Correction: The Antimetastatic Effects of Resveratrol on Hepatocellular Carcinoma through the Downregulation of a Metastasis-Associated Protease by SP-1 Modulation.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056661.].

Synthesis of Canthardin Sulfanilamides and Their Acid Anhydride Analogues via a Ring-Opening Reaction of Activated Aziridines and Their Associated Pharmacological Effects.

The cantharidinimide derivatives, 5a-h, including sulfanilamides containing pyrimidyl, pyrazinyl, hydrogen, thiazolyl, and oxazolyl groups were synthesized. Modification of cantharidinimide by means of the reaction of activated aziridine ring opening led to the discovery of a novel class of antitumor compounds. The analogues 10i-k, 11l-n, 12o-p, and 16q-s were obtained from treating cantharidinimide 6 and analogues (7, 8, and 13) with activated aziridines, which produced a series of ring-opened products including normal and abnormal types. Some of these compounds showed cytotoxic effects in vitro against HL-60, Hep3B, MCF7, and MDA-MB-231 cancer cells. The most potent cytostatic compound, N-cantharidinimido-sulfamethazine (5a), exhibited anti-HL-60 and anti-Hep3B cell activities. Two compounds 5g and 5h displayed slight effects on the Hep3B cell line, while the other compounds produced no response in these four cell lines.

Corrigendum to "Terminalia catappa Exerts Antimetastatic Effects on Hepatocellular Carcinoma through Transcriptional Inhibition of Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 by Modulating NF-κB and AP-1 Activity".

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1155/2012/595292.].

The antimetastatic effects of resveratrol on hepatocellular carcinoma through the downregulation of a metastasis-associated protease by SP-1 modulation.

BACKGROUND: The mortality and morbidity rates from cancer metastasis have not declined in Taiwan, especially because of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Resveratrol has been shown to have benefits such as cardioprotection, providing antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer properties in previous studies. Therefore, HCC cells were subjected to treatment with resveratrol and then analyzed to determine the effects of resveratrol on the migration and invasion. METHODOLOGY AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Modified Boyden chamber assays revealed that resveratrol treatment significantly inhibited cell migration and invasion capacities of Huh7 cell lines that have low cytotoxicity in vitro, even at a high concentration of 100 µM. The results of casein zymography and western blotting revealed that the activities and protein levels of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA) were inhibited by resveratrol. Western blot analysis also showed that resveratrol inhibits phosphorylation of JNK1/2. Tests of the mRNA level, real-time PCR, and promoter assays evaluated the inhibitory effects of resveratrol on u-PA expression in HCC cells. The chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay showed that reactive in transcription protein of nuclear factor SP-1 was inhibited by resveratrol. CONCLUSIONS: Resveratrol inhibits u-PA expression and the metastasis of HCC cells and is a powerful chemopreventive agent. The inhibitory effects were associated with the downregulation of the transcription factors of SP-1 signaling pathways.

Terminalia catappa Exerts Antimetastatic Effects on Hepatocellular Carcinoma through Transcriptional Inhibition of Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 by Modulating NF-κB and AP-1 Activity.

High mortality and morbidity rates for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in Taiwan primarily result from uncontrolled tumor metastasis. Previous studies have identified that Terminalia catappa leaf extracts (TCE) exert hepatoprotective, antioxidative, antiinflammatory, anticancer, and antimetastatic activities. However, the effects of TCE on HCC and the underlying molecular mechanisms of its activities have yet to be fully elucidated. The present study's findings demonstrate that TCE concentration dependently inhibits human HCC migration/invasion. Zymographic and western blot analyses revealed that TCE inhibited the activities and expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9). Assessment of mRNA levels, using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and real-time PCR, and promoter assays confirmed the inhibitory effects of TCE on MMP-9 expression in HCC cells. The inhibitory effects of TCE on MMP-9 proceeded by upregulating tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1), as well as suppressing nuclear translocation and DNA binding activity of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and activating protein-1 (AP-1) on the MMP-9 promoter in Huh7 cells. In conclusion, TCE inhibits MMP-9 expression and HCC cell metastasis and, thus, has potential use as a chemopreventive agent. Its inhibitory effects are associated with downregulation of the binding activities of the transcription factors NF-κB and AP-1.

Application of Suzuki arylation, Sonogashira ethynylation and Rosenmund-von Braun cyanation in the exploration of substitution effects on the anticancer activity of 2-aroylquinolines.

A variety of functionalities were introduced at 2-aroylquinoline's C5 position, which is considered equivalent to C-3' of the B-ring of CA4, via Suzuki arylation, Sonogashira ethynylation, and Rosenmund-von Braun cyanation. These substitutions are rarely utilized in the modification of 3'-OH of CA4. The resulting products 6 and 7 having cyano and ethynyl groups exhibited comparable antiproliferative and tubulin inhibitory activities to colchicine.

A simple procedure for preparation of N-thiazol, thiadiazol, pyridyl and sulfanylamidocantharidinimines analogues and evaluation of their cytotoxicities against human HL-60, MCF7, Neuro-2a and A549 carcinoma cell.

The lab made an effort to prepare some biological active cantharidinimines by heating the reactant 1 and 2a-g, 5h-i and 7j-r amines to suitable temperature with ethanol to provide 18 N-thiazolyl-, sulfanyl-, aminopyridyl-, bromopyridyl-, alkylpyridyl- and hydroxypyridylcantharidinimines 3a-g, 4a-c, 6h-i and 8j-r in yield of 4-77% (Chart 1). These cantharidinimine derivatives were tested for their capabilities to suppress growth of the human carcinoma cell lines, HL-60, MCF7, Neuro-2a and A549, because the incidence rate is more prominent in Asian countries than western countries. Compounds 3c-d and 6h-i were found to have some antitumor activity in HL-60 but less activity in MCF cell and compounds 8j-l displayed some inhibition effects to A549 cell line, but less effect to Neuro-2a cell line. Compounds 8m-r had no cytotoxic effect against both cell lines. The cytotoxic effects of these cantharidinimine compounds seemed to be better than the cantharidinimide compounds which we had mentioned several years ago.

Synthesis and antibacterial activities of novel 4-hydroxy-7-hydroxy- and 3-carboxycoumarin derivatives.

Coumarin derivatives are used as fluorescent dyes and medicines. They also have some notable physiological effects, including the acute hepatoxicity and carcinogenicity of certain aflatoxins, the anticoagulant action of dicoumarol, and the antibiotic activity of novobicin and coumerymycin A1. Because the number of drug resistant strains is increasing at present, the synthesis of new antibacterial compounds is one of the critical methods for treating infectious diseases. Therefore, a series of coumarinsubstituted derivatives, namely 4-hydroxy- and 7-hydroxycoumarins, and 3-carboxycoumarins were synthesized. 4-Hydroxycoumarin derivatives 4a-c underwent rearrangement reactions. Both 4- and 7-hydroxycoumarins were treated with activated aziridines which produced series of ring-opened products 7, 8, 10, and 11. 3-Carboxy-coumarin amide dimer derivatives 14-21 were prepared by reacting aliphatic alkylamines and alkyldiamines with PyBOP and DIEA. In this study, we use a new technique called modified micro-plate antibiotic susceptibility test method (MMAST), which is more convenient, more efficient, and more accurate than previous methods and only a small amount of the sample is required for the test. Some of the compounds were produced by reactions with acid anhydrides and demonstrated the ability to inhibit Gram-positive microorganisms. The dimer derivatives displayed lower antibacterial activities.

Synthesis, antiproliferative activities and telomerase inhibition evaluation of novel asymmetrical 1,2-disubstituted amidoanthraquinone derivatives.

A series of diversely asymmetrical mono- or disubstituted 1,2-diamidoanthraquinone derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for drug-induced cytotoxicity by SRB assay, telomerase inhibitory activity by TRAP assay, and hTERT expression by SEAP assay. Interestingly, compounds 4, 11, 21, 32 and 36 exhibited selective potent antiproliferative activities by NCI with IC(50) values in the micromolar range. Of these, only compound 8 showed an IC(50) value of 0.95 µM against PC-3 cell lines (human prostate cancer) by SRB assay. All the synthesized compounds exhibited a poor or modest telomerase inhibitory activity by TRAP assay suggesting another mode of action for these compounds. Compound 11 showed broad inhibition against different types of cancer cell lines in the micromolar and submicromolar range.

Enantioselective determination of 3-hydroxybutyrate in the tissues of normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats of different ages.

L-3-Hydroxybutyrate (3HB) and D-3HB are enantiomers that exist in various rat tissues, and the ratio of the 2 compounds is of importance since it may affect glucose utilization in cardiomyocytes. In this study, we determined the concentrations of L-3HB and D-3HB in the tissues of normal and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats of different ages by column-switching high-performance liquid chromatography using a fluorescence detection system. In normal rats, the levels of L-3HB peaked at 8 weeks of age in the cerebrum, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, adrenal gland, and heart and then decreased afterwards. The concentrations of L-3HB were the highest in the heart, with 26.24±13.74 µmol/mg protein. In addition, there was an increase in the levels of (D+L)-3HB, D-3HB, and L-3HB in the tissues of diabetic rats with time, whereas the ratios of L-3HB to (D+L)-3HB declined (46.44% vs. 21.03%, P<0.05, in heart tissue after 24 weeks of STZ treatment). Both the concentration and the ratio of L-3HB may be associated with disease conditions, and the determination of L-3HB may help clarify the role of L-3HB under physiological and pathological conditions.

The inhibition in tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced attenuation in endothelial thrombomodulin expression by carvedilol is mediated by nuclear factor-kappaB and reactive oxygen species.

Carvedilol, a nonselective beta-adrenoceptor antagonist, has been shown to possess antioxidant effects and reduce the risk of hospitalization and death in patients with severe congestive heart failure, which is featured by the activation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and leads to thrombotic complications. Thrombomodulin (TM) plays protective roles against thrombosis. Treatment of ECs with TNF-alpha resulted in a down-regulation in the TM expression in a time-dependent manner. Pre-treatment of ECs with carvedilol (1 and 10 microM) for 1 h significantly up-regulated the TM expression in ECs in response to TNF-alpha. When ECs were pre-treated with a nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) inhibitor, i.e., parthenolide, their TNF-alpha-mediated down-regulation of TM expression was inhibited. Pre-treatment of ECs with carvedilol inhibited the NF-kappaB-DNA binding activity in ECs induced by TNF-alpha. Our findings provide insights into the mechanisms by which carvedilol exerts anti-thrombotic effects by inducing TM expression in ECs in response to pro-inflammatory stimulation.

Identification of flurbiprofen and its photoproducts in methanol by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

A sample of 10 mM flurbiprofen in methanol (or ethanol) was photoirradiated with sixteen 8 W low-pressure quartz mercury lamps irradiated at 306 nm in a Panchum PR-2000 photochemical reactor. In total, four major photoproducts derived from each sample were observed from the HPLC chromatogram. The photoproducts were separated and their structures elucidated by various spectroscopic methods. Alternatively, using GC-MS, 11 major photoproducts were observed. A reaction scheme of flurbiprofen in methanol is proposed: the photochemical reaction routes occur mainly via esterification and decarboxylation, followed by oxidation with singlet oxygen to produce a ketone, alcohols and other derivatives.

Study on the stevioside analogues of steviolbioside, steviol, and isosteviol 19-alkyl amide dimers: synthesis and cytotoxic and antibacterial activity.

A new group of steviolbioside amide dimers 2a-g, derivatives 2h-i and their related steviol and isosteviol amide dimers 3a and 4a were prepared by reacting aliphatic alkylamine and alkyldiamines with PyBOP and DIEA. The synthesized compounds had cytotoxic effects on cancer and human embryonic lung cells. Compounds 3a, 4a, 2b and 2h were cytotoxic to cancer cells and to a lesser extent to human embryo lung cells. Compounds 2f, 2g and 4 of this series had favorable antibacterial effects, and were superior to penicillin G at inhibiting growth of Bacillus subtilis (BCRC 10029). The cytotoxicity and antibacterial effects may depend on the dimerization and derivative moieties in relation to the respective aglycons.

Effects of cantharidinimides on human carcinoma cells.

Modification of the cantharidinimide structure led to the discovery of a novel class of antitumor compounds. These cantharidinimide derivatives containing aliphartic, aryl, and pyridyl groups showed some effect in vitro against HepG2 and HL-60 cells.

Synthesis of symmetrical 1,5-bis-thio-substituted anthraquinones for cytotoxicity in cultured tumor cells and lipid peroxidation.

The synthesis of a series of anthraquinone moieties bearing symmetrical sulfur-linked substituents in the 1 and 5 positions is described. These compounds were evaluated for their ability to inhibit the growth of suspended rat glioma C6 cells and human hepatoma G2 cells, respectively. In addition, the redox property of the compounds was determined based on the inhibition of lipid peroxidation in model membranes. Compounds 2a and 2h in this series compared favorably and exhibited the most potent cytotoxicity (0.02, 0.05 microM) against C6 cells in the XTT colorimetric assay. As far as redox properties are concerned, all bis-thio-anthraquinones show potential lipid peroxidation in model membranes very close to that of mitoxantrone (MX), and 2a, 2d, 2e, 2i, 2j, and 2k have more potential than that of MX. The lack of cytotoxicity of compound 2i cannot be related to lipid peroxidation, but the steric and electronic properties of the side-chain substituent maybe impair effective recognition of the cleavable complex. In contrast to MX, 2a and 2h are cytotoxic in rat glioma C6 cells and do not enhance lipid peroxidation in model membranes.