Analysis of factors associated with mortality due to sepsis resulting from device-related infections.

INTRODUCTION: Health care-associated infections (HAIs) contribute to morbidity and mortality and to the dissemination of multidrug-resistant organisms. Children admitted to the intensive care unit undergo invasive procedures that increase their risk of developing HAIs and sepsis. The aim of the study was to analyse factors associated with mortality due to sepsis arising from HAIs. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We conducted a case-control study in a 7-bed multipurpose paediatric intensive care unit in a tertiary care teaching hospital. The sample consisted of 90 children admitted between January 2014 and December 2018. The case group consisted of patients who died from sepsis associated with the main health care-associated infections; the control group consisted of patients who survived sepsis associated with the same infections. RESULTS: Death was associated with age less than or equal to 12 months, presence of comorbidity, congenital disease, recurrent ventilator-associated pneumonia and septic shock. In the multiple regression analysis, heart disease (OR, 12.48; CI 2.55-60.93; P = .002), infection by carbapenem-resistant bacteria (OR, 31.51; CI 4.01-247.25; P = .001), cancer (OR, 58.23; CI 4.54-746.27; P = .002), and treatment with adrenaline (OR, 13.14; CI 1.35-128.02; P = .003) continued to be significantly associated with death. CONCLUSIONS: Hospital sepsis secondary to carbapenem-resistant bacteria contributed to a high mortality rate in this cohort. Children with heart disease or neoplasia or who needed vasopressor drugs had poorer outcomes.

Use of sedatives and analgesics and hospital outcomes in pediatric intensive care: a cohort study / Uso de sedativos e analgésicos e desfechos hospitalares em terapia intensiva pediátrica: estudo de coorte

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Continuous infusion sedoanalgesia may favor negative hospital outcomes, thus, the objective was to analyze the relationship between continuous infusion sedoanalgesia and factors such as duration of mechanical pulmonary ventilation (MPV), extubation failure, hospital infections, length of hospitalization, and death in a mixed pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). The aim of this study was to identify the association of the use of sedatives and analgesics in continuous infusion with hospital outcomes through the control of confounding variables. METHODS Retrospective cohort with hospitalizations of children aged zero to 14 years, from 2012 to 2017. Use of continuous sedoanalgesia was considered a factor for the outcomes: duration of MPV, extubation failure, hospital infections (healthcare-associated infections - HCAI, fungal infection and catheter-related bloodstream infection), length of stay in the PICU and hospital, and death. Poisson regression was performed with adjustment by progressive models, with a significance level of 5%, calculation of relative risk (RR) and confidence interval (95% CI). RESULTS A total of 894 hospitalizations were analyzed, with a predominance of males (54.3%), non-malnourished children (70.7%) and without a diagnosis of chronic disease (55.1%). Infants accounted for half of the population. The outcomes that were associated with continuous sedoanalgesia in the final model were: MPV time > 4 days (RR=2.74; 95%CI=1.90-3.93), HCAI (RR=1.91; 95%CI=.32-2.80), fungal infection (RR=2.00; 95%CI=1.12-3.58), length of stay in the PICU > 3 days (RR=1.81; 95%CI=1.51-2.17) and hospital stay > 10 days (RR=1.52; 95%CI=1.27-1.84), and death (RR=0.64; 95%CI=0.43-0.95). CONCLUSION MPV time longer than four days, diagnosis of HCAI, diagnosis of fungal infection, length of stay in the PICU longer than three days, and hospitalization time longer than 10 days were factors more present in children who received continuous infusion of sedoanalgesia. Death, on the other hand, was more related to severity variables than to the use of psychoactive drugs.

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS A sedoanalgesia em infusão contínua pode favorecer desfechos hospitalares negativos, assim, o objetivo foi analisar a relação entre sedoanalgesia em infusão contínua e fatores como tempo de ventilação pulmonar mecânica (VPM), falha de extubação, infecções hospitalares, tempo de internação e óbito numa unidade de terapia intensiva pediátrica (UTIP) mista. MÉTODOS Coorte retrospectivo com internações de crianças de zero a 14 anos, de 2012 a 2017. Uso de sedoanalgesia contínua foi considerado fator para os desfechos tempo de VPM, falha de extubação, infecções hospitalares (infecções relacionadas à assistência à saúde - IRAS, infecção fúngica e infecção de corrente sanguínea relacionada a cateter), tempo de internação em UTIP e no hospital e óbito. Foi realizada a regressão de Poisson com ajuste por modelos progressivos com nível de significância de 5%, cálculo do risco relativo (RR) e intervalo de confiança (IC 95%). Este estudo buscou identificar a associação do uso de sedativos e analgésicos em infusão contínua com desfechos hospitalares por meio do controle de variáveis de confusão. RESULTADOS Foram analisadas 894 internações, predominando o sexo masculino (54,3%), crianças não desnutridas (70,7%) e sem diagnóstico de doença crônica (55,1%). Lactentes representaram metade da população. Os desfechos que se associaram à sedoanalgesia contínua no modelo final foram: tempo de VPM > 4 dias (RR=2,74; IC95%=1,90-3,93), IRAS (RR=1,91; IC95%=1,32-2,80), infecção fúngica (RR=2,00; IC95%=1,12-3,58), tempo de internação na UTIP > 3 dias (RR=1,81; IC95%=1,51-2,17) e hospitalar > 10 dias (RR=1,52; IC95%=1,27-1,84) e óbito (RR=0,64; IC95%=0,43-0,95). CONCLUSÃO: Tempo de VPM maior que quatro dias, diagnóstico de IRAS, diagnóstico de infecção fúngica, tempo de internação na UTIP maior que três dias e tempo de internação hospitalar maior que 10 dias foram mais incidentes nas crianças que receberam sedoanalgesia em infusão contínua. Já o óbito apresentou maior relação com as variáveis de gravidade do que com o uso de fármacos psicoativos.

Implementation of a protocol for pharmacological treatment of pain in hospitalized children / Implantação de protocolo para tratamento farmacológico da dor na criança hospitalizada

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to describe the process of implementing a protocol for treating pain in hospitalized children, seeking to contribute to the standardization of strategies for the assessment and relief of child pain. METHODS: Convergent Care Research guided by Knowledge Translation in a pediatric unit of a university hospital in southern Brazil. In interaction with convergence groups with 66 professionals members of the medical, nursing and physiotherapy teams, elaborated motivational strategies for the participation in the collective construction process and maintenance of knowledge about pain. RESULTS: The following strategies were developed: creation of the #criançasemdor (#childrenwithoutpain) logo, distribution of a personalized kit with scales for pain assessment, illustrative folder, pain scales for the wards' clipboards, discussions of clinical cases and creation of an informative page on social network. As technical-scientific products, a pharmacological framework and a Standard Operating Procedure were prepared. CONCLUSION: The collective construction process favored the involvement of professionals in the adopted strategies, which is fundamental for the changes to be incorporated into practice. In addition, Knowledge Translation has proven to be a useful tool for improving care for hospitalized children.

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever o processo de implantação de protocolo para tratamento da dor na criança hospitalizada, contribuindo com a padronização de estratégias de avaliação e alívio da dor infantil. MÉTODOS: Pesquisa Convergente Assistencial norteada pelo Knowledge Translation em unidade pediátrica de um hospital universitário do sul do Brasil. Interação de grupos de convergência com 66 profissionais das equipes médica, de enfermagem e de fisioterapia para a elaboração de estratégias motivacionais para participação do processo de construção coletiva e manutenção do conhecimento sobre dor. RESULTADOS: Foram desenvolvidas estratégias com a criação do logotipo #criançasemdor, distribuição de kit personalizado com escalas para avaliação da dor, folder ilustrativo, escalas de dor para as enfermarias, discussões de casos clínicos e criação de página informativa em rede social. Como produtos técnico-científicos, foram elaborados o quadro farmacológico e o Procedimento Operacional Padrão. CONCLUSÃO: O processo de construção coletiva favoreceu o envolvimento dos profissionais às estratégias adotadas, fundamentais para que as mudanças possam ser incorporadas na prática. Além disso, o Knowledge Translation demonstrou ser uma ferramenta útil para a melhoria da assistência à criança hospitalizada.

Sepse neonatal: mortalidade em município do sul do brasil, 2000 a 2013 / Neonatal sepsis: mortality in a municipality in southern brazil, 2000 to 2013

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever o coeficiente de mortalidade neonatal por sepse e outras causas, além das características maternas, gestacionais, do parto, do recém-nascido e do óbito em Londrina, Paraná. Métodos: Estudo transversal e de séries temporais. Foram estudados óbitos neonatais que continham, em qualquer campo da declaração de óbito, registro de sepse neonatal, entre 2000 e 2013. Os anos foram agrupados em biênios e realizou-se cálculo do coeficiente de mortalidade neonatal e por causas específicas, segundo 10ª revisão da Classificação Internacional de Doenças (CID-10). Para a análise bivariada, considerou-se p<0,05, com cálculo da razão de prevalência e intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC95%). Resultados: Dos 745 óbitos, em 229 (30,7%) registrou-se sepse, com coeficiente de mortalidade neonatal de 7,5 óbitos por mil nascidos vivos (NVs), estando a sepse envolvida em 2,3 óbitos por mil NVs. As causas básicas da mortalidade neonatal foram afecções originadas no período perinatal e malformações congênitas. A sepse associou-se a pré-eclâmpsia, infecção do trato urinário, Apgar no 1º e 5º minutos e ocorrência de óbito tardio. Na análise descritiva de tendência, destacou-se o aumento na proporção de mães com 35 anos ou mais e com oito ou mais anos de estudo. A cobertura de pré-natal foi elevada, porém pouco mais da metade das mães realizou sete ou mais consultas. Conclusões: Nos 14 anos estudados, destacam-se o papel do pré-natal como ação preventiva dos agravos maternos e fetais e o aumento da idade e da escolaridade materna associados com a mortalidade neonatal.

ABSTRACT: Objective: To describe the neonatal mortality coefficient attributed to sepsis and other causes, and to report the maternal, neonatal and death characteristics of newborn infants that died in the city of Londrina, Paraná, in Southern Brazil. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study with a time series analysis. Neonatal deaths that contained neonatal sepsis records in any field of the death certificate between the years 2000 and 2013 were studied. The years were grouped into biennia, and cause specific neonatal mortality coefficient was calculated, according to the International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision. Results are expressed as prevalence ratio and 95% confidence interval (95CI%). For bivariate analysis, p<0.05 was considered significant. Results: Among the 745 deaths, 229 (30.7%) had sepsis, with a neonatal mortality coefficient of 7.5 per one thousand livebirths. Sepsis was involved in 2.3 deaths per 1,000 live births. The main underlying causes were conditions originated in the perinatal period and congenital malformations. Sepsis was associated with pre-eclampsia, urinary tract infection, Apgar in the 1st and 5th minutes, and occurrence of late death. In the descriptive trend analysis, there was an increased proportion of mothers aged 35 years or older and with eight or more schooling years. Prenatal coverage was high, but a little more than half of the mothers attended seven or more medical appointments. Conclusions: In the 14 years analyzed, the prenatal care was identified as a preventive measure against maternal and fetal disorders and the advanced maternal age was associated with neonatal mortality.

NEONATAL SEPSIS: MORTALITY IN A MUNICIPALITY IN SOUTHERN BRAZIL, 2000 TO 2013. / SEPSE NEONATAL: MORTALIDADE EM MUNICÍPIO DO SUL DO BRASIL, 2000 A 2013.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the neonatal mortality coefficient attributed to sepsis and other causes, and to report the maternal, neonatal and death characteristics of newborn infants that died in the city of Londrina, Paraná, in Southern Brazil. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study with a time series analysis. Neonatal deaths that contained neonatal sepsis records in any field of the death certificate between the years 2000 and 2013 were studied. The years were grouped into biennia, and cause specific neonatal mortality coefficient was calculated, according to the International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision. Results are expressed as prevalence ratio and 95% confidence interval (95CI%). For bivariate analysis, p<0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: Among the 745 deaths, 229 (30.7%) had sepsis, with a neonatal mortality coefficient of 7.5 per one thousand livebirths. Sepsis was involved in 2.3 deaths per 1,000 live births. The main underlying causes were conditions originated in the perinatal period and congenital malformations. Sepsis was associated with pre-eclampsia, urinary tract infection, Apgar in the 1st and 5th minutes, and occurrence of late death. In the descriptive trend analysis, there was an increased proportion of mothers aged 35 years or older and with eight or more schooling years. Prenatal coverage was high, but a little more than half of the mothers attended seven or more medical appointments. CONCLUSIONS: In the 14 years analyzed, the prenatal care was identified as a preventive measure against maternal and fetal disorders and the advanced maternal age was associated with neonatal mortality.

OBJETIVO: Descrever o coeficiente de mortalidade neonatal por sepse e outras causas, além das características maternas, gestacionais, do parto, do recém-nascido e do óbito em Londrina, Paraná. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal e de séries temporais. Foram estudados óbitos neonatais que continham, em qualquer campo da declaração de óbito, registro de sepse neonatal, entre 2000 e 2013. Os anos foram agrupados em biênios e realizou-se cálculo do coeficiente de mortalidade neonatal e por causas específicas, segundo 10ª revisão da Classificação Internacional de Doenças (CID-10). Para a análise bivariada, considerou-se p<0,05, com cálculo da razão de prevalência e intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC95%). RESULTADOS: Dos 745 óbitos, em 229 (30,7%) registrou-se sepse, com coeficiente de mortalidade neonatal de 7,5 óbitos por mil nascidos vivos (NVs), estando a sepse envolvida em 2,3 óbitos por mil NVs. As causas básicas da mortalidade neonatal foram afecções originadas no período perinatal e malformações congênitas. A sepse associou-se a pré-eclâmpsia, infecção do trato urinário, Apgar no 1º e 5º minutos e ocorrência de óbito tardio. Na análise descritiva de tendência, destacou-se o aumento na proporção de mães com 35 anos ou mais e com oito ou mais anos de estudo. A cobertura de pré-natal foi elevada, porém pouco mais da metade das mães realizou sete ou mais consultas. CONCLUSÕES: Nos 14 anos estudados, destacam-se o papel do pré-natal como ação preventiva dos agravos maternos e fetais e o aumento da idade e da escolaridade materna associados com a mortalidade neonatal.

Frequência de insuficiência adrenal em crianças com sepse / Adrenal insufficiency in children with sepsis

OBJETIVO: Determinar a frequência de insuficiência adrenal em crianças com diagnóstico de sepse internadas em unidades de terapia intensiva pediátrica e estabelecer a associação entre a função adrenal e a necessidade e tempo de utilização de drogas vasoativas, tempo de ventilação mecânica e mortalidade. MÉTODOS: Estudo de coorte destinado a avaliar a incidência de insuficiência adrenal em crianças com idade de 29 dias a 12 anos e diagnóstico de sepse por meio do teste de estímulo com ACTH. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídas 39 crianças no estudo. A freqüência de insuficiência adrenal foi de 30,7 por cento, totalizando 12 pacientes. Observou-se maior necessidade de drogas vasoativas, bem como no tempo de ventilação mecânica em crianças com insuficiência adrenal, porém sem significância estatística. A curva de Kaplan-Meyer mostrou menor sobrevivência no grupo de crianças com insuficiência adrenal, sem significância estatística (p = 0,1263). Não houve diferenças entre os grupos com e sem insuficiência adrenal quando avaliados tempo de ventilação mecânica, necessidade de drogas vasoativas, tipo de infecção e presença de doenças crônicas. CONCLUSÃO: O estudo determinou a frequência de insuficiência adrenal em crianças com sepse e sua relação com maior mortalidade nos primeiros 28 dias de internação. Não se encontrou significância na associação entre insuficiência adrenal e tempo de ventilação mecânica ou necessidade de drogas vasoativas.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency of adrenal insufficiency in children diagnosed with sepsis that were staying in pediatric intensive care units and to establish the association between adrenal function and the use of vasoactive drugs, mechanical ventilation time and mortality. METHODS: A cohort-designed study was conducted to assess the incidence of adrenal insufficiency in children aged 29 days to 12 years who were diagnosed with sepsis using the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulation test. RESULTS: Thirty-nine children were included in the study. The frequency of adrenal insufficiency was 30.7 percent (12 patients). Children with adrenal insufficiency had an increased need for vasoactive drugs as well as longer mechanical ventilation times; however, the differences were not statistically significant. A Kaplan-Meier curve indicated lower survival rates among the adrenal insufficiency children, but the differences were not statistically significant (p = 0.1263). No differences were identified between the adrenal sufficiency and adrenal insufficiency groups in regards to mechanical ventilation time, use of vasoactive drugs, infection type and chronic disease. CONCLUSION: This study determined the frequency of adrenal insufficiency in children with sepsis and its relationship to increased mortality within the first 28 post-admission days. No statistically significant association was found between adrenal insufficiency and mechanical ventilation time or the use of vasoactive drugs.

Adrenal insufficiency in children with sepsis. / Frequência de insuficiência adrenal em crianças com sepse.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency of adrenal insufficiency in children diagnosed with sepsis that were staying in pediatric intensive care units and to establish the association between adrenal function and the use of vasoactive drugs, mechanical ventilation time and mortality. METHODS: A cohort-designed study was conducted to assess the incidence of adrenal insufficiency in children aged 29 days to 12 years who were diagnosed with sepsis using the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulation test. RESULTS: Thirty-nine children were included in the study. The frequency of adrenal insufficiency was 30.7% (12 patients). Children with adrenal insufficiency had an increased need for vasoactive drugs as well as longer mechanical ventilation times; however, the differences were not statistically significant. A Kaplan-Meier curve indicated lower survival rates among the adrenal insufficiency children, but the differences were not statistically significant (p = 0.1263). No differences were identified between the adrenal sufficiency and adrenal insufficiency groups in regards to mechanical ventilation time, use of vasoactive drugs, infection type and chronic disease. CONCLUSION: This study determined the frequency of adrenal insufficiency in children with sepsis and its relationship to increased mortality within the first 28 post-admission days. No statistically significant association was found between adrenal insufficiency and mechanical ventilation time or the use of vasoactive drugs.