Fatores de risco e proteção para acidentes de transporte terrestre entre adolescentes brasileiros, pense 2015/2019 / Factores de riesgo y protección de los accidentes de transporte por carretera entre los adolescentes brasileños, pense 2015/2019 / Risk and protective factors for road transportation accidents among brazilian adolescents, pense 2015/2019

RESUMO Objetivo: descrever a prevalência de fatores de risco e proteção para acidentes de transporte terrestre (ATT) entre adolescentes brasileiros. Métodos: foram analisados dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar, de 2015 e 2019, referentes aos indicadores de risco e/ou proteção no trânsito. Foram estimadas as prevalências e respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC 95%), segundo sexo, faixa etária e tipo de escola. Resultados: dos escolares de 13 a 17 anos entrevistados, 33,3% (IC 95%:32,1;33,7) referiram ter dirigido veículo motorizado ou ter sido transportado em veículo conduzido por alguém que tinha consumido bebida alcoólica, 38,1% (IC 95%:37,4;38,7) afirmaram ter sido transportados por quem utilizava o celular enquanto dirigia, 17,5% (IC 95%:16,8;18,2) referiram não usar cinto de segurança no banco da frente e 30,2% (IC 95%:29,4;30,9) no banco de trás, e 27,1% (IC 95%:26,5;27,7) dos estudantes relataram ter sido transportado por condutor alcoolizado. Entre 2015 e 2019, o uso do cinto de segurança no banco de trás, reduziu de 33,7% para 30,2%, e o uso de capacete ao andar de moto aumentou de 84,6% para 88,9%. Conclusão: a prevalência de escolares que dirigiam ou andavam com pessoas sob efeito do álcool ou que usavam o celular enquanto dirigiam foi elevada. Além disso, o uso de cinto de segurança no banco de trás foi baixo. Entre 2015 e 2019, o uso de cinto de segurança no banco de trás reduziu e o uso de capacete aumentou. É necessário ampliar as estratégias de educação no trânsito para os adolescentes, seus familiares e responsáveis.

RESUMEN Objetivo: describir la prevalencia de los factores de riesgo y protección de los accidentes de tráfico (ATT) entre los adolescentes brasileños. Métodos: se analizaron los datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud Escolar de 2015 y 2019, referidos a los indicadores de riesgo y/o protección en el tráfico. Se estimó la prevalencia y los respectivos intervalos de confianza del 95% (IC 95%), según el sexo, el grupo de edad y el tipo de escuela. Resultados: de los estudiantes de 13 a 17 años entrevistados, el 33,3% (IC 95%:32,1;33,7) declaró haber conducido un vehículo de motor o haber sido transportado en un vehículo conducido por alguien que había consumido bebidas alcohólicas, el 38,1% (IC 95%: 37,4;38,7) declararon haber sido transportados por alguien que utilizaba el teléfono móvil mientras conducía, el 17,5% (IC 95%:16,8;18,2) declararon no llevar el cinturón de seguridad en el asiento delantero y el 30,2% (IC 95%:29,4;30,9) en el asiento trasero, y el 27,1% (IC 95%:26,5;27,7) de los estudiantes declararon haber sido transportados por un conductor alcoholizado. Entre 2015 y 2019, el uso del cinturón de seguridad en el asiento trasero, se redujo del 33,7% al 30,2%, y el uso del casco cuando se conduce una moto, aumentó del 84,6% al 88,9%. Conclusión: la prevalencia de escolares que conducían o viajaban con personas bajo los efectos del alcohol o que utilizaban el teléfono móvil mientras conducían era elevada. Además, el uso del cinturón de seguridad en el asiento trasero era escaso. Entre 2015 y 2019, se redujo el uso del cinturón de seguridad en el asiento trasero y aumentó el uso del casco. Es necesario ampliar las estrategias de educación vial para los adolescentes, sus familias y tutores.

ABSTRACT Objective: to describe the prevalence of risk and protection factors for road transportation accidents (RTAs) among Brazilian adolescents. Methods: data from the 2015 and 2019 National School Health Survey were analyzed, referring to the risk and/or protection risk indicators in terms of traffic. The prevalence values and respective 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were estimated according to gender, age group and type of school. Results: of the students aged from 13 to 17 years old that were interviewed, 33.3% (95% CI: 32.1-33.7) reported having driven a motor vehicle or being a passenger in a vehicle driven by someone who had drunk alcohol, 38.1% (95% CI: 37.4-38.7) reported having been a passenger of someone who used a cell phone while driving, 17.5% (95% CI: 16.8-18.2) reported not wearing a seatbelt in the front seat and 30.2% (95% CI: 29.4-30.9) not doing so in the back seat, and 27.1% (95% CI: 26.5-27.7) of the students reported having been a passenger of a drunk driver. Between 2015 and 2019, back-seat seatbelt use dropped from 33.7% to 30.2%, and helmet use while riding a motorcycle increased from 84.6% to 88.9%. Conclusion: the prevalence of in-school adolescents who drove or were passengers in vehicles driven by motorists under the effect of alcohol or using cell phones while driving was high. In addition to that, back-seat seatbelt use was low. Between 2015 and 2019, back-seat seatbelt use was reduced and helmet u se while riding a motorcycle increased. It is necessary to expand the traffic education strategies aimed at adolescents, their family members and guardians.

Road traffic injuries and deaths and the achievement of UN Sustainable Development Goals in Brazil: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study, 1990 to 2019.

INTRODUCTION: Brazil ranks 5th in the number of deaths due to road injuries. This study aimed to analyze mortality and disabilities resulting from road injuries in Brazil, and to assess the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) target of reducing deaths due to road injuries by 50% by 2030. METHODS: This descriptive and exploratory study used the estimates from the Global Burden of Disease 2019: indicators of mortality, premature deaths, and disabilities according to sex, age group, and type of transport for 1990, 2015, and 2019. Time trends in mortality rates from 1990 to 2019 were assessed, and a projection for 2030 was calculated, applying a linear regression model. RESULTS: Deaths due to road injuries were 44,236 in 1990, and 44,529 in 2019, representing a 43% reduction in mortality rates. The highest rates were in the North, Northeast, and Midwest regions of Brazil, in males and young adults. A 77% reduction was observed in mortality rates for pedestrians and an increase of 53% for motorcyclists and of 54% for cyclists during the period. In terms of motorcycle road injuries, the mortality rate for men increased from 7.3/100,000 (1990) to 11.7/100,000 inhabitants (2019). The rates of premature deaths and disabilities were also higher for men when compared to women. Amputations, fractures, spinal cord injuries, and head trauma were the main types of road injuries. The projections for 2030 show that Brazil might not reach the SDG target. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the decline in mortality rates, the 2030 Agenda's target might not be achieved.

Road traffic injuries and deaths and the achievement of UN Sustainable Development Goals in Brazil: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study, 1990 to 2019

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Brazil ranks 5th in the number of deaths due to road injuries. This study aimed to analyze mortality and disabilities resulting from road injuries in Brazil, and to assess the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) target of reducing deaths due to road injuries by 50% by 2030. METHODS: This descriptive and exploratory study used the estimates from the Global Burden of Disease 2019: indicators of mortality, premature deaths, and disabilities according to sex, age group, and type of transport for 1990, 2015, and 2019. Time trends in mortality rates from 1990 to 2019 were assessed, and a projection for 2030 was calculated, applying a linear regression model. RESULTS: Deaths due to road injuries were 44,236 in 1990, and 44,529 in 2019, representing a 43% reduction in mortality rates. The highest rates were in the North, Northeast, and Midwest regions of Brazil, in males and young adults. A 77% reduction was observed in mortality rates for pedestrians and an increase of 53% for motorcyclists and of 54% for cyclists during the period. In terms of motorcycle road injuries, the mortality rate for men increased from 7.3/100,000 (1990) to 11.7/100,000 inhabitants (2019). The rates of premature deaths and disabilities were also higher for men when compared to women. Amputations, fractures, spinal cord injuries, and head trauma were the main types of road injuries. The projections for 2030 show that Brazil might not reach the SDG target. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the decline in mortality rates, the 2030 Agenda's target might not be achieved.

Helmet use and injury severity among crashed motorcyclists in Brazilian state capitals: an analysis of the violence an accidents survey 2017. / Uso de capacete e gravidade de lesões em motociclistas vítimas de acidentes de trânsito nas capitais brasileiras: uma análise do Viva Inquérito 2017.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the effect of helmet use on injury severity among motorcyclists and passengers involved in traffic accidents. METHODS: Cross-sectional study of traffic accidents involving motorcyclists attended at the emergency healthcare units participating in the Violence and Accidents Survey Conducted in Sentinel Emergency Departments (Viva Survey) 2017. RESULTS: There was a predominance of individuals aged 18 to 29 years old (46.6%), black (75.2%), with high school education (50.6%). Alcohol use was observed in 14.1% of cases. Helmet use was associated with a 76% reduction in the occurrence of head trauma and a 28% reduction in the referral, hospitalization or death. CONCLUSION: Young, male, black individuals and those with low education were the most frequent victims of accidents. Helmet use was protective for severe injuries.

Profile of cases due to burn attended in emergency care units in Brazilian capitals in 2017. / Perfil dos casos de queimadura atendidos em serviços hospitalares de urgência e emergência nas capitais brasileiras em 2017.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the profile of burn victims attended in emergency services and to identify associations between the variables investigated. METHODS: Cross-sectional study based on data from the 2017 survey "Surveillance of violence and accidents in emergency units". We used descriptive analysis, according to demographic characteristics and aspects related to the burn injury, as well as the correspondence analysis technique, which allowed to verify possible associations between the variables investigated. RESULTS: Burns were more frequent: in adults aged between 20 and 39 years (40.7%); in men (57.0%); in the household (67.7%); due to hot substances (52.0%). Household accidents were more frequent in the age group 0-15 years (92.0%) and elderly (84.4%), and in women (81.6%). Accidents in commerce, services and industry affected individuals aged 16 to 59 years (73.6%). Referral to other hospitals was associated with cases in the elderly and hospitalization with the cases in individuals aged between 0 and 15 years old. Events in the working age population were associated with alcohol use and the workplace. Among women, it is suggested to associate burn accidents with household and hot substances. CONCLUSIONS: The results point to the need for oriented actions in the field of health education, as well as labor regulation and supervision.

Temporal trend in the prevalence of indicators related to driving a motor vehicle after alcohol consumption, between 2007 and 2018. / Tendência temporal da prevalência de indicadores relacionados à condução de veículos motorizados após o consumo de bebida alcoólica, entre os anos de 2007 e 2018.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the temporal trend of indicators related to motor vehicle driving after alcohol consumption, in the general population and among drivers. METHODS: Temporal trend study of indicators related to driving motorized vehicles after alcohol consumption, between 2007 and 2018, based on information from Vigitel. The population consisted of adults (≥ 18 years old) living in Brazilian capitals with a landline. Trend analysis was performed by linear regression. RESULTS: Between 2007 and 2018, there was a reduction in the indicator "driving a vehicle after alcohol abuse by the population" from 2.0% to 0.7% (p < 0.001). This consumption when calculated only among drivers decreased from 3.5 in 2011 to 1.6 in 2018 (p < 0.003). Driving a vehicle by drivers after consuming any amount of alcohol had high prevalences, ranging from 15.7% (2011) to 11.4% (2018). Prevalence in all indicators was higher among men, younger adults (18 to 34 years) and with higher education. CONCLUSION: The practice of alcohol abuse and driving reduced in Brazil, however, driving after drinking any amount of alcohol still remains high. Therefore, it is necessary to maintain regulatory measures to control alcohol and driving in order to reduce traffic accidents.

Perfil dos casos de queimadura atendidos em serviços hospitalares de urgência e emergência nas capitais brasileiras em 2017 / Profile of cases due to burn attended in emergency care units in Brazilian capitals in 2017

RESUMO: Objetivos: Definir o perfil das vítimas de queimadura atendidas nos serviços de emergência e identificar possíveis associações entre as variáveis investigadas. Métodos: Estudo transversal com base nos dados do inquérito "Vigilância de Violências e Acidentes em Unidades Sentinelas de Urgência e Emergência", de 2017. Procedeu-se à análise descritiva segundo características demográficas e aspectos relativos ao acidente por queimadura, bem como à técnica de análise de correspondência, que permitiu verificar possíveis associações entre as variáveis investigadas. Resultados: Os casos de queimadura foram mais frequentes: em adultos com idade entre 20 e 39 anos (40,7%); em homens (57%); no domicílio (67,7%); em decorrência do manuseio de substâncias quentes (52%). Acidentes no domicílio foram mais frequentes nas faixas etárias de 0 a 15 anos (92%) e idosos (84,4%) e em mulheres (81,6%). Acidentes no comércio, serviços e indústria acometeram indivíduos com idades entre 16 e 59 anos (73,6%). O encaminhamento para outros hospitais esteve associado aos casos ocorridos em idosos e a internação aos eventos que acometeram indivíduos na faixa de 0 a 15 anos de idade. Eventos na população em idade produtiva apresentaram associação com o uso de álcool e o local de trabalho. Entre as mulheres, sugere-se associação dos acidentes com o domicílio e substâncias quentes. Conclusão: Os resultados apontam para a necessidade de ações orientadas no campo da educação em saúde, bem como da regulamentação e da fiscalização trabalhistas.

ABSTRACT: Objectives: To describe the profile of burn victims attended in emergency services and to identify associations between the variables investigated. Methods: Cross-sectional study based on data from the 2017 survey "Surveillance of violence and accidents in emergency units". We used descriptive analysis, according to demographic characteristics and aspects related to the burn injury, as well as the correspondence analysis technique, which allowed to verify possible associations between the variables investigated. Results: Burns were more frequent: in adults aged between 20 and 39 years (40.7%); in men (57.0%); in the household (67.7%); due to hot substances (52.0%). Household accidents were more frequent in the age group 0-15 years (92.0%) and elderly (84.4%), and in women (81.6%). Accidents in commerce, services and industry affected individuals aged 16 to 59 years (73.6%). Referral to other hospitals was associated with cases in the elderly and hospitalization with the cases in individuals aged between 0 and 15 years old. Events in the working age population were associated with alcohol use and the workplace. Among women, it is suggested to associate burn accidents with household and hot substances. Conclusions: The results point to the need for oriented actions in the field of health education, as well as labor regulation and supervision.

Tendência temporal da prevalência de indicadores relacionados à condução de veículos motorizados após o consumo de bebida alcoólica, entre os anos de 2007 e 2018 / Temporal trend in the prevalence of indicators related to driving a motor vehicle after alcohol consumption, between 2007 and 2018

RESUMO: Objetivo: Analisar a tendência temporal da prevalência de indicadores relacionados à condução de veículos motorizados após o consumo de bebida alcoólica, na população em geral e entre motoristas. Métodos: Estudo de tendência temporal de indicadores relacionados à condução de veículos motorizados após o consumo de bebida alcoólica, entre 2007 e 2018, com base nas informações do sistema de Vigilância de Fatores de Risco e Proteção para Doenças Crônicas por Inquérito Telefônico (Vigitel). A população foi constituída de adultos (≥ 18 anos) residentes nas capitais brasileiras com telefone fixo. A análise de tendência foi realizada pela regressão linear. Resultados: Entre 2007 e 2018 houve redução do indicador "condução de veículo após consumo abusivo de bebida alcóolica pela população" de 2 para 0,7% (p < 0,001). Esse consumo, quando calculado apenas entre motoristas, reduziu de 3,5 em 2011 para 1,6 em 2018 (p < 0,003). A condução de veículo por motoristas após consumo de qualquer quantidade de bebida alcóolica apresentou elevadas prevalências, variando de 15,7% (2011) para 11,4% (2018). As prevalências em todos indicadores foram mais elevadas entre homens, adultos mais jovens (18 a 34 anos) e com maior escolaridade. Conclusão: A prática do consumo abusivo de bebida alcóolica e direção reduziu no Brasil, entretanto a prática de dirigir após o consumo de qualquer quantidade de álcool ainda continua elevada. Portanto, torna-se necessário manter as medidas regulatórias de fiscalização de álcool e direção, visando à redução dos acidentes de trânsito.

ABSTRACT: Objective: To analyze the temporal trend of indicators related to motor vehicle driving after alcohol consumption, in the general population and among drivers. Methods: Temporal trend study of indicators related to driving motorized vehicles after alcohol consumption, between 2007 and 2018, based on information from Vigitel. The population consisted of adults (≥ 18 years old) living in Brazilian capitals with a landline. Trend analysis was performed by linear regression. Results: Between 2007 and 2018, there was a reduction in the indicator "driving a vehicle after alcohol abuse by the population" from 2.0% to 0.7% (p < 0.001). This consumption when calculated only among drivers decreased from 3.5 in 2011 to 1.6 in 2018 (p < 0.003). Driving a vehicle by drivers after consuming any amount of alcohol had high prevalences, ranging from 15.7% (2011) to 11.4% (2018). Prevalence in all indicators was higher among men, younger adults (18 to 34 years) and with higher education. Conclusion: The practice of alcohol abuse and driving reduced in Brazil, however, driving after drinking any amount of alcohol still remains high. Therefore, it is necessary to maintain regulatory measures to control alcohol and driving in order to reduce traffic accidents.

Trends in violent situations experienced by Brazilian adolescents: National Adolescent Student Health Survey 2009, 2012, and 2015. / Tendências de situações de violência vivenciadas por adolescentes brasileiros: Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar 2009, 2012 e 2015.

OBJECTIVE: To present trends found in the last three editions of the National Adolescent Student Health Survey (Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar - PeNSE) on violent situations experienced by Brazilian students. METHODS: Time-series study with a focus on the Brazilian state capitals, using PeNSE databases of 2009, 2012, and 2015. The indicators evaluated were: missing classes due to insecurity in the home-school route or at school; involvement in a fight with firearm or melee weapon; and physical assault by an adult of the family. We estimated the prevalence of indicators according to the total number of adolescents, gender, school type, and capital. Trends in prevalence were estimated by linear regression, adjusted for age. RESULTS: We identified a trend in increasing prevalence, with statistical significance, for all selected violence indicators in the period from 2009 to 2015, in Brazilian state capitals. DISCUSSION: The most vulnerable groups were public schools students; male adolescents for involvement in fights with melee weapons or firearms; and female adolescents for physical assault by family members. CONCLUSION: PeNSE contributed to identifying the increase in the prevalence of violence experienced by adolescents, which alerts to the need of planning and implementing policies that help to prevent violence, and promote health and a culture of peace.

OBJETIVO: Apresentar as tendências encontradas nas três últimas edições da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar (PeNSE) sobre situações de violência vivenciadas por escolares brasileiros. METODOLOGIA: Estudo de séries temporais com recorte para as capitais brasileiras, utilizando as bases de dados da PeNSE de 2009, 2012 e 2015. Os indicadores avaliados foram: faltar às aulas por insegurança no trajeto casa-escola ou na escola; envolvimento em briga com arma de fogo ou arma branca; e agressão por adulto da família. Foram estimadas as prevalências dos indicadores para o total dos adolescentes, por sexo, tipo de escola e capitais. As tendências das prevalências foram estimadas por meio de regressão linear, ajustadas por idade. RESULTADOS: Identificou-se tendência de aumento das prevalências, com significância estatística, para todos os indicadores de violência selecionados no período de 2009 a 2015, nas capitais brasileiras. DISCUSSÃO: Os grupos mais vulneráveis foram escolares das escolas públicas; adolescentes do sexo masculino no caso do envolvimento em brigas com arma branca ou de fogo; e adolescentes do sexo feminino no caso de agressão física por familiar. CONCLUSÃO: A PeNSE contribuiu para identificar o aumento das prevalências de violências vividas pelos adolescentes, o que alerta para a necessidade de planejamento e implementação de políticas que contribuam para a prevenção de violência, promoção da saúde e da cultura de paz.

Tendências de situações de violência vivenciadas por adolescentes brasileiros: Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar 2009, 2012 e 2015 / Trends in violent situations experienced by Brazilian adolescents: National Adolescent Student Health Survey 2009, 2012, and 2015

RESUMO: Objetivo: Apresentar as tendências encontradas nas três últimas edições da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar (PeNSE) sobre situações de violência vivenciadas por escolares brasileiros. Metodologia: Estudo de séries temporais com recorte para as capitais brasileiras, utilizando as bases de dados da PeNSE de 2009, 2012 e 2015. Os indicadores avaliados foram: faltar às aulas por insegurança no trajeto casa-escola ou na escola; envolvimento em briga com arma de fogo ou arma branca; e agressão por adulto da família. Foram estimadas as prevalências dos indicadores para o total dos adolescentes, por sexo, tipo de escola e capitais. As tendências das prevalências foram estimadas por meio de regressão linear, ajustadas por idade. Resultados: Identificou-se tendência de aumento das prevalências, com significância estatística, para todos os indicadores de violência selecionados no período de 2009 a 2015, nas capitais brasileiras. Discussão: Os grupos mais vulneráveis foram escolares das escolas públicas; adolescentes do sexo masculino no caso do envolvimento em brigas com arma branca ou de fogo; e adolescentes do sexo feminino no caso de agressão física por familiar. Conclusão: A PeNSE contribuiu para identificar o aumento das prevalências de violências vividas pelos adolescentes, o que alerta para a necessidade de planejamento e implementação de políticas que contribuam para a prevenção de violência, promoção da saúde e da cultura de paz.

ABSTRACT: Objective: To present trends found in the last three editions of the National Adolescent Student Health Survey (Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar - PeNSE) on violent situations experienced by Brazilian students. Methods: Time-series study with a focus on the Brazilian state capitals, using PeNSE databases of 2009, 2012, and 2015. The indicators evaluated were: missing classes due to insecurity in the home-school route or at school; involvement in a fight with firearm or melee weapon; and physical assault by an adult of the family. We estimated the prevalence of indicators according to the total number of adolescents, gender, school type, and capital. Trends in prevalence were estimated by linear regression, adjusted for age. Results: We identified a trend in increasing prevalence, with statistical significance, for all selected violence indicators in the period from 2009 to 2015, in Brazilian state capitals. Discussion: The most vulnerable groups were public schools students; male adolescents for involvement in fights with melee weapons or firearms; and female adolescents for physical assault by family members. Conclusion: PeNSE contributed to identifying the increase in the prevalence of violence experienced by adolescents, which alerts to the need of planning and implementing policies that help to prevent violence, and promote health and a culture of peace.

Rape and pregnancy of girls aged up to 13 years in Brazil: characteristics and implications in health during gestation, delivery and childbirth. / Estupro e gravidez de meninas de até 13 anos no Brasil: características e implicações na saúde gestacional, parto e nascimento.

Sexual violence against children and adolescents is a serious threat to the rights and full health of this age group. This study aims to describe the characteristics of mothers aged up to 13, and analyze the profile of cases of notified rape in this age range and repercussions of this violence during pregnancy and childbirth. It is a comparative study of the characteristics of gestation and childbirth of girls aged up to 13 who have had children, without or with notification of rape, in the Violence & Accidents Vigilance (VIVA) System of the Brazilian Case Registry Database (Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação - SINAN). A significant percentage (67.5%) of the girls aged up to 13 with children were of the black race/color category. There was repeated violence in 58.2% of cases. The notified rape victims have a higher percentage of birth by cesarean section, late onset and a lower number of prenatal consultations; and their babies had lower birthweight and lower 1-minute Apgar scores than mothers without rape notification. Rape of children and adolescents is an important risk factor that has repercussions during pregnancy, and complications in delivery and childbirth.

Gender violence: a comparison of mortality from aggression against women who have and have not previously reported violence. / Violência de gênero: comparação da mortalidade por agressão em mulheres com e sem notificação prévia de violência.

Violence against women is an important public health problem in Brazil and in the world. The objective of the present study was to describe the profile of mortality due to aggression against women, and analyze whether the victims of reported violence are more likely to die from aggression than the general female population. This is a descriptive study of mortality due to aggression against women, from database linkage. The databases used for linkage were SINAN Brazil's Notifiable Diseases Information System (reports of violence against women) (2011 - 2015), and SIM, the Mortality Information System (women dying as a result of aggression) (2011 - 2016). The risk of death due to aggression among women previously reporting violence is higher than in the general female population, thus revealing a situation of vulnerability. Black women with lower schooling are the main victims of violence and homicides. The large number of women killed by aggression and repeated violence reveal the fragility of the care and protection networks in providing comprehensive, qualified and timely care for victims.

Estupro e gravidez de meninas de até 13 anos no Brasil: características e implicações na saúde gestacional, parto e nascimento / Rape and pregnancy of girls aged up to 13 years in Brazil: characteristics and implications in health during gestation, delivery and childbirth

Resumo A violência sexual contra crianças e adolescentes representa uma grave ameaça aos direitos e à saúde integral desse grupo etário. O objetivo do presente estudo foi descrever as características de mães com até 13 anos, analisar o perfil dos casos de estupro notificado nessa mesma faixa etária e as repercussões dessa violência durante a gravidez e parto. Trata-se de estudo comparativo das características da gestação e parto de meninas de até 13 anos que tiveram filhos, sem e com notificação de estupro no Sistema de Vigilância de Violências e Acidentes do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (VIVA/SINAN). O percentual de meninas até 13 anos que tiveram filhos foi maior em negras (67,5%). A violência de repetição ocorreu em 58,2%. As vítimas de estupro notificadas tiveram maiores percentuais de cesárea, início tardio e menor número de consultas de pré-natal; e seus bebês tiveram peso ao nascer e Apagar do 1º minuto piores que das mães, sem notificação de estupro. O estupro de criança e adolescente é um fator de risco importante que repercute na gestação, em complicações no parto e no nascimento.

Abstract Sexual violence against children and adolescents is a serious threat to the rights and full health of this age group. This study aims to describe the characteristics of mothers aged up to 13, and analyze the profile of cases of notified rape in this age range and repercussions of this violence during pregnancy and childbirth. It is a comparative study of the characteristics of gestation and childbirth of girls aged up to 13 who have had children, without or with notification of rape, in the Violence & Accidents Vigilance (VIVA) System of the Brazilian Case Registry Database (Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação - SINAN). A significant percentage (67.5%) of the girls aged up to 13 with children were of the black race/color category. There was repeated violence in 58.2% of cases. The notified rape victims have a higher percentage of birth by cesarean section, late onset and a lower number of prenatal consultations; and their babies had lower birthweight and lower 1-minute Apgar scores than mothers without rape notification. Rape of children and adolescents is an important risk factor that has repercussions during pregnancy, and complications in delivery and childbirth.

Violência de gênero: comparação da mortalidade por agressão em mulheres com e sem notificação prévia de violência / Gender violence: a comparison of mortality from aggression against women who have and have not previously reported violence

Resumo A violência contra a mulher constitui um importante problema de saúde pública no Brasil e no mundo. O objetivo do presente estudo foi descrever o perfil de mortalidade por agressão em mulheres e analisar se as vítimas de violência notificadas apresentam taxas de mortalidade por esse motivo mais elevadas do que a população feminina geral. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo da mortalidade por agressão em mulheres, a partir do linkage de bancos de dados. Os dados utilizados para o linkage foram todas as notificações de violência contra mulheres registradas no SINAN (Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação) no período de 2011 a 2015 e os óbitos de mulheres por agressão registrados no SIM (Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade), no período de 2011 a 2016. O risco de morte por agressão nas mulheres notificadas por violência foi maior do que na população feminina geral, revelando assim uma situação de vulnerabilidade. Mulheres negras, de menor escolaridade foram as principais vítimas de violência e homicídios. O elevado número de mulheres mortas por agressão e a violência de repetição revelaram a fragilidade das redes de atenção e proteção no atendimento integral, qualificado e oportuno às vítimas.

Abstract Violence against women is an important public health problem in Brazil and in the world. The objective of the present study was to describe the profile of mortality due to aggression against women, and analyze whether the victims of reported violence are more likely to die from aggression than the general female population. This is a descriptive study of mortality due to aggression against women, from database linkage. The databases used for linkage were SINAN Brazil's Notifiable Diseases Information System (reports of violence against women) (2011 - 2015), and SIM, the Mortality Information System (women dying as a result of aggression) (2011 - 2016). The risk of death due to aggression among women previously reporting violence is higher than in the general female population, thus revealing a situation of vulnerability. Black women with lower schooling are the main victims of violence and homicides. The large number of women killed by aggression and repeated violence reveal the fragility of the care and protection networks in providing comprehensive, qualified and timely care for victims.

Characteristics of motorcyclists involved in road traffic accidents attended at public urgent and emergency services. / Características de motociclistas envolvidos em acidentes de transporte atendidos em serviços públicos de urgência e emergência.

Injuries resulting from motorcycle road traffic accidents are an important public health issue in Brazil. This study aimed to describe the characteristics of motorcyclists involved in traffic accidents attended in public urgent and emergency services in the state capitals and the Federal District. This is a cross-sectional study based on data from the Violence and Accident Surveillance System (VIVA Survey) in 2014. Data were analyzed according to sociodemographic, event and attendance characteristics. Proportional differences between genders were analyzed by chi-square test (Rao-Scott) with 5% significance level. Motorcyclist-related attendances (n = 9,673) reported a prevalence of men (gender ratio = 3.2), young people aged 20-39 years (65.7%), black / brown (73.6%), paid work (76.4%). Helmet use was reported by 79.1% of the victims, 13.3% had consumed alcohol in the six hours prior to the accident, 41.4% of the events were related to the victim's work. Accidents were more frequent on weekends, in the morning and late afternoon. These characteristics can support the development of public accident prevention policies and health promotion.

Características de motociclistas envolvidos em acidentes de transporte atendidos em serviços públicos de urgência e emergência / Characteristics of motorcyclists involved in road traffic accidents attended at public urgent and emergency services

Resumo As lesões decorrentes dos acidentes com motociclistas constituem importante problema de saúde pública no Brasil. Objetivou-se descrever as características de motociclistas envolvidos em acidentes de transporte, atendidos em serviços públicos de urgência e emergência nas capitais de estado e no Distrito Federal. Estudo transversal com base nos dados do Inquérito sobre Violências e Acidentes em Serviços de Urgência e Emergência (VIVA Inquérito) de 2014. Os dados foram analisados segundo características sociodemográficas, do evento e do atendimento. Diferenças proporcionais entre os sexos foram analisadas pelo teste do qui-quadrado (Rao-Scott) com nível de significância de 5%. Do total de atendimentos de motociclistas, predominaram homens (n = 9.673), (razão de sexo = 3,2), jovens de 20 a 39 anos (65,7%), pretos/pardos (73,6%), com atividade remunerada (76,4%). Uso de capacete foi relatado por 79,1% das vítimas, 13,3% haviam consumido álcool nas seis horas anteriores ao acidente, 41,4% dos eventos estavam relacionados ao trabalho da vítima. Os acidentes foram mais frequentes nos finais de semana, durante a manhã e final da tarde. Estas características pode apoiar o desenvolvimento de políticas públicas de prevenção de acidentes e na promoção da saúde.

Abstract Injuries resulting from motorcycle road traffic accidents are an important public health issue in Brazil. This study aimed to describe the characteristics of motorcyclists involved in traffic accidents attended in public urgent and emergency services in the state capitals and the Federal District. This is a cross-sectional study based on data from the Violence and Accident Surveillance System (VIVA Survey) in 2014. Data were analyzed according to sociodemographic, event and attendance characteristics. Proportional differences between genders were analyzed by chi-square test (Rao-Scott) with 5% significance level. Motorcyclist-related attendances (n = 9,673) reported a prevalence of men (gender ratio = 3.2), young people aged 20–39 years (65.7%), black / brown (73.6%), paid work (76.4%). Helmet use was reported by 79.1% of the victims, 13.3% had consumed alcohol in the six hours prior to the accident, 41.4% of the events were related to the victim's work. Accidents were more frequent on weekends, in the morning and late afternoon. These characteristics can support the development of public accident prevention policies and health promotion.

Projeto Vida no Trânsito – 2010 a 2012: uma contribuição para a Década de Ações para a Segurança no Trânsito 2011-2020 no Brasil / Vida no Trânsito Project–2010 to 2012: contributions for the Decade of Action for Road Safety 2011-2020 in Brazil

O artigo apresenta o Projeto Vida no Trânsito, inserido no contexto internacional de mobilização para o alcance da meta da Década de Ações para a Segurança no Trânsito 2011- 2020 decretada pela Assembléia Geral das Nações Unidas. O Projeto representa a implementação no Brasil da iniciativa ‘Road Safety in Ten Countries’. São descritos os objetivos, metodologia e passos de implantação do projeto no país e uma análise dos avanços nos dois primeiros anos da intervenção no que concerne às ações nacionais realizadas pelo Governo Federal, organismos internacionais e demais parceiros do projeto. A continuidade e o fortalecimento do projeto nas cinco cidades onde está implantado desde 2010 possibilita o desenvolvimento de estratégias de articulação intersetoriais, potencializadoras das ações de educação, engenharia e fiscalização, que podem levar à redução das mortes e lesões causadas pelo trânsito nas cidades e no país.

This article presents the Life in the Traffic Project as part of the international mobilization to achieve the United Nations General Assembly goal of the Decade of Action for Road Safety 2011-2020. The project is the implementation in Brazil of the initiative named ‘Road Safety in Ten Countries’ funded by Bloomberg Philanthropies. A description is provided of the goals, methodology and steps of project implementation in the five of the country’s cities and analyzes progress in the first two years of interventions conducted by the Federal Government, international organizations and other project partners including municipalities. Project evolution and strengthening in the five cities where it has been implanted since 2010 enables the development of strategies for intersectoral actions that maximize education, engineering, enforcement actions that can lead to the reduction of deaths and injuries caused by traffic both in the cities and in the country as a whole.

Projeto Vida no Trânsito: avaliação das ações em cinco capitais brasileiras, 2011-2012 / Life in Traffic Project: evaluation of the implementation in five Brazilian capital cities, 2011-2012

Objetivo: avaliar o Projeto Vida no Trânsito (PVNT) em cinco capitais brasileiras, em 2011-2012. Métodos: estudo descritivo de avaliação percentual de cumprimento das metas das intervenções do PVNT, variação das taxas de mortalidade no período 2010-2011, taxas de internação hospitalar e prevalências de beber e dirigir; serviram de fontes de dados o relatório de monitoramento do Projeto, o Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade (SIM), o Sistema de Internações Hospitalares do Sistema Único de Saúde (SIH/SUS) e o Vigitel. Resultados: o percentual de cumprimento das metas dos programas de intervenção ‘Beber e dirigir’ e ‘Velocidade’ superou 60 por cento em 2011 e ficou abaixo desse valor em 2012; o desempenho foi menor nas intervenções de fiscalização; entre 2010 e 2011, houve redução na mortalidade por acidentes de trânsito em três capitais. Conclusão: o PVNT apresentou resultados positivos e sua continuidade poderá contribuir para a redução das mortes e lesões no trânsito, no Brasil.

Objective: to evaluate the Projeto Vida no Trânsito (Life in Traffic Project) in five Brazilian capital cities in the years 2011-2012. Methods: a descriptive study to assess the percentage of achieving the goals of the main interventions of the Project, the percentage of variation in mortality rates in the 2010-2011 period, the rates of hospitalization, and the prevalence of drinking and driving. The data sources were: the Project monitoring report, Mortality Information System (SIM), the Hospital Admission Information System of the Unified Health System (SIH/SUS) and Vigitel. Results: the percentage of achieving the goals of the intervention programs "Drinking and driving" and "Speed" was above 60 per cent in 2011 and diminished in 2012. The performance was lower in the enforcement interventions. Between 2010 and 2011, there was a reduction in road traffic mortality in three capital cities. Conclusions: the Life in Traffic Project presented positive results and its continuity may contribute to reducing deaths and injuries in traffic in Brazil.

Mortalidade por acidentes de transporte terrestre no Brasil na última década: tendência e aglomerados de risco / Mortality due to road traffic accidents in Brazil in the last decade: trends and risk clusters

OBJETIVO: Analisar a tendência temporal da mortalidade por Acidentes de Transporte Terrestre (ATT) e identificar a existência e a localização de aglomerados de alto risco de mortes por ATT. METODOLOGIA: Estudo descritivo de tendência da mortalidade por ATT, pedestre, ocupante de motocicleta e de veículo, de 2000 a 2010 e análise espacial para 2000 e 2010. Os dados foram obtidos do Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade; calcularam-se as taxas padronizadas por idade, para Unidades Federadas (UF) e municípios por porte populacional. RESULTADOS: A taxa de mortalidade por ATT entre 2000 e 2010 variou de 18 para 22,5 óbitos/100 mil habitantes. O risco de morte para pedestre reduziu, os de ocupantes de veículos e de motocicletas apresentaram crescimento. O maior risco de morte por ATT ocorreu nos municípios com até 20 mil habitantes e nos de 20 a 100 mil. A análise espacial mostrou os aglomerados de risco para ATT e para ocupantes de motocicletas com aumento destes entre 2000 e 2010 e ampliação das áreas com maior risco na região Nordeste. CONCLUSÃO: Aumento das taxas de mortalidade por ATT principalmente na região Nordeste. Faz-se necessário uma atuação coordenada do governo, da sociedade civil e dos próprios cidadãos no enfretamento desta realidade.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the temporal trends of mortality due to Road Traffic Accidents (RTA) as well as identify the existence and location of high risk death clusters for RTA using spatial analysis. METHODOLOGY: Descriptive study of temporal trends by RTA, pedestrians, motorcyclists, motorists and passengers and spatial analysis for 2000 and 2010. The data was obtained from the Mortality Information System, and standardized rates were calculated by age in Brazilian states and municipalities grouped by population size. RESULTS: The mortality rates due to RTA between 2000 and 2010 varied from 18 to 22.5 deaths/100,000 inhabitants. The risk of death for pedestrians decreased in recent years, though motorists, motorcyclists and passengers saw a rising trend. A higher risk of death by RTA occurred in municipalities with populations up to 20,000 inhabitants and in those from 20,000 to 100,000 inhabitants. Spatial analysis revealed risk clusters for RTA and motorcyclists and pillion riders with an increase between 2000 and 2010 and enlargement of the areas most at risk in the Northeast. CONCLUSION: Increase in the rates of mortality by RTA mostly in the Northeast. Coordinated action between government, civil society and the citizens themselves is required to tackle this problem.

A vigilância e prevenção de violências e acidentes no Sistema Único de Saúde: Uma política em construção / Accident and violence surveillance and prevention in the Brazilian Health System; a policy under construction

Os fatores externos violências e acidentes correspondem à terceira causa de óbito na população brasileira, sendo preponderantes entre homens jovens e negros. As taxas de mortalidade por esses eventos apresentam-se altas e crescentes desde a década de 1980. O artigo apresenta as ações que têm sido desenvolvidas pelo Ministério da Saúde, responsável pela assistência e reabilitação das vítimas de violências e acidentes, bem como pela vigilância e prevenção destes eventos, numa perspectiva de promoção á saúde da população.