Unlocking Mixed-Metal Oxides Active Centers via Acidity Regulation for K&SO2 Poisoning Resistance: Self-Detoxification Mechanism of Zeolite-Confined deNOx Catalysts.

Selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides (NOx) with ammonia (NH3-SCR) is an efficient NOx reduction strategy, while the denitrification (deNOx) catalysts suffer from serious deactivation due to the coexistence of multiple poisoning substances, such as alkali metal (e.g., K), SO2, etc., in industrial flue gases. It is essential to understand the interaction among various poisons and their effects on the deNOx process. Herein, the ZSM-5 zeolite-confined MnSmOx mixed (MnSmOx@ZSM-5) catalyst exhibited better deNOx performance after the poisoning of K, SO2, and/or K&SO2 than the MnSmOx and MnSmOx/ZSM-5 catalysts, the deNOx activity of which at high temperature (H-T) increased significantly (>90% NOx conversion in the range of 220-480 °C). It has been demonstrated that K would occupy both redox and acidic sites, which severely reduced the reactivity of MnSmOx/ZSM-5 catalysts. The most important, K element is preferentially deposited at -OH on the surface of ZSM-5 carrier due to the electrostatic attraction (-O-K). As for the K&SO2 poisoning catalyst, SO2 preferred to be combined with the surface-deposited K (-O-K-SO2ads) according to XPS and density functional theory (DFT) results, the poisoned active sites by K would be released. The K migration behavior was induced by SO2 over K-poisoned MnSmOx@ZSM-5 catalysts, and the balance of surface redox and acidic site was regulated, like a synergistic promoter, which led to K-poisoning buffering and activity recovery. This work contributes to the understanding of the self-detoxification interaction between alkali metals (e.g., K) and SO2 on deNOx catalysts and provides a novel strategy for the adaptive use of one poisoning substance to counter another for practical NOx reduction.

An overview of detecting gene-trait associations by integrating GWAS summary statistics and eQTLs.

Detecting genes that affect specific traits (such as human diseases and crop yields) is important for treating complex diseases and improving crop quality. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) provides new insights and directions for understanding complex traits by identifying important single nucleotide polymorphisms. Many GWAS summary statistics data related to various complex traits have been gathered recently. Studies have shown that GWAS risk loci and expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) often have a lot of overlaps, which makes gene expression gradually become an important intermediary to reveal the regulatory role of GWAS. In this review, we review three types of gene-trait association detection methods of integrating GWAS summary statistics and eQTLs data, namely colocalization methods, transcriptome-wide association study-oriented approaches, and Mendelian randomization-related methods. At the theoretical level, we discussed the differences, relationships, advantages, and disadvantages of various algorithms in the three kinds of gene-trait association detection methods. To further discuss the performance of various methods, we summarize the significant gene sets that influence high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, total cholesterol, and triglyceride reported in 16 studies. We discuss the performance of various algorithms using the datasets of the four lipid traits. The advantages and limitations of various algorithms are analyzed based on experimental results, and we suggest directions for follow-up studies on detecting gene-trait associations.

Theoretical Analysis of Thermophysical Properties of 3D Carbon/Epoxy Braided Composites with Varying Temperature.

A three-dimensional helix geometry unit cell is established to simulate the complex spatial configuration of 3D braided composites. Initially, different types of yarn factors, such as yarn path, cross-sectional shape, properties, and braid direction, are explained. Then, the multiphase finite element method is used to develop a new theoretical calculation procedure based on the unit cell for predicting the impacts of environmental temperature on the thermophysical properties of 3D four-direction carbon/epoxy braided composites. The changing rule and distribution characteristics of the thermophysical properties for 3D four-direction carbon/epoxy braided composites are obtained at temperatures ranging from room temperature to 200 °C. The influences of environmental temperature on the coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE) and the coefficients of thermal conduction (CTC) are evaluated, by which some important conclusions are drawn. A comparison is conducted between theoretical and experimental results, revealing that variations in temperature exert a notable influence on the thermophysical characteristics of 3D four-directional carbon/epoxy braided composites. The theoretical calculation procedure is an effective tool for the mechanical property analysis of composite materials with complex geometries.

Investigations of Li-Ion Battery Thermal Management Systems Based on Heat Pipes: A Review.

With increasing concerns about carbon emissions and the resulting climate impacts, Li-ion batteries have become one of the most attractive energy sources, especially in the transportation sector. For Li-ion batteries, an effective thermal management system is essential to ensure high-efficiency operation, avoid capacity degradation, and eliminate safety issues. Thermal management systems based on heat pipes can achieve excellent cooling performance in limited space and thus have been widely used for the temperature control of Li-ion batteries. In this paper, the thermal management systems of Li-ion batteries based on four types of heat pipes, i.e., flat single-channel heat pipes, oscillating heat pipes, flexible heat pipes, and microchannel heat pipes, are comprehensively reviewed based on the studies in the past 20 years. The effects of different influencing factors on the cooling performance and thermal runaway behavior of Li-ion batteries are thoroughly discussed in order to provide an in-depth understanding for researchers and engineers. It is concluded that for all types of thermal management systems based on heat pipes, water spray cooling could achieve better cooling performance than forced air cooling and water bath cooling, while its energy consumption is obviously smaller than forced air cooling. For thermal management systems based on oscillating heat pipes, improved heat transfer characteristics could be achieved by increasing the number of turns, using a relatively larger inner hydraulic diameter and using a length ratio between the evaporator and condenser higher than 1.0. Heat pipes fabricated by flexible materials suffer from permeation of noncondensable gases from ambient and leakage of working fluid. These issues could be partly resolved by adding thermal vias filled with metallic materials and covering the sealing part with indium coating or designing a multilayered structure with metallic materials in it. Moreover, the limitations and future trends of Li-ion battery thermal management systems based on heat pipes are presented. It is pointed out that the thermal runaway behavior and heating performance of battery thermal management systems based on heat pipes should be further elaborated. The analysis of this paper could provide valuable support for future investigations on Li-ion battery thermal management systems based on heat pipes; it could also guide the choice and design of Li-ion battery thermal management systems based on heat pipes in commercial use.

Flexible silicon solar cells with high power-to-weight ratios.

Silicon solar cells are a mainstay of commercialized photovoltaics, and further improving the power conversion efficiency of large-area and flexible cells remains an important research objective1,2. Here we report a combined approach to improving the power conversion efficiency of silicon heterojunction solar cells, while at the same time rendering them flexible. We use low-damage continuous-plasma chemical vapour deposition to prevent epitaxy, self-restoring nanocrystalline sowing and vertical growth to develop doped contacts, and contact-free laser transfer printing to deposit low-shading grid lines. High-performance cells of various thicknesses (55-130 µm) are fabricated, with certified efficiencies of 26.06% (57 µm), 26.19% (74 µm), 26.50% (84 µm), 26.56% (106 µm) and 26.81% (125 µm). The wafer thinning not only lowers the weight and cost, but also facilitates the charge migration and separation. It is found that the 57-µm flexible and thin solar cell shows the highest power-to-weight ratio (1.9 W g-1) and open-circuit voltage (761 mV) compared to the thick ones. All of the solar cells characterized have an area of 274.4 cm2, and the cell components ensure reliability in potential-induced degradation and light-induced degradation ageing tests. This technological progress provides a practical basis for the commercialization of flexible, lightweight, low-cost and highly efficient solar cells, and the ability to bend or roll up crystalline silicon solar cells for travel is anticipated.

Surface reconstruction of pyrite-type transition metal sulfides during oxygen evolution reaction.

Reconstruction universally occurs over non-layered transition metal sulfides (TMSs) during oxygen evolution reaction (OER), leading to the formation of active species metal (oxy)hydroxide and thus significantly influences the OER performance. However, the reconstruction process and underlying mechanism quantitatively remain largely unexplored. Herein, we proposed an electrochemical reaction mechanism, namely sulfide oxidation reaction (SOR), to elucidate the reconstruction process of pyrite-type TMSs. Based on this mechanism, we evaluated the reconstruction capability of NiS2 doped with transition metals V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Mo, Ru, Rh, and Ir within different doped systems. Two key descriptors were thus proposed to describe the reconstruction abilities of TMSs: USOR (the theoretical electric potential of SOR) and ΔU (the difference between the theoretical electric potential of SOR and OER), representing the initiation electric potential of reconstruction and the intrinsic reconstruction abilities of TMSs, respectively. Our finding shows that a lower USOR readily initiate reconstruction at a lower potential and a larger ΔU indicating a poorer reconstruction ability of the catalyst during OER. Furthermore, Fe-doped CoS2 was used to validate the rationality of our proposed descriptors, being consistent with the experiment findings. Our work provides a new perspective on understanding the reconstruction mechanism and quantifying the reconstruction of TMSs.

Serum CXCL8 and CXCR2 as diagnostic biomarkers for noninvasive screening of cervical cancer.

BACKGROUND: Cervical cancer (CC) is the fourth most frequently diagnosed cancer and the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death in women. Identifying new biomarkers for the early detection of CC is an essential requirement in this field. CXCL8 was originally discovered because of its role in inflammation by binding to CXCR1 and CXCR2; however, it is now known to play an important role in cancer. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the expression levels of potential biomarkers (CXCL8, CXCR1, and CXCR2) and to explore their diagnostic potential in CC. METHODS: The expression levels of serum CXCL8, CXCR1, and CXCR2 were investigated by kit method on Immulite-1000 in 30 healthy volunteers, 30 precancerous patients and 70 CC patients. RESULTS: The results indicated that the expression of CXCL8 and CXCR2 was significantly higher in the serum of CC patients than in healthy volunteers, similar to the well-established tumor marker (squamous-cell cancerantigen [SCC]). Receiver operating characteristic analyses showed that the combination of CXCL8, CXCR2, and SCC had the highest diagnostic sensitivity and area under the curve value. Meanwhile, the positive predictive value and negative predictive value were not very low. Moreover, high concentrations of CXCL8 and CXCR2 are associated with an increased risk of CC. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, our data demonstrated that combined serum CXCL8, CXCR2, and SCC measurements are helpful for CC diagnosis and can be used as potential biomarkers for the early detection of CC. Cytokines, such as CXCL8 and CXCR2, can be easily measured in most university hospital laboratories and in some private laboratories with a routine test.

The effect of multiple factors on water-soluble inorganic ions in diesel particulate matter emissions.

The water-soluble inorganic ions (WSII) in diesel particulate matter (DPM) have a significant impact on ambient air quality and human health. In this study, the 12 groups of bench tests were conducted to analyze the emission characteristics of two diesel engines, taking into account the influence of engine parameters, test cycle, fuel types, and after-treatment measures. Compared to conventional diesel, a blend of diesel with 5 % biodiesel resulted in a reduction of the WSII emission factors by 23.7-48.0 %. The emission factors of WSII decreased by 8.4 % after installing selective catalytic reduction (SCR). Dummy variable regression analysis was used to analyze the relationship between WSII and influencing factors. The emission factors of Na+, K+, and Ca2+ were mostly affected by the engine, potentially due to the use of coolants and lubricants containing metal oxides in the engine. The emission factors of NO3- were mainly affected by the test cycle. Techniques for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) were used to analyze the priority of emission reduction technologies. The results indicated that SCR, biodiesel, and low-sulfur diesel could effectively reduce WSII. This study aims to explore the influence of multiple factors on WSII, providing valuable insights for future research on WSII in DPM.

Comparison of drug-coated balloon angioplasty versus common balloon angioplasty for arteriovenous fistula stenosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Drug-coated balloons (DCBs) have been used in dialysis patients with arteriovenous fistula (AVF) stenosis, but whether DCBs have advantages over ordinary balloons is still controversial. A meta-analysis was designed to investigate the safety and efficacy of DCBs and common balloons (CBs) in the treatment of AVF stenosis. We searched the PubMed, EMBASE, and China National Knowledge Internet (CNKI) databases for randomized controlled trials that evaluated the comparison of DCB angioplasty versus CB angioplasty for AVF stenosis in dialysis patients and reported at least one outcome of interest. The results showed that the DCB group had a higher first-stage patency rate of the target lesion 6 months [odds ratio, OR = 2.31, 95% confidence interval, CI: (1.69, 3.15), p < .01] and 12 months [OR = 2.09, 95% CI: (1.50, 2.91), p < .01] after surgery. There was no statistically significant difference in all-cause mortality between the two groups at 6 months [OR = 0.85, 95% CI: (0.47, 1.52), p = .58] and 12 months [OR = 0.99, 95% CI: (0.60, 1.64), p = .97]. Compared with CB, DCBs as a new endovascular treatment for AVF stenosis have a higher primary patency rate of target lesions and can delay the occurrence of restenosis. There is no evidence that DCB can increase the mortality of patients.

A novel biological sources consistency evaluation method reveals high level of biodiversity within wild natural medicine: A case study of Amynthas earthworms as "Guang Dilong".

For wild natural medicine, unanticipated biodiversity as species or varieties with similar morphological characteristics and sympatric distribution may co-exist in a single batch of medical materials, which affects the efficacy and safety of clinical medication. DNA barcoding as an effective species identification tool is limited by its low sample throughput nature. In this study, combining DNA mini-barcode, DNA metabarcoding and species delimitation method, a novel biological sources consistency evaluation strategy was proposed, and high level of interspecific and intraspecific variations were observed and validated among 5376 Amynthas samples from 19 sampling points regarded as "Guang Dilong" and 25 batches of proprietary Chinese medicines. Besides Amynthas aspergillum as the authentic source, 8 other Molecular Operational Taxonomic Units (MOTUs) were elucidated. Significantly, even the subgroups within A. aspergillum revealed here differ significantly on chemical compositions and biological activity. Fortunately, this biodiversity could be controlled when the collection was limited to designated areas, as proved by 2796 "decoction pieces" samples. This batch biological identification method should be introduced as a novel concept regarding natural medicine quality control, and to offer guidelines for in-situ conservation and breeding bases construction of wild natural medicine.

Collagen IV and Podocyte-Related Gene Variants in Patients with Concurrent IgA Nephropathy and Thin Basement Membrane Nephropathy.

INTRODUCTION: IgA nephropathy is the most common primary glomerulonephritis among adults in clinic. Thin basement membrane nephropathy is often underestimated or even omitted if it coincides with IgA nephropathy. Therefore, it is necessary to study the epidemiological, clinical, and molecular characteristics of the concurrence of this entity. METHODS: Eight patients with concurrent IgA nephropathy and thin basement membrane nephropathy (IgA-T) were retrospectively analyzed based on their clinicopathological characteristics. Genetic analysis was performed using whole-exome sequencing and Sanger's sequencing. Data of the patients with IgA nephropathy and normal basement membrane (IgA-N) and variants in the local in-house database were used as controls. All candidate variants were assessed in silico. RESULTS: The clinical manifestations of patients with IgA-T were hematuria, proteinuria, and renal insufficiency. Histopathological analysis showed mild mesangial hyperplasia, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, podocyte activation, and foot process fusion. Crescent was rarely seen. COL4A and/or podocyte cytoskeleton and mitochondria-related gene variants were detected in seven IgA-T patients. Three patients exhibited pathogenic variants of COL4A, including a new variant. All IgA-T and one IgA-N patient possessed ITGB4 and/or PLEC variants, but there was no corresponding genotype-phenotype relationship. Six patients possessed other podocyte cytoskeleton and mitochondria-related gene variants such as NPHS2, SRGAP1, MYO1E, MYO1C, WT1, and COQ9, which were first reported in patients with IgA-T and were not in controls. Altogether, there were no significant differences in the degrees of proteinuria, serum creatinine, and eGFR during the follow-up period of 5-10 years, but there was a significant difference in the degree of proteinuria between IgA-T patients with podocyte-related gene variants and IgA-N patients. In the IgA-T group, patients with podocyte-related gene variants seemed predisposed to progress than patients without those variants, with higher proteinuria and serum creatinine and reduced eGFR. CONCLUSION: Concurrent thin basement membrane nephropathy and/or heterozygous COL4A gene pathogenic variants do not necessarily predict the short-term progress of sporadic IgA nephropathy in adults. Predisposition factors for this disease progression should be considered for detecting the variants of COL4A and podocyte cytoskeleton and mitochondria-related genes simultaneously, which also manifests the complexity and heterogeneity of IgA nephropathy with concurrent thin basement membrane nephropathy.

Zinc and phosphorus poisoning tolerance of Cu-SSZ-13 and Ce-Cu-SSZ-13 in the catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides.

SSZ-13 has been commercialized as a catalyst in diesel engines for the selectivity catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides (NOx) with ammonia (NH3-SCR), but the catalyst is facing the problem of poisoning. Herein, two well-designed catalysts, Cu-SSZ-13 and cerium (Ce) doped Cu-SSZ-13 are synthesized, and their tolerance to zinc (Zn) and phosphorus (P) poisoning alone and together are explored in detail. The research found that Zn and P poisoning alone leads to the destruction of Cu-SSZ-13 structure, resulting in the decline of denitration (de-NOx) performance following the mechanism dominated by Eley-Rideal (E-R). Surprisingly, it is found that zinc phosphate particles are formed at inactive sites on the surface of Cu-SSZ-13 in the presence of Zn and P together, which protects the active sites, enhances the adsorption of nitric oxide. As a result, the excellent de-NOx performance of Cu-SSZ-13 is well maintained following the dual mechanism of E-R and Langmuir-Hinshelwood (L-H). In addition, the introduction of Ce stabilizes the active sites, so as to improve the de-NOx performance and the poisoning tolerance of Cu-SSZ-13. This work deeply analyzes the reasons of Zn and P poisoning and the positive effect of Ce on Cu-SSZ-13, which provides ideas for improving the poisoning tolerance of Cu-SSZ-13 and promotes the further application.

Experimental investigation on the effects of DPF Cs-V-based non-precious metal catalysts and their coating forms on non-road diesel engine emission characteristics.

Non-precious metal catalysts with good soot catalytic properties and a low cost have great potential for application in diesel particulate filters (DPF). In this study, we compared the effects of DPF supported by Cs2V4O11 (Cs-V-based) non-precious metal catalysts and conventional Pt-Pd-based precious metal catalysts on the performance of a non-road diesel engine. Furthermore, the effects of on-wall coating and in-wall coating of Cs-V-based catalysts on DPF performance were also investigated. The results indicated that the particulate emissions from DPF with Cs-V-based catalysts were reduced slightly less than that with Pt-Pd-based catalysts; however, the particle number (PN) and particulate matter (PM) emissions were still reduced by 94.4% and 91.7%, respectively, meeting the non-road China IV limits under the non-road steady cycle (NRSC). In addition, CO, HC, and NO can also be slightly oxidized by the non-precious metal catalysts. On the other hand, the DPF with in-wall coating induced comparatively higher gaseous substances and particulate emissions and caused a higher exhaust back pressure (EBP), which was 9.6% higher than the on-wall coating under NRSC, negatively affecting engine performance. Additionally, the geometric mean diameter (GMD) for the DPF with in-wall coating was only 33.3 nm because of the large emission proportion of nuclear mode particles.

Recent progress in performance optimization of Cu-SSZ-13 catalyst for selective catalytic reduction of NO x.

Nitrogen oxides (NO x ), which are the major gaseous pollutants emitted by mobile sources, especially diesel engines, contribute to many environmental issues and harm human health. Selective catalytic reduction of NO x with NH3 (NH3-SCR) is proved to be one of the most efficient techniques for reducing NO x emission. Recently, Cu-SSZ-13 catalyst has been recognized as a promising candidate for NH3-SCR catalyst for reducing diesel engine NO x emissions due to its wide active temperature window and excellent hydrothermal stability. Despite being commercialized as an advanced selective catalytic reduction catalyst, Cu-SSZ-13 catalyst still confronts the challenges of low-temperature activity and hydrothermal aging to meet the increasing demands on catalytic performance and lifetime. Therefore, numerous studies have been dedicated to the improvement of NH3-SCR performance for Cu-SSZ-13 catalyst. In this review, the recent progress in NH3-SCR performance optimization of Cu-SSZ-13 catalysts is summarized following three aspects: 1) modifying the Cu active sites; 2) introducing the heteroatoms or metal oxides; 3) regulating the morphology. Meanwhile, future perspectives and opportunities of Cu-SSZ-13 catalysts in reducing diesel engine NO x emissions are discussed.

Effects of substituting iron for aluminum on the low-temperature catalytic activity and sulfur resistance of hydrotalcite-derived LNT catalysts.

The storage and reduction of NOx on a series of Fe-modified hydrotalcite-based lean NOx trap catalysts were assessed, together with the product selectivity. The crystal structures and micromorphologies of these materials were characterized using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy, while in situ diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to evaluate the evolution of transition state species. The introduction of Fe was found to improve the synergistic interaction between the Mg and Fe in the hydrotalcite structure, allowing these catalysts to work efficiently at low temperatures. In addition, both Pt/BaO/MgAlO and Pt/BaO/MgFeO catalysts exhibited better NOx adsorption and reduction performance compared with Pt/BaO/Al2O3. The superior performance of the former two materials was attributed to the enhanced adsorption of NOx in the form of nitrates and nitrites by Fe and Mg and to the ready decomposition of these nitrates at low temperatures. A Pt/BaO/MgFeO catalyst showed excellent low temperature activity and high selectivity for N2 together with superior sulfur resistance compared with Pt/BaO/Al2O3.

[Screening of serum oxysterol biomarkers for colon cancer by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry].

Colon cancer (CC) is one of the most common malignant tumors worldwide. As there are no effective biomarkers for the early diagnosis and intervention tracking, the incidence of CC is increasing every year. Cholesterol is an important component of cell membrane, and it has been shown to be associated with CC. Oxysterol is an oxidized derivative of cholesterol, which plays an important role in many malignant tumors. In this study, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to determine serum cholesterol and ten oxysterol metabolites related to cholesterol in CC patients and healthy controls, and qualitative and quantitative analyses were carried out. Raw data were processed and analyzed using GraphPad Prism 8.3.0 and the MetaboAnalyst 5.0 platform (https://www.metaboanalyst.ca/MetaboAnalyst/ModuleView.xhtml). To perform the independent sample t-test, it was necessary to ensure that all the sample data followed a normal distribution; therefore, the normal distribution test was performed in advance. The Mann-Whitney U test, which is a nonparametric test, was adopted for samples without a normal distribution. For the processed data, we used the statistical analysis function module of the MetaboAnalyst 5.0 platform to perform partial least-square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and orthogonal partial least-square discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). Both PLS-DA and OPLS-DA are supervised discriminant analysis methods. The OPLS-DA model is based on the PLS-DA model and eliminates variables that are unrelated to the experiment. In both models, the samples from the two groups were well separated by the score plot. In the PLS-DA model, the horizontal and vertical coordinates of the score plot represent the interpretation rates of the principal components of the model. The horizontal coordinates show the differences between groups, and the vertical coordinates show the differences within groups. In addition to the score plot in the PLS-DA model, another crucial factor is variable importance in the projection (VIP). When VIP>1, the compound makes an important contribution to the model and is also used as a criterion for screening differential metabolites. Based on 10-fold cross-validation (CV) of the PLS-DA model, the performance of the model was the best when the number of components was three. To avoid overfitting of the data, three metabolic markers were selected by using not only the VIP values of metabolites of the PLS-DA model, but also the optimal compositions and K-mean clusters. The three biomarkers were 4ß-hydroxycholesterol (4ß-OHC), cholestane-3ß,5α,6ß-triol (Triol), and cholesterol. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was constructed. The area under the curve (AUC) was generally between 0.5 and 1.0. In the case of AUC>0.5, the closer the AUC is to 1, the better is the performance of the model. In this study, the area under the ROC curve constructed jointly by the three metabolic markers was 0.998, indicating that their combined ability to predict CC was strong and that the diagnostic performance was excellent. In addition, to understand the role of the three metabolic markers in the pathogenesis of CC, the genes associated with the metabolic markers were identified using GeneCards (https://www.genecards.org/). Finally, 110 genes were identified. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) were used to analyze the biological processes, metabolic pathways, and possible roles in the body. GO enrichment showed that the three markers are mainly distributed in the endoplasmic reticulum lumen and coated vesicles, and they are mainly involved in biological processes such as cholesterol metabolism, transportation, and low-density lipoprotein particle remodeling. Their molecular functions are cholesterol transfer activity and low-density lipoprotein particle receptor binding. KEGG pathway analysis showed that biomarkers are enriched in steroid biosynthesis, PPAR (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor) signaling pathways, and ABC (ATP-binding cassette) transport pathways. The results of this study are helpful to understand the role of cholesterol and oxysterol in the pathogenesis of CC and to elucidate the pathogenesis of CC.

Deeply Unsupervised Patch Re-Identification for Pre-training Object Detectors.

Unsupervised pre-training aims at learning transferable features that are beneficial for downstream tasks. However, most state-of-the-art unsupervised methods concentrate on learning global representations for image-level classification tasks instead of discriminative local region representations, which limits their transferability to region-level downstream tasks, such as object detection. To improve the transferability of pre-trained features to object detection, we present Deeply Unsupervised Patch Re-ID (DUPR), a simple yet effective method for unsupervised visual representation learning. The patch Re-ID task treats individual patch as a pseudo-identity and contrastively learns its correspondence in two views, enabling us to obtain discriminative local features for object detection. Then the proposed patch Re-ID is performed in a deeply unsupervised manner, appealing to object detection, which usually requires multi-level feature maps. Extensive experiments demonstrate that DUPR outperforms state-of-the-art unsupervised pre-trainings and even the ImageNet supervised pre-training on various downstream tasks related to object detection.

Simultaneous determination of serum homocysteine, cysteine, and methionine in patients with schizophrenia by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

Schizophrenia is a debilitating psychiatric disorder affecting approximately 1% of the population worldwide. Disturbances in the homocysteine metabolism are an important factor in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. In this research, a novel validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) quantification procedure was developed to investigate three significant compounds of homocysteine metabolism: homocysteine, cysteine, and methionine in patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls. Sample preparation involved a reduction with dithiothreitol followed by protein precipitation, and the chromatographic runtime was 2 min. The LC-MS/MS method was validated according to CLSI C62-A and the Chinese Guidance for Liquid Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry Clinical Application. The performance of the method was excellent with a coefficient of variation for precision in the range of 0.5-6.9%, an accuracy of 90.4-101.6%. In addition, the practical applicability of the method was demonstrated by applying it in the routine sample analysis for a schizophrenic patient. Increased homocysteine levels and decreased cysteine levels were observed in the patient with schizophrenia. These results indicate that the activity of the transsulfuration pathway may play a key role in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia.

Shuxuetong injection and its peptides enhance angiogenesis after hindlimb ischemia by activating the MYPT1/LIMK1/Cofilin pathway.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Shuxuetong (SXT) injection is formulated by leech and earthworm, has been widely used in the treatment of thrombotic cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases with remarkable clinical efficacy. AIM OF THE STUDY: The purpose of this study is to investigate the protective mechanism of SXT injection on the mice model of hindlimb ischemia, and to evaluate the angiogenic effects of SXT injection and its main active substances. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Hindlimb ischemia was induced by left femoral artery ligation. After operation, the mice were injected with saline, 10 mg/kg/d cilostazol, 37.5 mg/kg/d SXT injection, 75 mg/kg/d SXT injection and 150 mg/kg/d SXT injection via tail vein for 4 weeks. Ischemia severity was assessed using laser Doppler perfusion imaging system. Tissue recovery and capillary density were evaluated by histological and immunofluorescent staining. Vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF-BB) expression were measured by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) analyses. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) proliferation was measured using a BrdU kit and the viability of HUVECs was performed by MTT assay. Migration of HUVECs was performed by the wound healing method and a modified transwell assay. Capillary tube formation by HUVECs was examined by using Matrigel assay. Western blotting was used to detect the expressions of p-Cofilin, p-MYPT1, and p-LIMK1. RESULTS: SXT injection treatment significantly restored the blood flow and reduced tissue injury in mouse gastrocnemius muscle. SXT injection treatment increased capillary density and promoted angiogenesis in hindlimb ischemia. Moreover, SXT injection enhanced the expression of VEGF-A and PDGF-BB at both mRNA and protein levels in ischemic tissue of mice. SXT injection and its main active peptides dramatically increased the migration and capillary tube formation of HUVECs. SXT injection and its peptides enhanced protein expressions of the phosphorylation of MYPT1, Cofilin, and LIMK1. DSYVGDEAQSKR, YNELRVAPEEHP, and IQFLPEGSPVTM may act as the active components of SXT injection. CONCLUSION: SXT injection promoted angiogenesis and improved function recovery in hindlimb ischemia mice by regulation of VEGF-A/PDGF-BB. Moreover, SXT injection and its active peptides induced cell migration and tube formation in HUVECs through activating the MYPT1/LIMK1/Cofilin pathway. This study provided experimental basis for SXT injection in the treatment of ischemic diseases and revealed the effective substance of SXT injection in regulating angiogenesis, providing better evidence for the clinical application of SXT injection.

Characterization of CsTSI in the Biosynthesis of Theanine in Tea Plants (Camellia sinensis).

Theanine is a unique major amino acid in tea plants responsible for umami taste and mental health benefits of tea. However, theanine biosynthesis and physiological role in tea plants are not fully understood. Here, we demonstrate that tea plant theanine synthetase is encoded by a glutamine synthetase gene CsTSI. The expression pattern of CsTSI is closely correlated with theanine and glutamine levels in various tissues. CsTSI transcripts were accumulated in root tip epidermal cells, pericycle and procambial cells, where CsTSI presents as a cytosolic protein. Ectopic expression of the gene in Arabidopsis led to greater glutamine and theanine production than controls when fed with ethylamine (EA). RNAi knockdown or overexpression of CsTSI in tea plant hairy roots reduced or enhanced theanine and glutamine contents, respectively, compared with controls. The CsTSI recombinant enzymes used glutamate as an acceptor and ammonium or EA as a donor to synthesize glutamine and theanine, respectively. CsTSI expression in tea roots responded to nitrogen supply and deprivation and was correlated with theanine contents. This study provides fresh insights into the molecular basis for the biosynthesis of theanine, which may facilitate the breeding of high-theanine tea plants for improving the nutritional benefit of tea.