The prevalence and species of Mycoplasma identified from dairy goats in Taiwan.

Except for Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae, which only causes pneumonia, Mycoplasma species can cause otitis, arthritis, septicemia, mastitis, pneumonia and encephalitis in goats. After a mycoplasma outbreak was recorded in Taiwan in 2016, an increasing number of mycoplasma infection cases have been observed. It is important to understand how many Mycoplasma species are currently prevalent in Taiwan. In this study, 57-61 bulk milk samples were collected from dairy goats in Taiwan every year from 2017 to 2020 to identify the presence of mycoplasma DNA fragments by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The mycoplasma species were identified based on colony characteristics, PCR, and DNA sequences. In total, 39 out of 236 samples (16.52%) tested mycoplasma positive. The annual mycoplasma prevalence rates from 2017 to 2020 were 24.59% (15/61), 8.20% (5/61), 17.54% (10/57) and 15.79% (9/57), respectively. Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri (n = 19), Mycoplasma putrefaciens (n = 10), Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae (n = 5) and Mycoplasma bovis (n = 5) were present in Taiwan. No M. capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae was detected. Except for the large drop in 2018, the prevalence of mycoplasma infection declined to a consistent level for the final two years of the study. However, the seasonal pattern is still worth investigating. This is the first survey of mycoplasma infection in goats, and we believe that a larger survey is still needed to understand the pathogenicity and diversity of these mycoplasma isolates.

A novel polymerase chain reaction assay for the detection of seven Mycoplasma species of cattle origin.

The study aimed to develop a pair of polymerase chain reaction primers for detecting ruminant mycoplasma pathogens. We designed a set of primers based on the most similar sequences within 16 S rRNA regions of seven Mycoplasma spp. These primers have high sensitivity for detecting Mycoplasma dispar, M. arginine, M. canadense, M. bovis, M. alkalescens, M. californicum, and M. bovigenitalium within the annealing temperature range of 46 to 48 °C. The minimum amount of DNA that can be detected using the protocol is 250 ng, which is equivalent to 2,000 colony-forming units per mL. The primers can detect mycoplasma from DNA extracted directly from milk samples. The common bovine mastitis pathogens of Staphylococcus aureus coagulase-negative staphylococci, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus uberis, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Kocuria rosea were not detected by the primers. We believe the high sensitivity and specificity of these primers make them useful for detecting infection with seven Mycoplasma species in ruminants, allowing the primers to be used in clinical settings.

Evaluation of using comparative intradermal tuberculin test to diagnose bovine tuberculosis in dairy cattle in Taiwan.

The National Bovine Tuberculosis (bTB) Eradication Program for dairy cattle has been operating in Taiwan for many years and has allowed the prevalence of bTB to decrease gradually. However, 29% of intradermal tuberculin test (ITT)-positive dairy cows were later found to be TB negative based on necropsy, histopathological examination, and mycobacterial isolation results. Studies in Taiwan have indicated that Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) may lead to false-positive ITT. Due to the high prevalence (over 90%) of paratuberculosis (PTB) serum antibody among Taiwan's farms, comparative ITT (CITT) has been recommended to differentiate between bTB and PTB infections. In this study, we used ITT, CITT, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to evaluate the prevalence of bTB from 2012 to 2018. We also used pathological and bacterial examination from ITT-positive dairy cows to evaluate CITT's diagnostic ability and adjust its cutoff point accordingly. After careful selection, 36 cows (including 31 cows from 11 ITT-positive farms and 5 from 2 ITT-negative farms) were examined by CITT. The cutoff point was adjusted using a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Overall, our results identified the ITT-positive prevalence in Taiwan as 0.03-0.22%, and PTB-positive prevalence as 54.55-73.53%. The results of sensitivity, specificity, kappa, and ROC analyses have identified the optimal cutoff point for the CITT in Taiwan as ≥ 3 mm. At this cutoff point value, the sensitivity and specificity were 62.5% and 96.43%, respectively. Our findings can be used to reduce the false-positive response rate caused by PTB cross-reaction and accelerate the eradication of bTB in Taiwan.

Epidemiological survey of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum infections in dairy goats in Central-Southern Taiwan.

Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum are intracellular protozoan parasites that cause reproductive disorders in ruminants and humans. Information on the risk factors of T. gondii and N. caninum infections in goats is very limited in Taiwan. The aim of the study was to investigate the epidemiology and identify the risk factors of these two infections in goats. A total of 630 caprine sera were collected from 42 dairy goat farms and the owners were interviewed by a structured questionnaire. The apparent seroprevalences of T. gondii in farm- and individual- levels were respectively 88.1% and 32.22%, while those of N. caninum were 19.05% and 2.54%, respectively. Toxoplasma gondii B1 gene was identified in 7 feed samples and 8 from the water samples whereas N. caninum was not found. Wooden flooring was the main risk factor for T. gondii infection while the frequency of visits by staff to other farms and the breed of goat were risk factors for N. caninum. The improvement of flooring materials or thorough cleaning, periodic disinfection and maintenance of dryness on the floor are highly recommended for the prevention of T. gondii infection in farmed goats. In addition, unnecessary visits to other farms should be limited to prevent the spread of N. caninum. These factors should be highlighted for the prevention of T. gondii and N. caninum in goats, particularly when raised in intensive housing system with flooring on height.

Efficacy of Pulsed Radiofrequency in Herpetic Neuralgia: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

OBJECTIVES: Herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) are often refractory to current standard treatments and can reduce patients' quality of life (QoL). Pulsed radiofrequency (PRF) effectively controls intractable neurological pain. The aim of the study was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the efficacy of PRF in PHN management. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We searched PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published up to October 2019. The primary outcomes were pain levels and rescue analgesia at different postintervention time intervals. The secondary outcomes were QoL and sleep quality. RESULTS: We reviewed 6 RCTs involving 420 patients. The meta-analysis revealed that the PRF group exhibited significantly lower pain scores in PHN than did the control group at 2 to 3 days (weighted mean differences [WMD]=-2.82; 95% confidence interval [CI]: -5.08 to -0.55), 1 week (WMD=-2.95; 95% CI: -4.53 to -1.37), 2 weeks (WMD=-3.17; 95% CI: -4.11 to -2.23), 4 weeks (WMD=-2.59; 95% CI: -3.40 to -1.79), 8 weeks (WMD=-3.02; 95% CI: -4.17 to -1.88), and 6 months (WMD=-1.94; 95% CI: -2.85 to -1.03). After intervention, QoL was significantly higher in the PRF group than in the control group. No major complications were reported. DISCUSSION: PRF safely and effectively reduced pain scores and improved QoL in patients with herpes zoster in the cervical to lumbosacral areas. PRF could be considered during refractory PHN treatment. Future studies require standardized PRF settings and outcome assessment tools, including physical and emotional function assessments.

[A study of the process by which a school-age child adapted to body image changes following open-heart surgery].

This case report attempts to explore the adaptive process of body image changes in school-age children suffering from congenital ventricular septal defect (VSD) following open-heart surgery. After establishing trust relationship, we applied atraumatic care, projective communication techniques, interviews, behavioral observation, storytelling and play in our interaction with that child. We found the child experienced "body image disturbance" after open-heart surgery and underwent a four stage adaptive process as follows: (1) Impact (questioning, perception of punishment for wrongdoing, loss, anger); (2) Retreat (denial, anxiety, withdrawal, escaping social contact, inferiority); (3) Acknowledgment (cognitive change, active participation, future-oriented concerns); and (4) Reconstruction (positive self-image, reconstructing body image). Nursing intervention provided the case with more opportunities for sensory feedback and positive reinforcement and also assisted the patient to adopt a positive view of the situation and then to reconstruct and realize the meaning of such surgery. We reinforced the social supporting system to promote self-confidence, self-esteem, and self-value. The child finally accepted the wounds resulting from the operation as a symbol of "bravery"; a breakthrough likely to help in the child's re-entrance to school and normalization of life. Study findings both enhanced pediatric nurse understanding of the adaptive process involved in body image change and provided knowledge essential to designing flexible-option nursing interventions tailored to meet the demands of different adaptation stages. Obviously, such a caring model designed to meet the differing needs of different body image changes has the potential to benefit of body image integration greatly and can provide the pediatric nursing framework in the future.