits synergistically enhance the overall performance of the corresponding full batteries. This work highlights the distinctive role of TPMS structures in developing high-performance, liquid-crystalline electrolytes, which can provide a viable route for the rational design of next-generation quasi-solid-state electrolytes.

Intranasally inoculated bacterium-like particles displaying porcine epidemic diarrhea virus S1 protein induced intestinal mucosal immune response in mice.

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) causes acute watery diarrhea and high mortality in newborn piglets. Activation of intestinal mucosal immunity is crucial to anti-PEDV infection. To develop a vaccine capable of stimulating intestinal mucosal immunity, we prepared a bacterium (Lactococcus lactis)-like particle (BLP) vaccine (S1-BLPs) displaying the S1 protein, a domain of PEDV spike protein (S), based on gram-positive enhancer matrix (GEM) particle display technology. We further compared the effects of different vaccination routes on mucosal immune responses in mice induced by S1-BLPs. The specific IgG titer in serum of intramuscularly immunized mice with S1-BLPs was significantly higher than that of the intranasally administered. The specific IgA antibody was found in the serum and intestinal lavage fluid of mice vaccinated intranasally, but not intramuscularly. Moreover, the intranasally inoculated S1-BLPs induced higher levels of IFN-γ and IL-4 in serum than the intramuscularly inoculated. In addition, the ratio of serum IgG2a/IgG1 of mice inoculated intramuscularly was significantly higher with S1-BLPs compared to that of with S1 protein, suggesting that the immune responses induced by S1-BLPs was characterized by helper T (Th) cell type 1 immunity. The results indicated that S1-BLPs induced systemic and local immunity, and the immunization routes significantly affected the specific antibody classes and Th immune response types. The intranasally administered S1-BLPs could effectively stimulate intestinal mucosal specific secretory IgA response. S1-BLPs have the potential to be developed as PEDV mucosal vaccine.

In vitro characterisation of [177Lu]Lu-DOTA-C595 as a novel radioimmunotherapy for MUC1-CE positive pancreatic cancer.

BACKGROUND: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) continues to be a malignancy with an unmet clinical demand. Development of radioimmunoconjugates which target cancer-specific receptors provides an opportunity for radioimmunotherapy of both metastatic and primary PDAC. In this study, we characterised the in vitro behaviour of a novel beta-emitting radioimmunoconjugate [177Lu]Lu-DOTA-C595 as a therapeutic agent against PDAC. [177Lu]Lu-DOTA-C595 is designed to target cancer-specific mucin 1 epitopes (MUC1-CE) overexpressed on most epithelial cancers, including PDAC. RESULTS: A series of in vitro experiments were performed on PDAC cell lines (PANC-1, CAPAN-1, BxPC-3 and AsPC-1) exhibiting strong to weak MUC1-CE expression. [177Lu]Lu-DOTA-C595 bound to all cell lines relative to their expression of MUC1-CE. [177Lu]Lu-DOTA-C595 was also rapidly internalised across all cell lines, with a maximum of 75.4% of activity internalised within the PANC-1 cell line at 48 h. The expression of γH2AX foci and clonogenic survival of PANC-1 and AsPC-1 cell lines after exposure to [177Lu]Lu-DOTA-C595 were used to quantify the in vitro cytotoxicity of [177Lu]Lu-DOTA-C595. At 1 h post treatment, the expression of γH2AX foci exceeded 97% in both cell lines. The expression of γH2AX foci continued to increase in PANC-1 cells at 24 h, although expression reduced in AsPC-1. Clonogenic assays showed a high level of cell kill induced by [177Lu]Lu-DOTA-C595. CONCLUSION: [177Lu]Lu-DOTA-C595 has favourable in vitro characteristics to target and treat MUC1-CE positive PDAC. Further investigations to characterise the in vivo effects and potential value of [177Lu]Lu-DOTA-C595 in other MUC1-CE expressing malignancies such as lung, ovarian and colorectal adenocarcinoma are warranted.

Microstructural Evolution of Zinc-Ion Species from Aqueous to Hydrated Eutectic Electrolyte for Zn-Ion Batteries.

Despite their intrinsic safety and environmental friendliness, typical aqueous Zn-ion rechargeable batteries have been struggling with poor reversibility and electrochemical stability. Hydrated eutectic electrolytes (HEEs) have been attracting extensive attention due to their appealing features of high designability and superior performances over typical aqueous electrolytes. However, an in-depth understanding of unique microstructure in HEEs and the ensuing superior performances remains obscure, limiting the development of enhanced electrolytes. Herein, we demonstrate a distinct evolution path of Zn-ion species from aqueous to superior hydrated eutectic electrolytes, which experience a special transition state enriched with H-bonds between eutectic molecules. Complementary with the well-studied reorganized solvation structure induced by short-ranged salt-solvent interaction, long-range solvent-solvent interactions arising from the H-bond reorganizes the extended electrolyte microstructure, which in turn influences the cation diffusion mechanisms and interfacial reaction kinetics. Overall, we highlight the importance of ion species microstructural evolution in the rational design of superior aqueous electrolytes.

Chinese comprehenders' interpretation of underinformativeness in L1 and L2 accented speech narratives.

Second language (L2) speakers with foreign accents are well-known to face disadvantages in terms of language processing; however, recent research has demonstrated possible social benefits for foreign-accented L2 speakers. While previous research has focused on the ways in which first language (L1) speakers of English comprehend L2 speech, the present article contributes to this line of research by exploring the ways in which comprehenders from a different culture and linguistic background perceive L2 speech narratives. This study investigates this issue by exploring how comprehenders with Mandarin Chinese as the first language interpret underinformative utterances containing scalar and ad hoc implicature in L1, accent-free L2, and foreign-accented L2 speech narratives. The sentence judgment task with a guise design used written sentences rather than oral utterances as stimuli in order to isolate the role of intelligibility factors. The results indicate that foreign accent confers social benefits on L2 speakers in that their omission of information in communication is tolerated and they are viewed as more likely to possess positive attributes. More importantly, we find that the bilingual characteristics of Chinese participants, as well as the different linguistic complexity of deriving scalar and ad hoc implicature, affect Chinese participants' explanations of underinformative sentences of L2 speakers. This study contributes to our understanding of L2 language processing.

Influence of Curvature Feature on Laser Heating during Tape Placement Process for Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polyether Ether Ketone Composite.

The curvature feature makes the irradiance and absorptivity change, resulting in an uneven power density distribution, which affects the quality of composite parts. In this study, a theoretical model-based Super-Gaussian profile beam in the laser irradiation area was established to obtain the heat flux distribution on the curved surface. The effect of curvature on the surface scattering reflection, temperature distribution, and surface morphology were investigated and verified the validity of the theoretical model. Furthermore, the influence of the laser intensity distribution, laser inclination and curvature radius on the power density distribution and distribution uniformity were studied. Research indicated that the power density increases as the distance from the origin increase resulting from the variation of the irradiance and absorptance along the circumference. The flatter the intensity distribution of the laser beam in the height direction, the less uniform the power density distribution. Accordingly, the typical Gaussian profile beam significantly ameliorates the power density distribution. This research provides a novel understanding of using heat sources during laser heating thermoplastic tape placement.

Boosting photocatalytic hydrogen production by creating isotype heterojunctions and single-atom active sites in highly-crystallized carbon nitride.

Carbon nitride-based photocatalysts hold an enormous potential in producing hydrogen. A strategy to simultaneously create isotype heterojunctions and active sites in highly-crystallized carbon nitride is anticipated to significantly boost the photocatalytic activity, but is yet to be realized. Herein, we find that cobalt salt added in the ionothermal synthesis can promote the phase transition of heptazine-based crystalline carbon nitride (CCN) to triazine-based poly(triazine imide) (PTI), rendering the creation of single-atom cobalt coordinated isotype CCN/PTI heterojunction. Co-CCN/PTI exhibits an appreciable apparent quantum yield of 20.88% at 425 nm for photocatalytic hydrogen production with a rate achieving 3538 µmol h-1 g-1 (λ > 420 nm), which is 4.8 times that of CCN and 27.6 times that of PTI. The high photocatalytic activity is attributed to the Type II isotype highly-crystallized CCN/PTI heterojunction for promoting charge carrier migration, and the single-atom Co sites for accelerating surface oxidation reaction.

Preliminary Development and Testing of C595 Radioimmunoconjugates for Targeting MUC1 Cancer Epitopes in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma.

Mucin 1 is a transmembrane glycoprotein which overexpresses cancer-specific epitopes (MUC1-CE) on pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells. As PDAC is a low survival and highly aggressive malignancy, developing radioimmunoconjugates capable of targeting MUC1-CE could lead to improvements in PDAC outcomes. The aim of this study was to develop and perform preliminary testing of diagnostic and therapeutic radioimmunoconjugates for PDAC using an anti-MUC1 antibody, C595. Firstly, p-SCN-Bn-DOTA was conjugated to the C595 antibody to form a DOTA-C595 immunoconjugate. The stability and binding affinity of the DOTA-C595 conjugate was evaluated using mass spectrometry and ELISA. DOTA-C595 was radiolabelled to Copper-64, Lutetium-177, Gallium-68 and Technetium-99m to form novel radioimmunoconjugates. Cell binding assays were performed in PANC-1 (strong MUC1-CE expression) and AsPC-1 (weak MUC1-CE expression) cell lines using 64Cu-DOTA-C595 and 177Lu-DOTA-C595. An optimal molar ratio of 4:1 DOTA groups per C595 molecule was obtained from the conjugation process. DOTA-C595 labelled to Copper-64, Lutetium-177, and Technetium-99m with high efficiency, although the Gallium-68 labelling was low. 177Lu-DOTA-C595 demonstrated high cellular binding to the PANC-1 cell lines which was significantly greater than AsPC-1 binding at concentrations exceeding 100 nM (p < 0.05). 64Cu-DOTA-C595 showed similar binding to the PANC-1 and AsPC-1 cells with no significant differences observed between cell lines (p > 0.05). The high cellular binding of 177Lu-DOTA-C595 to MUC1-CE positive cell lines suggests promise as a therapeutic radioimmunoconjugate against PDAC while further work is required to harness the potential of 64Cu-DOTA-C595 as a diagnostic radioimmunoconjugate.

Development of a Model Predicting the Outcome of In Vitro Fertilization Cycles by a Robust Decision Tree Method.

Introduction: Infertility is a worldwide problem. To evaluate the outcome of in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment for infertility, many indicators need to be considered and the relation among indicators need to be studied. Objectives: To construct an IVF predicting model by a robust decision tree method and find important factors and their interrelation. Methods: IVF and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) cycles between January 2010 and December 2020 in a women's hospital were collected. Comprehensive evaluation and examination of patients, specific therapy strategy and the outcome of treatment were recorded. Variables were selected through the significance of 1-way analysis between the clinical pregnant group and the nonpregnant group and then were discretized. Then, gradient boosting decision tree (GBDT) was used to construct the model to compute the score for predicting the rate of clinical pregnancy. Result: Thirty-eight variables with significant difference were selected for binning and thirty of them in which the pregnancy rate varied in different categories were chosen to construct the model. The final score computed by model predicted the clinical pregnancy rate well with the Area Under Curve (AUC) value achieving 0.704 and the consistency reaching 98.1%. Number of two-pronuclear embryo (2PN), age of women, AMH level, number of oocytes retrieved and endometrial thickness were important factors related to IVF outcome. Moreover, some interrelations among factors were found from model, which may assist clinicians in making decisions. Conclusion: This study constructed a model predicting the outcome of IVF cycles through a robust decision tree method and achieved satisfactory prediction performance. Important factors related to IVF outcome and some interrelations among factors were found.

Low-Loss, High-Transparency Luminescent Solar Concentrators with a Bioinspired Self-Cleaning Surface.

Luminescent solar concentrators (LSCs) have emerged as a disruptive technology that can potentially enable carbon-neutral buildings. The issues with current LSCs, however, are low optical efficiencies and limited long-term outdoor stability. Here we simultaneously address them by developing an LSC with aggregation-induced-emission (AIE) molecules embedded in a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) matrix. The AIE-emitter displayed a near unity emission quantum yield when embedded in the PDMS and the apparent absorption-emission Stokes shift reached 0.59 eV, effectively suppressing the reabsorption loss of waveguided photons inside an LSC. Moreover, the surface texture of the PDMS matrix was engineered using a bioinspired nanolithography method with a natural lotus leaf as the template. This allowed the fabricated AIE-PDMS LSC to inherit the superhydrophobic, self-cleaning properties of the leaf and meanwhile to possess a light-trapping capability. Our 100 cm2 LSC, when coupled with commercial Si PVs, delivered efficient solar power conversion, high visible transmittance, and high working stability.

Influence of Filament Winding Tension on the Deformation of Composite Flywheel Rotors with H-Shaped Hubs.

The residual stress plays an important role in composite flywheel rotors composed of filament windings. The fiber tension during high-prestressed winding is the main source of the rotor deformation and residual stress of composite layers. In this study, the effect of the winding tension gradient on deformation was monitored in real-time. Two types of in-plane winding tension fluctuation methods were developed to investigate the effect of tension on deformation. Online and offline measurements were performed for the strain acquisition. A wireless strain instrument was used for online deformation monitoring and a laser scanner was used for the offline surface reconstruction. Additionally, different filament winding strategies were carried out to improve the efficiency of the winding tension by finite element analysis. The results indicated that the deviation between numerical and experimental results was within 8%. Based on the proposed numerical method, the influence of the in-plane and out-of-plane winding tension gradient distributions on the rotation process of the H-shaped rotor was analyzed. An in-plane winding strategy with variable tension was developed, which increased the initial failure speed by 160%.

The RNA-binding protein La/SSB associates with radiation-induced DNA double-strand breaks in lung cancer cell lines.

BACKGROUND: Platinum-based chemotherapy and radiotherapy are standard treatments for non-small cell lung cancer, which is the commonest, most lethal cancer worldwide. As a marker of treatment-induced cancer cell death, we have developed a radiodiagnostic imaging antibody, which binds to La/SSB. La/SSB is an essential, ubiquitous ribonuclear protein, which is over expressed in cancer and plays a role in resistance to cancer therapies. AIM: In this study, we examined radiation-induced DNA double strand breaks (DSB) in lung cancer cell lines and examined whether La/SSB associated with these DSB. METHOD: Three lung cancer lines (A549, H460 and LL2) were irradiated with different X-ray doses or X-radiated with a 5 Gy dose and examined at different time-points post-irradiation for DNA DSB in the form of γ-H2AX and Rad51 foci. Using fluorescence microscopy, we examined whether La/SSB and γ-H2AX co-localise and performed proximity ligation assay (PLA) and co-immunoprecipitation to confirm the interaction of these proteins. RESULTS: We found that the radio-resistant A549 cell line compared to the radio-sensitive H460 cell line showed faster resolution of radiation-induced γ-H2AX foci over time. Conversely, we found more co-localised γ-H2AX and La/SSB foci by PLA in irradiated A549 cells. CONCLUSION: The co-localisation of La/SSB with radiation-induced DNA breaks suggests a role of La/SSB in DNA repair, however further experimentation is required to validate this.

Single-atom nickel terminating sp2 and sp3 nitride in polymeric carbon nitride for visible-light photocatalytic overall water splitting.

Polymeric carbon nitride (PCN) has been widely used as a metal-free photocatalyst for solar hydrogen generation from water. However, rapid charge carrier recombination and sluggish water catalysis kinetics have greatly limited its photocatalytic performance for overall water splitting. Herein, a single-atom Ni terminating agent was introduced to coordinate with the heptazine units of PCN to create new hybrid orbitals. Both theoretical calculation and experimental evidence revealed that the new hybrid orbitals synergistically broadened visible light absorption via a metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) process, and accelerated the separation and transfer of photoexcited electrons and holes. The obtained single-atom Ni terminated PCN (PCNNi), without an additional cocatalyst loading, realized efficient photocatalytic overall water splitting into easily-separated gas-product H2 and liquid-product H2O2 under visible light, with evolution rates reaching 26.6 and 24.0 µmol g-1 h-1, respectively. It was indicated that single-atom Ni and the neighboring C atom served as water oxidation and reduction active sites, respectively, for overall water splitting via a two-electron reaction pathway.

The measurement of ocular axial length in normal human eyes based on an improved Twyman-Green interferometer.

In order to meet the demands of myopia prevention, as well as the increasing needs of measurement for refractive and cataract operations in China, a new axial length (AL) measurement system combining an improved Twyman-Green interferometer with digital signal processing has been established. The ALs of 33 eyes of different optical refractive subjects (-8.50 ~ 0.50 D) were measured with the New AL and intraocular lens (IOL) master. The repeatability of measurements with the New AL was assessed using coefficient of variation (CoV) and intra-group correlation coefficient (ICC). Comparison, correlation, linear regression and agreement of AL between devices were analyzed. There was good repeatability (CoV = 0.0617%, ICC = 0.9999) with the New AL and great agreement has been obtained with both devices. These show that the New AL is capable of providing precise AL values over the normal AL range compared to the IOL master, and indicate that the New AL developed can be used for routine clinical AL measurements.

Radioimmunotherapy of glioblastoma multiforme - Current status and future prospects.

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) or grade IV astrocytoma is the most diagnosed form of primary brain tumours in adults. Radioimmunotherapy (RIT), mostly in combination with conventional therapies, is presented in the current review as a therapeutic strategy of high potential in the management of GBM. A systematic literature search was performed following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) to identify clinical studies that employed a form of radioimmunotherapy using alpha- or beta-emitting radioisotopes. The available literature on RIT in GBM and high-grade gliomas is presented and discussed. The results suggest that this promising treatment approach merits further investigation in future clinical studies.

Identification of a MicroRNA Signature Associated With Lymph Node Metastasis in Endometrial Endometrioid Cancer.

BACKGROUND: Lymph node metastasis (LNM) is an important prognostic factor in endometrial cancer. Anomalous microRNAs (miRNAs) are associated with cell functions and are becoming a powerful tool to characterize malignant transformation and metastasis. The aim of this study was to construct a miRNA signature to predict LNM in endometrial endometrioid carcinoma (EEC). METHOD: Candidate target miRNAs related to LNM in EEC were screened by three methods including differentially expressed miRNAs (DEmiRs), weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), and decision tree algorithms. Samples were randomly divided into the training and validation cohorts. A miRNA signature was built using a logistic regression model and was evaluated by the area under the curve (AUC) of receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) and decision curve analysis (DCA). We also conducted pathway enrichment analysis and miRNA-gene regulatory network to look for potential genes and pathways engaged in LNM progression. Survival analysis was performed, and the miRNAs were tested whether they expressed differently in another independent GEO database. RESULT: Thirty-one candidate miRNAs were screened and a final 15-miRNA signature was constructed by logistic regression. The model showed good calibration in the training and validation cohorts, with AUC of 0.824 (95% CI, 0.739-0.912) and 0.821 (95% CI, 0.691-0.925), respectively. The DCA demonstrated the miRNA signature was clinically useful. Hub miRNAs in signature seemed to contribute to EEC progression via mitotic cell cycle, cellular protein modification process, and molecular function. MiR-34c was statistically significant in survival that a higher expression of miR-34c indicated a higher survival time. MiR-34c-3p, miR-34c-5p, and miR-34b-5p were expressed differentially in GSE75968. CONCLUSION: The miRNA signature could work as a noninvasive method to detect LNM in EEC with a high prediction accuracy. In addition, miR-34c cluster may be a key biomarker referring LNM in endometrial cancer.

The Expression Profile and Textural Characteristics of C595-Reactive MUC1 in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma for Targeted Radionuclide Therapy.

Improvements in the prognosis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) rely on the development of effective treatments to target advanced disease. Mucin 1 (MUC1) is a transmembrane glycoprotein which is involved in the metastatic progression of PDAC and is a receptor-of-interest for targeted radionuclide therapy. The aim of this study was to determine the feasibility of MUC1-based targeted radionuclide therapy for PDAC, by evaluating the expression profile of MUC1 in different pancreatic cells and tissues using the C595 antibody. MUC1 expression was evaluated in four PDAC cell lines (PANC-1, BxPC-3, CAPAN-1 and AsPC-1) using flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry. Immunohistochemistry was performed on primary and metastatic PDAC, pancreatitis, pancreatic intra-epithelial neoplasia and normal pancreatic tissue samples to identify potential changes in C595-reactive MUC1 expression across different disease groups. C595-reactive MUC1 expression was found to varying degrees in the cell lines (11.5-93.1%). A pixel analysis of the immunohistochemical staining demonstrated highest MUC1 expression in primary PDAC tissue (mean pixel value of 205.4), followed by other pancreatic cancer types (204.9), pancreatic intra-epithelial neoplasia (203.8), metastatic PDAC (201.5), chronic pancreatitis (198.1) and normal pancreatic tissue (191.4). The increased expression in malignant tissues and reduced expression in benign tissues indicate that C595-reactive MUC1 is a potential target for targeted radionuclide therapy of PDAC.