Moutai Distiller's grains Polyphenol extracts and rutin alleviate DSS-induced colitis in mice: Modulation of gut microbiota and intestinal barrier function （R2）.

Distiller's grains, byproducts of the brewing process, represent a valuable resource for extracting natural phenolic compounds due to their significant global production. This study presents the first evidence of the protective effects of Moutai distiller's grain polyphenol extract (MDGP) on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in mice. These protective effects manifest predominantly through the amelioration of general colitis indices and histopathological improvements. Utilizing liquid chromatography-high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC-HR-ESI-MS), the main components of MDGP were identified as rutin, quercetin, naringenin, and dihydroquercetin. Moreover, a novel mechanism was elucidated by which rutin, the primary active component of MDGP, alleviates DSS-induced colitis. Assessment of intestinal barrier function, microbial sequencing, fecal transplantation, and antibiotic depletion experiments revealed that rutin suppresses the abundance of pathogenic bacteria (Helicobacter, Klebsiella, and Veillonella) while promoting the proliferation of beneficial bacteria (Ruminococcus_torques_group, Lachnoclostridium, and norank_f__Muribaculaceae). This modulation culminates in elevated butyric acid concentrations within short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), amplified integrity of tight (ZO-1, occludin) and adherent (E-cadherin, ß-catenin) junctional complexes, fortified intestinal barrier function, and diminished intestinal inflammation.This investigation accentuates the innovative therapeutic potential of MDGP and its main active component, rutin, in assuaging DSS-induced intestinal inflammation and fortifying the intestinal barrier through a mechanism predominantly mediated by the intestinal microbiota. Such insights potentially elevate the prominence of distiller's grains in the realm of functional food development.

Recent Progress in Distiller's Grains: Chemical Compositions and Biological Activities.

Distiller's grains (DGs) are solid mixtures that remain after the production of alcoholic beverages. A large amount of DGs is produced each year during the brewing process. Currently, they are mostly used as a feedstock or substrate in the feed industry. However, the lack of a comprehensive understanding of the chemical composition of DGs is a major constraint on their further development and application for high-value-added usages. Some studies were published on the bioactive constituents of DGs in several different types of journals. Data were therefore collated to provide a comprehensive overview of these natural products. DGs are rich in phenols, phytosterols, and fatty acids, in addition to general lipid and protein constituents. These compounds and their related extracts possess diverse biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-hyperglycaemic effects. We hope that this review will provide research incentives for the further development and utilisation of DGs to develop high-value-added products.

Copper-catalyzed (4+1) and (3+2) cyclizations of iodonium ylides with alkynes.

The copper(ii)-catalyzed (4+1) cyclizations and copper(i)-catalyzed (3+2) cycloadditions of iodonium ylides and alkynes were successfully developed by employing efficient and safe iodonium ylides instead of traditional diazo compounds. Highly functionalized dimethyl (E)-3-benzylideneindoline-2,2-dicarboxylates and methyl 5-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-2-methoxy-4-phenylfuran-3-carboxylates were conveniently prepared in moderate to excellent yields. The possible reaction mechanisms were also discussed.

Pd-catalyzed asymmetric Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reactions for the synthesis of chiral biaryl compounds with a large steric substituent at the 2-position.

Pd-catalyzed asymmetric Suzuki-Miyaura couplings of 3-methyl-2-bromophenylamides, 3-methyl-2-bromo-1-nitrobenzene and 1-naphthaleneboronic acids have been successfully developed and the corresponding axially chiral biaryl compounds were obtained in very high yields (up to 99%) with good enantioselectivities (up to 88% ee) under mild conditions. The chiral-bridged biphenyl monophosphine ligands developed by our group exhibit significant superiority to the naphthyl counterpart MOP in both reactivity and enantioselectivity control. The large steric hindrance from π-conjugated ortho-substituents of the bromobenzene substrates and the Pd···O interaction between carbonyl and palladium seem essential to achieve high enantioselectivity.

Enantioselective synthesis of chiral heterocyclic biaryls via asymmetric Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling of 3-bromopyridine derivatives.

A series of chiral heterocyclic biaryls with a pyridyl moiety were prepared in moderate to good yields with up to 92% ee via asymmetric Suzuki-Miyaura coupling. The chiral-bridged biphenyl monophosphine ligand L1 was found to be much more effective in the reaction enantioselection than its counterpart binaphthyl monophosphine ligands.

Enantioselective Syntheses of Tricyclic Benzimidazoles via Intramolecular Allylic Aminations with Chiral-Bridged Biphenyl Phosphoramidite Ligands.

The first iridium-catalyzed enantioselective intramolecular allylic aminations of benzimidazole-tethered allylic carbonates were developed, providing three classes of tricyclic benzimidazoles bearing a tertiary carbon stereogenic center in high yields and excellent enantioselectivities (up to 99% yield, 99% ee). Wide substrate scope, excellent catalytic efficiency and mild conditions rendered this protocol particularly superior and practical. Impressively, the chiral bridge with a tunable structure was shown to provide a very good adjustment space for the chiral environment. The excellent catalytic performance of the ligands manifested their advantages over the bisphenol-based and BINOL-derived counterparts in these transformations. It also highlighted the potential application value of the chiral-bridged ligands.

Highly efficient synthesis of benzodioxins with a 2-site quaternary carbon structure by secondary amine-catalyzed dual Michael cascade reactions.

Salicylic acids and substituted ynones were employed as substrates to afford a class of valuable 4H-benzo[d][1,3]dioxin-4-ones with a 2-site quaternary carbon structure in up to 92% yield by secondary amine-catalyzed dual Michael cascade reactions under mild reaction conditions. The α,ß-unsaturated ketone as the key intermediate in the cascade process was successfully separated and characterized. As a result, a new reaction route for ynone species is demonstrated, which is totally different from the existing allenamine activation model.