The association between acute myocardial infarction and subsequent diagnosis of breast cancer: a nationwide, population-based cohort study.

Coronary artery disease (CAD) such as acute myocardial infarction (MI) share several common risk factors with cancers, and each disease may influence the prognosis of the other. Recently, acute MI was demonstrated to accelerate the outgrowth of preexisting breast cancer cells but the risk of breast cancer after MI remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the association between acute MI and a subsequent diagnosis of breast cancer. Female patients with and without a history of acute MI were identified from nationwide databases in Taiwan. Patients with a diagnosis of cancer, MI or CAD prior to the study period were excluded. After reducing confounding through inverse probability of treatment weighting, we compared the incidence of newly diagnosed breast cancer between patients with a history of acute MI and those without. As a result, a total of 66,445 female patients were obtained, including 15,263 patients with a history of acute MI and 51,182 patients without. The incidences of breast cancer during follow-up were 1.93 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.78-2.09) and 1.80 (95% CI 1.67-1.93) per 1,000 person-years for patients with and without a history of acute MI, respectively. The hazard ratio (HR) was 1.05 (95% CI 0.78-1.41, P = 0.756). In subgroup analysis, breast cancer risk was significantly associated with acute MI in patients using antidiabetic drugs (HR 1.27; 95% CI 1.02-1.58) and in low to moderate urbanization levels (HR 1.28; 95% CI 1.06-1.53). In conclusion, the risk of newly diagnosed breast cancer was not increased in patients with acute MI when compared to general population without MI or CAD.

Stretchable Dual-Axis Terahertz Bifocal Metalens with Flexibly Polarization-Dependent Focal Position and Direction.

Varifocal lenses are essential components in any optical system, while traditional lenses suffer from bulky volume, fixed focal position, and limited working spectra. As well-arranged subwavelength structures, metalenses overcome the abovementioned obstacles and exhibit merits of ultrathin thickness, flexible focal length, and multifocus. The electromagnetic responses of metasurfaces, including metalens, rely on the phase distributions of phase-shifting elements. The steerable focal direction is investigated to obtain the combinations of focusing and anomalous refraction phase distribution. To fully explore the flexibility of focal length and direction, seven designs of double layers of terahertz (THz) bifocal metalenses are proposed and investigated in this study. They exhibit dependent and independent relationships of tunable focal length and direction with flexible tuning mechanisms. Along with polarization multiplexing, two different focuses can be obtained when the incident waves are x-linear and y-linear polarization states, respectively. The simulation results agreed well with the theoretical predictions. These designs provide a new method to modulate the focal position precisely with promising applications in wireless communication, imaging, and on-chip optical integration systems.

Endodontic apical surgery with novel endoscope: Three-case series.

Successful apical surgery relies on effective magnification and illumination. In the field of endodontics, the microscope has emerged as the predominant tool for meeting these requirements. The rigid endoscope is also a valuable instrument in apical surgery. This study introduces three cases demonstrating the application of endoscope technology in endodontic apical surgery. The first case employs a soft endoscope for treating an anterior tooth with apical periodontitis, the second integrates an endoscope with new attachments for a premolar, and the third combines an endoscope, attachments and navigation for the lower first molar surgery. It revealed that endoscopes offer certain advantages that are not achievable with microscope-assisted surgery, these cases had a great outcome. In the future, a broader application of endoscopic technology in various procedures is anticipated.

Peripheral Blood Inflammatory Markers as A Reliable Predictor of Gastric Mucosal Metaplasia Change in the Middle-aged Population.

Purpose: The study aims to evaluate the efficacy of peripheral blood inflammatory markers as clinical predictors for gastric intestinal metaplasia (IM), a known precursor to gastric cancer. This research investigates the potential of these markers to serve as reliable indicators for detecting gastric IM. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted on 59,143 individuals who underwent checkups at the Taoyuan Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Health Clinic Center from 2010 to 2014. Of these, 11,355 subjects who received gastroscopic biopsies were recruited. After omitting cases with incomplete blood data, the sample was narrowed to 10,380 participants. After exclusion and propensity score matching, subjects in the group with IM and control patients without IM were balanced and included in the study. These subjects were stratified by gender and age, and predictors such as the Systemic Inflammation Response Index (SIRI), Systemic Immune Inflammation Index (SII), and Monocyte-to-Lymphocyte Ratio (MLR) were evaluated. Multivariate logistic regression models were employed to analyze the presence or absence of IM accurately. Results: Out of the 10,380 subjects, 2,088 (20.1%) were diagnosed with IM, while 8,292 (79.9%) did not have IM. In our analysis, inflammation indices were found to have a limited impact on younger patients. For middle-aged and elderly individuals, SII showed statistical significance for predicting IM in males (p=0.0019), while SIRI and MLR were significant for females (SIRI p=0.0001, MLR p=0.0009). Additionally, the Area Under the Curve (AUC) value indicated that inflammation indices were more influential in females (55.1%) than males. Conclusions: The study results reveal that peripheral blood inflammatory markers could be useful in predicting gastric mucosal metaplasia changes, particularly in middle-aged and elderly populations. Although the markers' predictive power varies with gender, they represent a significant step forward in the non-invasive detection of gastric IM. This could aid in the early identification and management of precancerous conditions.

Leadless pacemaker implementation at the right atrial appendage apex: An initial preclinical assessment.

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluates the feasibility and efficacy of implanting a leadless pacemaker at the right atrial appendage (RAA) in a preclinical minipig model, aiming to address the limitations of atrial pacing with current leadless devices like the Medtronic Micra, which is typically used for right ventricular implantation. METHODS: Four minipigs, each with a median body weight of 45.8 ± 10.0 kg, underwent placement of the Micra transcatheter pacing system (TPS) via the right femoral vein into the RAA apex. The pacing performance was assessed over 1-week (short-term) and 3-month (long-term) periods. OUTCOMES: The initial findings indicated successful implantation, with satisfactory intrinsic R-wave amplitudes and pacing threshold. In the following period, the sensitivity, threshold, and impedance were stable with time. Notably, upon explanation at 3 months, a deep myocardial penetration by the device was observed, necessitating a redesign for safe long-term use in a growing subject's heart. CONCLUSION: While initial results suggest that RAA apex placement of the Micra TPS is promising for potential inclusion in a dual-chamber pacing system, the issue of myocardial penetration highlights the need for device redesign to ensure safety and effectiveness in long-term applications.

Syphilis and cardiovascular risk: a Taiwanese registry.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Studies on the impact of syphilis on the cardiovascular system in large populations are limited. This study investigated the effects of syphilis on cardiovascular outcomes. METHODS: Medical records from 2010 to 2015 were retrieved from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database, linked to the Notifiable Infectious Diseases database from the Taiwan Centers for Disease Control. Patients with syphilis were identified, excluding those with missing information, under 20 years of age, or with a history of human immunodeficiency virus infection, acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, aortic regurgitation, replacement of the aortic valve, aneurysm and/or dissection of the aorta, atrial fibrillation, ischaemic stroke, haemorrhagic stroke, and venous thromboembolism. Primary outcomes included new-onset acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, aortic regurgitation, aneurysm and dissection of the aorta, atrial fibrillation, ischaemic stroke, haemorrhagic stroke, venous thromboembolism, cardiovascular death, and all-cause mortality. RESULTS: A total of 28 796 patients with syphilis were identified from 2010 to 2015. After exclusions and frequency matching, 20 601 syphilis patients and 20 601 non-syphilis patients were analysed. The relative rate (RR) was utilized in the analysis, as the competing risk of death was not considered. Compared with patients without syphilis, patients with syphilis had increased risks of acute myocardial infarction (RR 38%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.19-1.60, P < .001), heart failure (RR 88%, 95% CI 1.64-2.14, P < .001), aortic regurgitation (RR 81%, 95% CI 1.18-2.75, P = .006), atrial fibrillation (RR 45%, 95% CI 1.20-1.76, P < .001), ischaemic stroke (RR 68%, 95% CI 1.52-1.87, P < .001), haemorrhagic stroke (RR 114%, 95% CI 1.74-2.64, P < .001), venous thromboembolism (RR 67%, 95% CI 1.23-2.26, P = .001), cardiovascular death (RR 155%, 95% CI 2.11-3.08, P < .001), and all-cause death (RR 196%, 95% CI 2.74-3.19, P < .001) but not for aneurysm and dissection of the aorta. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that patients with syphilis have a higher risk of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality compared with those without syphilis.

Clinical Benefit of Fixed-Dose Combination of Amlodipine and Potent Atorvastatin in Patients With Concomitant Hypertension and Hypercholesterolemia.

BACKGROUND: Hypertension and hypercholesterolemia are important risk factors for cardiovascular disease, and treatment with fixed-dose combination (FDC) regimens is recommended by current guidelines. However, the clinical outcomes of different FDC dosages remain unknown. This study aimed to examine the clinical outcomes of FDC regimens and the free combination of amlodipine and atorvastatin at different dosages. METHODS AND RESULTS: Patients with concurrent hypertension and hypercholesterolemia treated daily with an FDC of 5 mg amlodipine and 10 mg atorvastatin (5/10 fixed group), and FDC of 5 mg amlodipine and 20 mg atorvastatin (5/20 fixed group), or free combination of 5 mg amlodipine and 20 mg atorvastatin (5/20 free group) were identified from the National Health Insurance Research Database of Taiwan. The primary outcome was the composite cardiovascular outcomes, including cardiovascular death, acute myocardial infarction, stroke, and coronary intervention. A total of 9095 patients were eligible for inclusion. The incidence of primary outcome per 1000 person-years was 16.6 in the 5/10 fixed group, 12.6 in the 5/20 fixed group, and 16.5 in the 5/20 free group (5/20 fixed versus 5/20 free: hazard ratio [HR], 0.76 [95% CI, 0.64-0.91]; 5/20 fixed versus 5/10 fixed: HR, 0.76 [95% CI, 0.63-0.90]). CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with concomitant hypertension and hypercholesterolemia, treatment with an FDC of amlodipine and high-dose atorvastatin led to a lower risk of a composite of cardiovascular outcomes than treatment with the free combination or a similar FDC with a lower dose of atorvastatin.

Effect of His Bundle Pacing on Abnormal Myocardial Fatty Acid and Glucose Metabolism Induced by Right Ventricular Pacing.

BACKGROUND: Metabolic disorder is noted for pacing-induced cardiomyopathy. The benefits of His bundle pacing over right ventricular (RV) pacing in preventing pacing-induced cardiomyopathy from a metabolic perspective are yet to be fully understood. METHOD AND RESULTS: Three pig groups were established for this study: sham control, RV pacing (RV pacing for 6 months), and His pacing (RV pacing for 6 months, followed by His bundle pacing for 3 months). Complete atrioventricular block was created in the last 2 groups. Left ventricular function and dyssynchrony were assessed via echocardiography, while proteins linked to metabolism, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and inflammation in left ventricular myocardium were examined. The RV pacing group had significantly more left ventricular mechanical dyssynchrony compared with the other groups. The RV pacing group exhibited triglyceride and diacylglycerol accumulation in cardiomyocytes and higher expression of binding immunoglobulin protein and tumor necrosis factor-α than the other groups. Additionally, the expression of CD36 was activated, while the expression of hormone-sensitive lipase was downregulated in the RV pacing group compared with the His pacing and sham control groups. Furthermore, the expressions of GLUT4 and pyruvate dehydrogenase were higher in the RV pacing group than the sham control and His pacing groups. Notably, the abnormal fatty acid and glucose metabolic pathways in the left ventricular myocardium during RV pacing could be corrected by His bundle pacing. CONCLUSIONS: His bundle pacing can mitigate the abnormal metabolism disorders, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and inflammation induced during RV pacing and may contribute to the superiority of conduction system pacing over RV pacing in reducing heart failure hospitalization.

Downregulation of SIRT1 and GADD45G genes and left atrial fibrosis induced by right ventricular dependent pacing in a complete atrioventricular block pig model.

The molecular and genetic mechanisms underlying left atrial (LA) enlargement and atrial fibrosis following right ventricular (RV) dependent pacing remain unclear. Our objective was to investigate genetic expressions in the LA of pigs subjected to RV pacing for atrioventricular block (AVB), as well as to identify the differential gene expressions affected by biventricular (BiV) pacing. We established an AVB pig model and divided the subjects into three groups: a sham control group, an RV pacing group, and a BiV pacing group. Differential expression genes (DEGs) analyses conducted through next-generation sequencing (NGS) and enrichment analyses were employed to identify genes with altered expression in the LA myocardium. The RV pacing group showed a significant increase in extracellular fibrosis in the LA myocardium compared to the control group. NGS analysis revealed suppressed expression of the sirtuin signaling pathway in the RV pacing group. Among the DEGs within this pathway, GADD45G was found to be downregulated in the RV pacing group and upregulated in the BiV pacing group. Remarkably, the BiV pacing group exhibited elevated levels of GADD45G protein. In our study, we observed significant downregulation of SIRT1 and GADD45G genes, which are associated with the sirtuin signaling pathway, in the LA myocardium of the RV pacing group when compared to the control group. Moreover, these genes, which were downregulated in the RV pacing group, displayed a noteworthy upregulation in the BiV pacing group when compared to the RV pacing group.

Cardiovascular and renal outcomes in patients with atrial fibrillation and stage 4-5 chronic kidney disease receiving direct oral anticoagulants: a multicenter retrospective cohort study.

The role of direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and stage 4-5 chronic kidney disease (CKD) is controversial. Electronic medical records from 2012 to 2021 were retrieved for patients with AF and stage 4-5 CKD receiving oral anticoagulants. Patients were separated into those receiving DOACs (dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban, or edoxaban) or vitamin K antagonists (VKA). Primary outcomes included ischemic stroke (IS), systemic thrombosis (SE), major bleeding, gastrointestinal bleeding, hemorrhagic stroke, acute myocardial infarction, cardiovascular death, and all-cause death. Renal outcomes included eGFR declines, creatinine doubling, progression to dialysis, and major adverse kidney events (MAKE). The primary analysis was until the end of follow up and the results at 1-year and 2-year of follow ups were also assessed. 2,382 patients (DOAC = 1,047, VKA = 1,335) between 2012 and 2021 with AF and stage 4-5 CKD were identified. The mean follow-up period was 2.3 ± 2.1 years in DOCAs and 2.6 ± 2.3 years in VKA respectively. At the end of follow up, the DOAC patients had significantly decreased SE (subdistribution hazard ratio [SHR] = 0.50, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.34-0.73), composite of IS/SE (SHR = 0.78, 95% CI = 0.62-0.98), major bleeding (HR = 0.77, 95% CI = 0.66-0.90), hemorrhagic stroke (HR = 0.52, 95% CI = 0.36-0.76), and composite of bleeding events (SHR = 0.80, 95% CI = 0.69-0.92) compared with VKA patients. The IS efficacy outcome revealed neutral between DOAC and VKA patients (HR = 1.05, 95% CI = 0.79-1.39). In addition, DOAC patients had significantly decreased rates of eGFR decline > 50% (SHR = 0.75, 95% CI = 0.64-0.87), creatinine doubling (SHR = 0.80, 95% CI = 0.67-0.95), and MAKE (SHR = 0.81, 95% CI = 0.71-0.93). In patients with AF and stage 4-5 CKD, use of DOAC was associated with decreased rates of a composite of ischemic stroke/systemic embolism, a composite of bleeding events, and renal events compared to VKA. Efficacy and safety benefits associated with apixaban at standard doses were consistent throughout follow-up.

Understanding the Dynamics of Unwanted Online Sexual Solicitation Among Youth in Taiwan: Vulnerability and Resilience Factors.

The rise in online sexual exposure and solicitation among youth has heightened concerns. Youth, due to their limited socio-cognitive capacity, face greater risks of online sexual victimization compared to adults. Unwanted online sexual solicitation (UOSS) is a concerning aspect of sexual victimization, encompassing requests for unwanted sexual talks, activities, and sharing personal sexual information or images online. This study, based on target congruence theory, examined UOSS risk and protective factors using a national-representative youth sample in Taiwan. In 2020, 19,556 students (Grades 5-12, average age 15, 50% male) participated in the school-based online survey. Hierarchical linear regression was used to determine the significance of UOSS predictors. Findings revealed a 15.4% prevalence of UOSS. Accounting for age and gender, target-vulnerability variables (self-esteem, bullying victimization, psychological distress) and target-gratifiability variables (online self-disclosure, time spent online) significantly linked to UOSS. Youth who were bullied, had greater psychological distress and online self-disclosure, and increased Internet use were prone to UOSS, while self-esteem mitigated risks. Bullying victimization and online self-disclosure were the strongest correlates of UOSS in Taiwan's youth, followed by psychological distress, Internet usage, and self-esteem. In sum, this study enriches the understanding of UOSS among Taiwanese youth and suggests strategies to prevent online sexual victimization. Enhancing self-esteem, promoting social media education including online privacy and self-disclose, tackling bullying, addressing psychological distress, and furnishing relevant services are crucial preventive measures. These findings offer guidance to parents, educators, and health professionals for supervising and steering adolescents' online conduct, presenting an evidence-based framework to avert online sexual victimization.

Tunable MEMS-based metamaterial nanograting coupler for C-band optical communication application.

A tunable metamaterial nanograting coupler (MNC) is presented that is composed of a one-dimensional surface nanograting coupler with a bottom reflector and the metamaterial atop. For a single nanograting coupler, by introducing a reflector and optimizing nanograting parameters, the spatial coupling efficiency exceeds 97% around near-infrared wavelength of 1.43 µm. The metamaterial can be tuned by using micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) technique. The relative height or lateral offset between metamaterial and coupling nanograting can be controlled, that the light-emitting efficiency can be separated into two different directions. In addition, the coupling efficiency is as high as 91% at the optical C-band communication window. Therefore, the proposed MEMS-based MNC not only has the possibility of coupling optical fibers with high-density integrated optoelectronic chips, but also has potential application prospects in light path switching, variable optical attenuation, and optical switch.

Acute heart failure with mildly reduced ejection fraction and myocardial infarction: a multi-institutional cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Little research has been done on ischemic outcomes related to left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) in acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF). METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was conducted between 2001 and 2021 using the Chang Gung Research Database. ADHF Patients discharged from hospitals between January 1, 2005, and December 31, 2019. Cardiovascular (CV) mortality and heart failure (HF) rehospitalization are the primary outcome components, along with all-cause mortality, acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and stroke. RESULTS: A total of 12,852 ADHF patients were identified, of whom 2,222 (17.3%) had HFmrEF, the mean (SD) age was 68.5 (14.6) years, and 1,327 (59.7%) were males. In comparison with HFrEF and HFpEF patients, HFmrEF patients had a significant phenotype comorbid with diabetes, dyslipidemia, and ischemic heart disease. Patients with HFmrEF were more likely to experience renal failure, dialysis, and replacement. Both HFmrEF and HFrEF had similar rates of cardioversion and coronary interventions. There was an intermediate clinical outcome between HFpEF and HFrEF, but HFmrEF had the highest rate of AMI (HFpEF, 9.3%; HFmrEF, 13.6%; HFrEF, 9.9%). The AMI rates in HFmrEF were higher than those in HFpEF (AHR, 1.15; 95% Confidence Interval, 0.99 to 1.32) but not in HFrEF (AHR, 0.99; 95% Confidence Interval, 0.87 to 1.13). CONCLUSION: Acute decompression in patients with HFmrEF increases the risk of myocardial infarction. The relationship between HFmrEF and ischemic cardiomyopathy, as well as optimal anti-ischemic treatment, requires further research on a large scale.

Cardiovascular outcomes in hepatitis C virus infected patients treated with direct acting antiviral therapy: a retrospective multi-institutional study.

BACKGROUND: Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is associated with increased cardiovascular risks. We aimed to investigate the impact of direct acting antiviral (DAA) on HCV-associated cardiovascular events. METHODS: In this retrospective cohort study, patients with the diagnosis of chronic HCV were retrieved from multi-institutional electronic medical records, where diagnosis of HCV was based on serum HCV antibody and HCV-RNA test. The patients eligible for analysis were then separated into patients with DAA treatment and patient without DAA treatment. Primary outcomes included acute coronary syndrome, heart failure (HF), venous thromboembolism (VTE), stroke, cardiovascular death, major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE), and all-cause mortality. Outcomes developed during follow-up were compared between DAA treatment and non-DAA treatment groups. RESULTS: There were 41 565 patients with chronic HCV infection identified. After exclusion criteria applied, 1984 patients in the DAA treatment group and 413 patients in the non-DAA treatment group were compared for outcomes using inverse probability of treatment weighting. Compared to patients in non-DAA treatment group, patients in DAA treatment group were associated with significantly decreased HF (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.65, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.44-0.97, P = 0.035), VTE (HR: 0.19, 95% CI: 0.07-0.49, P = 0.001), MACE (HR: 0.73, 95% CI 0.59-0.92, P = 0.007), and all-cause mortality (HR: 0.50, 95% CI: 0.38-0.67, P < 0.001) at 3-year follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Chronic HCV patients treated with DAA experienced lower rates of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality than those without treatment. The reduction of VTE was the most significant impact of DAA treatment among the cardiovascular outcomes.

Long-term outcome of acute type A aortic dissection repair in chronic kidney disease patients.

Preoperative renal dysfunction is associated with mortality in patients with acute type A aortic dissection (ATAAD) repair. However, the long-term outcome of chronic kidney dysfunction (CKD) in ATAAD is unclear. The study aimed to evaluate the long-term outcome of CKD in patients with ATAAD repair. We retrospectively studied patients with ATAAD repair using data from the Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database between July 1, 2004, and December 31, 2013. The outcomes of interest included all-cause mortality, readmission due to any cause, redo aortic surgery, major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events, and liver and renal outcomes. There were 3328 patients who received ATAAD repair. These patients were divided into CKD and non-CKD groups. In-hospital mortality in the CKD group was significantly higher than that in the non-CKD group (32.5% vs 18.8%, respectively, odds ratio 2.14, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.37-3.36). During long-term follow-up, patients with CKD had higher risks of all-cause mortality including in-hospital death (52.6% vs 32.5%; hazard ratio 1.83, 95% CI 1.32-2.55), mortality after discharge (29.7% vs 16.8%; hazard ratio 2.09, 95% CI 1.02-4.29), and readmission rates (67.1% vs 51.6%; subdistribution hazard ratio 2.00, 95% CI 1.43-2.79). However, no significant difference was observed between the dialysis and non-dialysis groups. On the basis of our results, patients with CKD carry a poor long-term outcome after ATAAD repair. Cardiac surgeons should be aware of this condition when dealing with ATAAD repair.

Surface plasmon coupling effects on the photon color conversion behaviors of colloidal quantum dots in a GaN nanoscale hole with a nearby quantum-well structure.

To improve color conversion performance for color display application, we study the near-field-induced nanoscale-cavity effects on the emission efficiency and Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) under the condition of surface plasmon (SP) coupling by inserting colloidal quantum dots (QDs) and synthesized Ag nanoparticles (NPs) into surface nano-holes fabricated on a GaN template and an InGaN/GaN quantum-well (QW) template. In the QW template, the inserted Ag NPs are close to either QWs or QDs for producing three-body SP coupling to enhance color conversion. Time-resolved and continuous-wave photoluminescence (PL) behaviors of the QW- and QD-emitting lights are investigated. The comparison between the nano-hole samples and the reference samples of surface QD/Ag NP shows that the nanoscale-cavity effect of the nano-hole leads to the enhancements of QD emission, FRET between QDs, and FRET from QW into QD. The SP coupling induced by the inserted Ag NPs can enhance the QD emission and FRET from QW into QD. Its result is further enhanced through the nanoscale-cavity effect. The relative continuous-wave PL intensities among different color components also show the similar behaviors. By introducing SP coupling to a color conversion device with the FRET process in a nanoscale cavity structure, we can significantly improve the color conversion efficiency. Simulation results confirm the basic observations in experiment.

Reconstructing population exposures to acrylamide from human monitoring data using a pharmacokinetic framework.

BACKGROUND: Acrylamide toxicity involves several metabolic pathways. Thus, a panel of blood and urinary biomarkers for the evaluation of acrylamide exposure was deemed appropriate. OBJECTIVE: The study was designed to evaluate daily acrylamide exposure in US adults via hemoglobin adducts and urinary metabolites using a pharmacokinetic framework. METHODS: A cohort of 2798 subjects aged 20-79 was selected from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, 2013-2016) for analysis. Three acrylamide biomarkers including hemoglobin adducts of acrylamide in blood and two urine metabolites, N-Acetyl-S-(2-carbamoylethyl)cysteine (AAMA) and N-Acetyl-S-(2-carbamoyl-2-hydroxyethyl)-l-cysteine (GAMA) were used to estimate daily acrylamide exposure using validated pharmacokinetic prediction models. Multivariate regression models were also used to examine key factors in determining estimated acrylamide intake. RESULTS: The estimated daily acrylamide exposure varied across the sampled population. Estimated acrylamide daily exposure was comparable among the three different biomarkers (median: 0.4-0.7 µg/kg/d). Cigarette smoking emerged as the leading contributor to the acquired acrylamide dose. Smokers had the highest estimated acrylamide intake (1.20-1.49 µg/kg/d) followed by passive smokers (0.47-0.61) and non-smokers (0.45-0.59). Several covariates, particularly, body mass index and race/ethnicity, played roles in determining estimated exposures. DISCUSSION: Estimated daily acrylamide exposures among US adults using multiple acrylamide biomarkers were similar to populations reported elsewhere providing additional support for using the current approach in assessing acrylamide exposure. This analysis assumes that the biomarkers used indicate intake of acrylamide into the body, which is consistent with the substantial known exposures due to diet and smoking. Although this study did not explicitly evaluate background exposure arising from analytical or internal biochemical factors, these findings suggest that the use of multiple biomarkers may reduce uncertainties regarding the ability of any single biomarker to accurately represent actual systemic exposures to the agent. This study also highlights the value of integrating a pharmacokinetic approach into exposure assessments.

Label-free and noninvasive analysis of microorganism surface epistructures at the single-cell level.

Cell surface properties of microorganisms provide abundant information for their physiological status and fate choice. However, current methods for analyzing cell surface properties require labeling or fixation, which can alter the cell activity. This study establishes a label-free, rapid, noninvasive, and quantitative analysis of cell surface properties, including the presence and the dimension of epistructure, down to the single-cell level and at the nanometer scale. Simultaneously, electrorotation provides dielectric properties of intracellular contents. With the combined information, the growth phase of microalgae cells can be identified. The measurement is based on electrorotation of single cells, and an electrorotation model accounting for the surface properties is developed to properly interpret experimental data. The epistructure length measured by electrorotation is validated by scanning electron microscopy. The measurement accuracy is satisfactory in particular in the case of microscale epistructures in the exponential phase and nanoscale epistructures in the stationary phase. However, the measurement accuracy for nanoscale epistructures on cells in the exponential phase is offset by the effect of a thick double layer. Lastly, a diversity in epistructure length distinguishes exponential phase from stationary phase.

Electric split-ring metamaterial based microfluidic chip with multi-resonances for microparticle trapping and chemical sensing applications.

In this work, an integration of terahertz (THz) electrical split-ring metamaterial (eSRM) with microfluidic chip is presented. This eSRM-based microfluidic chip exhibits multiple resonances in the THz spectrum and trapping selectively microparticle size characteristics. The arrangement of eSRM array is dislocation. It generates the fundamental inductive-capacitive (LC) resonant mode, quadrupole, and octupolar plasmon resonant modes and then exhibits high sensitivity to the environmental refraction index. The trapping structures of microparticles are elliptical barricades on eSRM surface. Thus, the electric field energy is strongly confined within the gap of eSRM in transverse electric (TE) mode and then the elliptical trapping structures are anchored on both sides of the split gap to ensure the microparticles can be trapped and located on the gap. To imitate the microparticle sensing ambient environment qualitatively and quantitatively in the THz spectrum, the microparticles are designed different feature sizes with different refraction index from 1.0 to 2.0 in ethanol medium. The results show the proposed eSRM-based microfluidic chip possesses the trapping and sensing abilities in single microparticle and high sensitivity for fungus, microorganism, chemical and environmental applications.