[Functional MRI assessment of microstructural and perfusion changes in the kidneys of rats with intrauterine growth restriction]. / åŠŸèƒ½ç£å ±æŒ¯è¯„ä¼°å®«å† å‘è‚²è¿Ÿç¼“ä»”é¼ è‚¾è„å¾®è§‚ç»“æž„åŠçŒæ³¨æ”¹å˜.

OBJECTIVES: To explore the value of functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques, including intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM), T1 mapping, and T2 mapping, in assessing the microstructural and perfusion changes in the kidneys of rats with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). METHODS: An IUGR rat model was established through a low-protein diet during pregnancy. Offspring from pregnant rats on a low-protein diet were randomly divided into an IUGR 8-week group and an IUGR 12-week group, while offspring from pregnant rats on a normal diet were divided into a normal 8-week group and a normal 12-week group (n=8 for each group). The apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), true diffusion coefficient (Dt), pseudo-diffusion coefficient (D*), perfusion fraction (f), T1 value, and T2 value of the renal cortex and medulla were compared, along with serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels among the groups. RESULTS: The Dt value in the renal medulla was higher in the IUGR 12-week group than in the IUGR 8-week group, and the D* value in the renal medulla was lower in the IUGR 12-week group than in both the normal 12-week group and the IUGR 8-week group (P<0.05). The T1 value in the renal medulla was higher than in the cortex in the IUGR 8-week group, and the T1 value in the renal medulla was higher in the IUGR 12-week group than in both the IUGR 8-week group and the normal 12-week group, with the cortical T1 value in the IUGR 12-week group also being higher than that in the normal 12-week group (P<0.05). The T2 values in the renal medulla were higher than those in the cortex across all groups (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in the T2 values of either the cortex or medulla among the groups (P>0.05). There were no significant differences in serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels among the groups (P>0.05). Glomerular hyperplasia and hypertrophy without significant fibrotic changes were observed in the IUGR 8-week group, whereas glomerular atrophy, cystic stenosis, and interstitial inflammatory infiltration and fibrosis were seen in the IUGR 12-week group. CONCLUSIONS: IVIM MRI can be used to assess and dynamically observe the microstructural and perfusion damage in the kidneys of IUGR rats. MRI T1 mapping can be used to evaluate kidney damage in IUGR rats, and the combination of MRI T1 mapping and T2 mapping can further differentiate renal fibrosis in IUGR rats.

Risk factors of postoperative delirium following spine surgery: A meta-analysis of 50 cohort studies with 1.1 million participants.

Objectives: Postoperative delirium (POD) is considered to be a common complication of spine surgery. Although many studies have reported the risk factors associated with POD, the results remain unclear. Therefore, we performed a meta-analysis to identify risk factors for POD among patients following spinal surgery. Methods: We systematically searched the PubMed, Embase and the Cochrane Library for relevant articles published from 2006 to February 1, 2023 that reported risk factors associated with the incidence of POD among patients undergoing spinal surgery. The Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) guidelines were followed, and random effects models were used to estimate pooled odds ratio (OR) estimates with 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) for each factor. The evidence from observational studies was classified according to Egger's P value, total sample size, and heterogeneity between studies. Results: Of 11,329 citations screened, 50 cohort studies involving 1,182,719 participants met the inclusion criteria. High-quality evidence indicated that POD was associated with hypertension, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, pulmonary disease, older age (>65 years), patients experiencing substance use disorder (take drug ≥1 month), cerebrovascular disease, kidney disease, neurological disorder, parkinsonism, cervical surgery, surgical site infection, postoperative fever, postoperative urinary tract infection, and admission to the intensive care unit (ICU). Moderate-quality evidence indicated that POD was associated with depression, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) fitness grade (>II), blood transfusion, abnormal potassium, electrolyte disorder, length of stay, inability to ambulate and intravenous fluid volume. Conclusions: Conspicuous risk factors for POD were mainly patient- and surgery-related. These findings help clinicians identify high-risk patients with POD following spinal surgery and recognize the importance of early intervention.

A di-acetyl-decorated chromatin signature couples liquid condensation to suppress DNA end synapsis.

Appropriate DNA end synapsis, regulated by core components of the synaptic complex including KU70-KU80, LIG4, XRCC4, and XLF, is central to non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) repair of chromatinized DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). However, it remains enigmatic whether chromatin modifications can influence the formation of NHEJ synaptic complex at DNA ends, and if so, how this is achieved. Here, we report that the mitotic deacetylase complex (MiDAC) serves as a key regulator of DNA end synapsis during NHEJ repair in mammalian cells. Mechanistically, MiDAC removes combinatorial acetyl marks on histone H2A (H2AK5acK9ac) around DSB-proximal chromatin, suppressing hyperaccumulation of bromodomain-containing protein BRD4 that would otherwise undergo liquid-liquid phase separation with KU80 and prevent the proper installation of LIG4-XRCC4-XLF onto DSB ends. This study provides mechanistic insight into the control of NHEJ synaptic complex assembly by a specific chromatin signature and highlights the critical role of H2A hypoacetylation in restraining unscheduled compartmentalization of DNA repair machinery.

Effect of Lateral Surgery Compared with Posterior Surgery on Lumbar Degenerative Disease: A Meta-Analysis of 41 Cohort Studies.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of the lateral approach and posterior approach in the treatment of lumbar degenerative diseases. METHODS: Through a systematic search of relevant articles published on or before July 20, 2023, in the Embase, PubMed, and Cochrane libraries, the 2 authors independently extracted data and used the Newcastle‒Ottawa scale to evaluate the quality of the included studies. Using Stata16 software, the continuous variables were presented as the standard mean deviation, and the bipartite variables were analyzed using the pooled odds ratio with 95% confidence interval. RESULTS: A total of 13,892 articles were screened and 10,908 studies were identified after deleting duplicates, of which 41 met the criteria and were included in the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis showed that the lateral approach was superior to the posterior approach in reducing blood loss, operation time, and hospital stay. At the same time, compared with the posterior approach, the lateral approach has more advantages in the long-term Japanese Orthopaedic Association score and Oswestry Disability Index score, adjusting mid- and long-term LL and short- and long-term disc height. CONCLUSIONS: Lateral and posterior surgery have similar clinical effects in the treatment of lumbar degenerative diseases and can significantly reduce pain and improve postoperative SL. At the same time, the lateral approach has more advantages in improving long-term quality of life, reducing the long-term disability index, adjusting mid- and long-term LL and short- and long-term disc height.

Percutaneous versus traditional open approaches for the treatment of thoracolumbar fractures in patients without neurologic deficits: a meta-analysis of 35 cohort studies.

At present, percutaneous surgery is widely used to treat thoracolumbar fractures. However, the actual safety, feasibility, and effectiveness of percutaneous surgery are not clear. Through systematic review and meta-analysis, we compared the efficacies of percutaneous pedicle screw fixation and open pedicle screw fixation in the treatment of thoracolumbar fractures without nerve root symptoms. We systematically searched the PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane libraries for articles published on or before June 2023. All results were evaluated by standard methods recommended for meta-analysis, continuous data were expressed by standard mean differences (SMDs), and binary variables were analyzed by odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). We also explored the main sources of heterogeneity and the stability of the results through sensitivity analysis, Begg's funnel plots, and Egger's test. Thirty-five cohort studies with a total of 3039 patients were included. The study found that patients who undergo percutaneous approaches have less intraoperative blood loss (IBL), shorter length of hospital stay (LOS), shorter operation time, and shorter incision. Moreover, percutaneous approaches had more advantages in terms of visual analog scale (VAS) scores, Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) scores, and infection rates. However, there was no significant difference in anterior vertebral body height (AVB), Cobb angle (CA), or screw errors between the two groups. In the long run, the clinical and surgical results of the percutaneous approach are better than those of the open approach, but the radiological results of both operations do not seem to show an advantage for any specific approach. Because of publication bias and heterogeneity, our findings must be interpreted with caution. However, this paper will provide some support for clinicians to choose suitable surgical methods for the treatment of thoracolumbar fractures.

Potential antioxidative and anti-hyperuricemic components in Rodgersia podophylla A. Gray revealed by bio-affinity ultrafiltration with SOD and XOD.

Rodgersia podophylla A. Gray (R. podophylla) is a traditional Chinese medicine with various pharmacological effects. However, its antioxidant and anti-hyperuricemia components and mechanisms of action have not been explored yet. In this study, we first assessed the antioxidant potential of R. podophylla with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. The results suggested that the ethyl acetate (EA) fraction of R. podophylla not only exhibited the strongest DPPH, ABTS radical scavenging and ferric-reducing activities, but also possessed the highest total phenolic and total flavonoid contents among the five fractions. After that, the potential superoxide dismutase (SOD) and xanthine oxidase (XOD) ligands from the EA fraction were quickly screened and identified through the bio-affinity ultrafiltration liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UF-LC-MS). Accordingly, norbergenin, catechin, procyanidin B2, 4-O-galloylbergenin, 11-O-galloylbergenin, and gallic acid were considered to be potential SOD ligands, while gallic acid, 11-O-galloylbergenin, catechin, bergenin, and procyanidin B2 were recognized as potential XOD ligands, respectively. Moreover, these six ligands effectively interacted with SOD in molecular docking simulation, with binding energies (BEs) ranging from -6.85 to -4.67 kcal/mol, and the inhibition constants (Ki) from 9.51 to 379.44 µM, which were better than the positive controls. Particularly, catechin exhibited a robust binding affinity towards XOD, with a BE value of -8.54 kcal/mol and Ki value of 0.55 µM, which surpassed the positive controls. In conclusion, our study revealed that R. podophylla possessed remarkable antioxidant and anti-hyperuricemia activities and that the UF-LC-MS method is suitable for screening potential ligands for SOD and XOD from medicinal plants.

ADAR1 links R-loop homeostasis to ATR activation in replication stress response.

Unscheduled R-loops are a major source of replication stress and DNA damage. R-loop-induced replication defects are sensed and suppressed by ATR kinase, whereas it is not known whether R-loop itself is actively involved in ATR activation and, if so, how this is achieved. Here, we report that the nuclear form of RNA-editing enzyme ADAR1 promotes ATR activation and resolves genome-wide R-loops, a process that requires its double-stranded RNA-binding domains. Mechanistically, ADAR1 interacts with TOPBP1 and facilitates its loading on perturbed replication forks by enhancing the association of TOPBP1 with RAD9 of the 9-1-1 complex. When replication is inhibited, DNA-RNA hybrid competes with TOPBP1 for ADAR1 binding to promote the translocation of ADAR1 from damaged fork to accumulate at R-loop region. There, ADAR1 recruits RNA helicases DHX9 and DDX21 to unwind R-loops, simultaneously allowing TOPBP1 to stimulate ATR more efficiently. Collectively, we propose that the tempo-spatially regulated assembly of ADAR1-nucleated protein complexes link R-loop clearance and ATR activation, while R-loops crosstalk with blocked replication forks by transposing ADAR1 to finetune ATR activity and safeguard the genome.

Breaking The Permeance-Selectivity Tradeoff for Post-Combustion Carbon Capture: A Bio-Inspired Strategy to Form Ultrathin Hollow Fiber Membranes.

Thin film composite (TFC) hollow fiber membranes with ultrathin selective layer are desirable to maximize the gas permeance for practical applications. Herein, a bio-inspired strategy is proposed to fabricate sub-100-nm membranes via a tree-mimicking polymer network with amphipathic components featuring multifunctionalities. The hydrophobic polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) brushes act as the roots that can strongly cling to the gutter layer, the PDMS crosslinkers function as the xylems to enable fast gas transport, and the hydrophilic ethylene-oxide moieties (brushes and mobile molecules) resemble tree leaves that selectively attract CO2 molecules. As a result, a ≈27 nm-thick selective layer can be attached to the hollow fiber-supported PDMS gutter layer through a simple dip-coating method without any modification. Furthermore, a CO2 permeance of ≈2700 GPU and a CO2 /N2 selectivity of ≈21 that is beyond the permeance-selectivity upper bound for hollow fiber membranes is achieved. This bio-inspired concept can potentially open the possibility of scalable hollow fiber membranes production for commercial applications in post-combustion carbon capture and beyond.

Risk factors of epidural hematoma in patients undergoing spinal surgery: a meta-analysis of 29 cohort studies.

OBJECTIVE: The authors conducted this meta-analysis to identify risk factors for spinal epidural haematoma (SEH) among patients following spinal surgery. METHODS: The authors systematically searched Pub: Med, Embase, and the Cochrane Library for articles that reported risk factors associated with the development of SEH in patients undergoing spinal surgery from inception to 2 July 2022. The pooled odds ratio (OR) was estimated using a random-effects model for each investigated factor. The evidence of observational studies was classified as high quality (Class I), moderate quality (Class II or III) and low quality (Class IV) based on sample size, Egger's P value and between-study heterogeneity. In addition, subgroup analyses stratified by study baseline characteristics and leave-one-out sensitivity analyses were performed to explore the potential sources of heterogeneity and the stability of the results. RESULTS: Of 21 791 articles screened, 29 unique cohort studies comprising 150 252 patients were included in the data synthesis. Studies with high-quality evidence showed that older patients (≥60 years) (OR, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.03-1.77) were at higher risk for SEH. Studies with moderate-quality evidence suggested that patients with a BMI greater than or equal to 25 kg/m² (OR, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.10-1.76), hypertension (OR, 1.67; 95% CI, 1.28-2.17), and diabetes (OR, 1.25; 95% CI, 1.01-1.55) and those undergoing revision surgery (OR, 1.92; 95% CI, 1.15-3.25) and multilevel procedures (OR, 5.20; 95% CI, 2.89-9.37) were at higher risk for SEH. Meta-analysis revealed no association between tobacco use, operative time, anticoagulant use or American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) classification and SEH. CONCLUSIONS: Obvious risk factors for SEH include four patient-related risk factors, including older age, obesity, hypertension and diabetes, and two surgery-related risk factors, including revision surgery and multilevel procedures. These findings, however, must be interpreted with caution because most of these risk factors had small effect sizes. Nonetheless, they may help clinicians identify high-risk patients to improve prognosis.

Docosahexaenoic acid improves cognition and hippocampal pyroptosis in rats with intrauterine growth restriction.

Background and Objective: Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is defined as the failure of a fetus to reach its genetic growth potential in utero resulted by maternal, placental, fetal, and genetic factors. Previous studies have reported that IUGR is associated with a high incidence of neurological damage, although the precise causes of such damage remain unclear. We aimed to investigate whether cognitive impairment in rats with IUGR is related to pyroptosis of hippocampal neurons and determine the effect of early intervention with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Methods: Learning and memory function was assessed using the Morris water maze test. The morphological structure and ultrastructure of the hippocampus was examined via hematoxylin and eosin staining and electron microscopy respectively. The pyroptosis of hippocampal neuron was detected by gasdermin-D (GSDMD) immunofluorescence staining, mRNA and protein expression of nuclear localization leucine-rich-repeat protein 1 (NLRP1), caspase-1, GSDMD, and quantification of inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1ß and IL-18 in the hippocampus. Results: IUGR rats exhibited decreased learning and memory function, morphological structure and ultrastructural changes in hippocampus compared to controls. IUGR rats also exhibited increased hippocampal quantification of GSDMD immunofluorescence staining, increased mRNA and protein expression of NLRP1, caspase-1, and GSDMD, and increased quantification of IL-1ß and IL-18 in the hippocampus. Intervention with DHA attenuated these effects. Conclusion: Cognitive impairment in rats with IUGR may be related to pyroptosis of hippocampal neurons. Early intervention with DHA may attenuate cognitive impairment and reduce hippocampal pyroptosis in rats with IUGR.

Precise Construction of Sn/C Composite Membrane with Graphene-Like Sn-in-Carbon Structural Units toward Hyperstable Anode for Lithium Storage.

A new-type binder-free Sn/C composite membrane with densely stacked Sn-in-carbon nanosheets was prepared by vacuum-induced self-assembly of graphene-like Sn alkoxide and following in situ thermal conversion. The successful implementation of this rational strategy is based on the controllable synthesis of graphene-like Sn alkoxide by using Na-citrate with the critical inhibitory effect on polycondensation of Sn alkoxide along the a and b directions. Density functional theory calculations reveal that graphene-like Sn alkoxide can be formed under the joint action of oriented densification along the c axis and continuous growth along the a and b directions. The Sn/C composite membrane constructed by graphene-like Sn-in-carbon nanosheets can effectively buffer volume fluctuation of inlaid Sn during cycling and much enhance the kinetics of Li+ diffusion and charge transfer with the developed ion/electron transmission paths. After temperature-controlled structure optimization, Sn/C composite membrane displays extraordinary Li storage behaviors, including reversible half-cell capacities up to 972.5 mAh g-1 at a density of 1 A g-1 for 200 cycles, 885.5/729.3 mAh g-1 over 1000 cycles at large current densities of 2/4 A g-1, and terrific practicability with reliable full-cell capacities of 789.9/582.9 mAh g-1 up to 200 cycles under 1/4 A g-1. It is worthy of noting that this strategy may open up new opportunities to fabricate advanced membrane materials and construct hyperstable self-supporting anodes in lithium ion batteries.

Roles of anoikis in colorectal cancer therapy and the assessment of anoikis-regulatory molecules as therapeutic targets.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a deadly malignancy and therapeutic approaches for CRC are evolving every day. Anoikis is a key mechanism for programmed cell death of cancer cells that undergo anchorage-independent growth at a different matrix than the one which is expected. Yet, anoikis is a less studied mechanism of cell death in comparison to other mechanisms such as apoptosis. Relating to this, resistance to anoikis among cancer cells remains critical for improved metastasis and survival in a new environment evading anoikis. Since CRC cells have the ability to metastasize from proximal sites to secondary organs such as liver and promote cancer in those distant sites, a clear knowledge of the mechanisms essential for anchorage-independent growth and subsequent metastasis is necessary to counteract CRC progression and spread. Therefore, the identification of novel drug candidates and studying the roles of anoikis in assisting CRC therapy using such drugs can prevent anchorage-independent cancer cell growth. Additionally, the identification of novel biomarkers or therapeutic targets seems essential for implementing superior therapy, impeding relapse among malignant cells and improving the survival rate of clinical patients. As there are no reviews published on this topic till date, anoikis as a mechanism of cell death and its therapeutic roles in CRC are discussed in this review. In addition, several molecules were identified as therapeutic targets for CRC.

Decreased IGF-1 level is associated with restrained amino acid metabolism in NSCLC with diabetes mellitus.

The discovery of a large number of small pulmonary nodules and early diagnosis of lung cancer in the diabetic patients prompt us to re-examine the relationship between diabetes and the occurrence and development of lung cancer. The aim of this study was to explore the underlying metabolites changes in diabetes with NSCLC or benign nodule patients, and further to investigate the association of serum IGF-1 level and differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs). An untargeted metabolomics method was used to detect the changes of metabolism in diabetic patients with NSCLC on the platform of HR-MS. Serum level of IGF-1 was measured by ELISA. The patients were divided to three groups, DM, DLB (nodule), and DLC (cancer). we have identified numerous DEMs, which include amino acid, choline, and fatty acid derivatives. Further analysis of the involved metabolic pathways suggested that linoleate metabolism, tryptophan metabolism, histidine metabolism, putative anti-Inflammatory metabolites formation from EPA, and arachidonic acid metabolism were considered to be the most significant metabolic pathways between groups. Networks analysis suggested that a series of metabolites were associated with serum IGF-1among the three groups, which can be divided into 6 categories. Nine metabolites have been identified as the main DEMs among the DLC, DLB, and DM groups. In conclusion, metabolomics is a powerful and promising tool for the cancer risk evaluation in diabetic patients. Our results suggest that decreased IGF-1 level is associated with restrained amino acid metabolism in NSCLC with diabetes mellitus.

Molecular Dynamics and Chain Length of Edible Oil Using Low-Field Nuclear Magnetic Resonance.

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques are widely used to identify pure substances and probe protein dynamics. Edible oil is a complex mixture composed of hydrocarbons, which have a wide range of molecular size distribution. In this research, low-field NMR (LF-NMR) relaxation characteristic data from various sample oils were analyzed. We also suggest a new method for predicting the size of edible oil molecules using LF-NMR relaxation time. According to the relative molecular mass, the carbon chain length and the transverse relaxation time of different sample oils, combined with oil viscosity and other factors, the relationship between carbon chain length and transverse relaxation time rate was analyzed. Various oils and fats in the mixed fluid were displayed, reflecting the composition information of different oils. We further studied the correlation between the rotation correlation time and the molecular information of oil molecules. The molecular composition of the resulting fluid determines its properties, such as viscosity and phase behavior. The results show that low-field NMR can obtain information on the composition, macromolecular aggregation and molecular dynamics of complex fluids. The measurements of grease in the free-fluid state show that the relaxation time can reflect the intrinsic properties of the fluid. It is shown that the composition characteristics and states of complex fluids can be measured using low-field nuclear magnetic resonance.

Tunable Supramolecular Cavities Molecularly Homogenized in Polymer Membranes for Ultraefficient Precombustion CO2 Capture.

Processable molecular-sieving membranes are important materials for realizing energy-efficient precombustion CO2 capture during industrial-scale hydrogen production. However, the promising design of mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) that aims to integrate the molecular-sieving properties of nanoporous architectures with industrial processable polymers still faces performance and fabrication issues due to the formation of segregated nanofiller domains in their polymer matrices. Here, an unconventional nanocomposite membrane design is proposed using soluble organic macrocyclic cavitands (OMCs) with tunable open cavity sizes that not only mitigate the formation the discrete nanofiller phases but also deliver distinct molecular-sieving separations. The versatile organic-solvent solubility coupled with highly interactive functionalities of OMCs allows them to obtain molecularly homogeneous mixing with matrix polymers and form only one integral continuous phase crucial to the robust processability of polymers. A series of polybenzimidazole-based molecularly mixed composite membranes (MMCMs) are fabricated via the incorporation of a soluble and thermally stable OMC choice, sulfocalixarenes, with various cavity sizes. These membranes achieve outstanding high-temperature mixed-gas H2 /CO2 separation performances comparable with several state-of-the-art molecular-sieving membranes owing to effective size-sieving gas passages through the open or partially-intruded supramolecular cavities. The broadly tunable structures and functionalities of OMCs would make their MMCMs attractive for other energy-intensive molecular separations.

Novel Cellulose Triacetate (CTA)/Cellulose Diacetate (CDA) Blend Membranes Enhanced by Amine Functionalized ZIF-8 for CO2 Separation.

Currently, cellulose acetate (CA) membranes dominate membrane-based CO2 separation for natural gas purification due to their economical and green nature. However, their lower CO2 permeability and ease of plasticization are the drawbacks. To overcome these weaknesses, we have developed high-performance mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) consisting of cellulose triacetate (CTA), cellulose diacetate (CDA), and amine functionalized zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (NH2-ZIF-8) for CO2 separation. The NH2-ZIF-8 was chosen as a filler because (1) its pore size is between the kinetic diameters of CO2 and CH4 and (2) the NH2 groups attached on the surface of NH2-ZIF-8 have good affinity with CO2 molecules. The incorporation of NH2-ZIF-8 in the CTA/CDA blend matrix improved both the gas separation performance and plasticization resistance. The optimized membrane containing 15 wt.% of NH2-ZIF-8 had a CO2 permeability of 11.33 Barrer at 35 °C under the trans-membrane pressure of 5 bar. This is 2-fold higher than the pristine membrane, while showing a superior CO2/CH4 selectivity of 33. In addition, the former had 106% higher CO2 plasticization resistance of up to about 21 bar and an impressive mixed gas CO2/CH4 selectivity of about 40. Therefore, the newly fabricated MMMs based on the CTA/CDA blend may have great potential for CO2 separation in the natural gas industry.

Polyphenylsulfone (PPSU)-Based Copolymeric Membranes: Effects of Chemical Structure and Content on Gas Permeation and Separation.

Although various polymer membrane materials have been applied to gas separation, there is a trade-off relationship between permeability and selectivity, limiting their wider applications. In this paper, the relationship between the gas permeation behavior of polyphenylsulfone(PPSU)-based materials and their chemical structure for gas separation has been systematically investigated. A PPSU homopolymer and three kinds of 3,3',5,5'-tetramethyl-4,4'-biphenol (TMBP)-based polyphenylsulfone (TMPPSf) copolymers were synthesized by controlling the TMBP content. As the TMPPSf content increases, the inter-molecular chain distance (or d-spacing value) increases. Data from positron annihilation life-time spectroscopy (PALS) indicate the copolymer with a higher TMPPSf content has a larger fractional free volume (FFV). The logarithm of their O2, N2, CO2, and CH4 permeability was found to increase linearly with an increase in TMPPSf content but decrease linearly with increasing 1/FFV. The enhanced permeability results from the increases in both sorption coefficient and gas diffusivity of copolymers. Interestingly, the gas permeability increases while the selectivity stays stable due to the presence of methyl groups in TMPPSf, which not only increases the free volume but also rigidifies the polymer chains. This study may provide a new strategy to break the trade-off law and increase the permeability of polymer materials largely.

[Risk factors for metabolic bone disease of prematurity in very/extremely low birth weight infants: a multicenter investigation in China].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the incidence rate and risk factors for metabolic bone disease of prematurity (MBDP) in very low birth weight/extremely low birth weight (VLBW/ELBW) infants. METHODS: The medical data of 61 786 neonates from multiple centers of China between September 1, 2013 and August 31, 2016 were retrospectively investigated, including 504 VLBW/ELBW preterm infants who met the inclusion criteria. Among the 504 infants, 108 infants diagnosed with MBDP were enrolled as the MBDP group and the remaining 396 infants were enrolled as the non-MBDP group. The two groups were compared in terms of general information of mothers and preterm infants, major diseases during hospitalization, nutritional support strategies, and other treatment conditions. The multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the risk factors for MBDP. RESULTS: The incidence rate of MBDP was 19.4% (88/452) in VLBW preterm infants and 38.5% (20/52) in ELBW preterm infants. The incidence rate of MBDP was 21.7% in preterm infants with a gestational age of < 32 weeks and 45.5% in those with a gestational age of < 28 weeks. The univariate analysis showed that compared with the non-MBDP group, the MBDP group had significantly lower gestational age and birth weight, a significantly longer length of hospital stay, and a significantly higher incidence rate of extrauterine growth retardation (P < 0.05). Compared with the non-MBDP group, the MBDP group had significantly higher incidence rates of neonatal sepsis, anemia, hypocalcemia, and retinopathy of prematurity (P < 0.05). The MBDP group had a significantly lower mean feeding speed, a significantly higher age when reaching total enteral feeding, and a significantly longer duration of parenteral nutrition (P < 0.05). The use rate of caffeine citrate in the MBDP group was significantly higher, but the use rate of erythropoietin was significantly lower than that in the non-MBDP group (P < 0.05). The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that gestational age < 32 weeks, hypocalcemia, extrauterine growth retardation at discharge, and neonatal sepsis were risk factors for MBDP (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: A lower gestational age, hypocalcemia, extrauterine growth retardation at discharge, and neonatal sepsis may be associated an increased risk of MBDP in VLBW/ELBW preterm infants. It is necessary to strengthen perinatal healthcare, avoid premature delivery, improve the awareness of the prevention and treatment of MBDP among neonatal pediatricians, and adopt positive and reasonable nutrition strategies and comprehensive management measures for preterm infants.

Ultra-strong polymeric hollow fiber membranes for saline dewatering and desalination.

Osmotically assisted reverse osmosis (OARO) has become an emerging membrane technology to tackle the limitations of a reverse osmosis (RO) process for water desalination. A strong membrane that can withstand a high hydraulic pressure is crucial for the OARO process. Here, we develop ultra-strong polymeric thin film composite (TFC) hollow fiber membranes with exceptionally high hydraulic burst pressures of up to 110 bar, while maintaining high pure water permeance of around 3 litre/(m2 h bar) and a NaCl rejection of about 98%. The ultra-strong TFC hollow fiber membranes are achieved mainly by tuning the concentration of the host polymer in spinning dopes and engineering the fiber dimension and morphology. The optimal TFC membranes display promising water permeance under the OR and OARO operation modes. This work may shed new light on the fabrication of ultra-strong TFC hollow fiber membranes for water treatments and desalination.

The synovial fluid neuropeptide PACAP may act as a protective factor during disease progression of primary knee osteoarthritis and is increased following hyaluronic acid injection.

The correlation of serum and synovial fluid (SF) pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) levels with disease progression of primary knee osteoarthritis (OA) was explored. Radiographic severity of OA was determined by Kellgren-Lawrence (K-L) grades. PACAP levels were measured by ELISA before treatment, and 4 and 8 wk following hyaluronic acid (HA) injection. Levels of IL-1ß and MMP-3 were also detected. The numeric pain scale (NPS), revised Oxford Knee Score (OKS), and American Knee Society Score (AKSS) were employed to evaluate to symptomatic severity. Receiver-operating-characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was carried out to compare the diagnostic value of PACAP, IL-1ß, and MMP-3 for the K-L grade. PACAP concentrations in SF but not serum were significantly lower in OA patients compared with controls. SF PACAP levels were negatively associated with K-L grades and higher NPS as well as worse AKSS and OKS. Further analysis demonstrated that PACAP concentration in SF was negatively correlated with expressions of IL-1ß as well as MMP-3 and may act as a marker for radiographic progression along with MMP-3. Last, we found SF PACAP levels exhibited an incremental trend after HA injection. These findings confirmed the crucial role of PACAP deficiency in the development of primary knee OA.