Predictors for high costs of hospital care in elderly hypertensive patients.

OBJECTIVE: To analyse predictors of high cost of care in elderly hypertensive patients, in particular costs related to short-term (<10 days) and long-term (< or = 10 days) institutional care. DESIGN: Health Economy (HE) sub-study in the Swedish Trial in Old Patients with Hypertension-2 (STOP Hypertension-2). SETTING: Outpatient clinics, hospitals and nursing homes in Sweden. SUBJECTS: Elderly (70-84 years) patients (n=6614) from the STOP Hypertension-2 cohort with a systolic or diastolic hypertension, or a combination thereof, were included. METHODS: Costs of institutional care were analysed and categorized as short-term (<10 days or long-term care (> or = 10 days). Costs were related to individual patients and calculations were made during follow-up in STOP Hypertension-2 from inclusion to end of study. Data was available from 99% of all scheduled visits during the median 5.3 years of follow-up in the 6614 elderly hypertensive patients. RESULTS: A multivariate analysis of potential predictors for inpatient short-term or long-term care demonstrated that several clinical factors within the groups of target organ damage (TOD), associated clinical conditions (ACC), as well as additional risk factors (RF) predicted for an increased probability of inpatient care in elderly hypertensives. Specifically, predictors for heart failure (OR 1.73, p=0.005), diabetes (OR 1.36, p<0.0005) and older age (OR 1.05, p<0.0001). Predictors at entry for long-term care (> or = 10 days) were; presence of ischaemic heart disease (OR 1.65, p<0.0001), diabetes mellitus (OR 1.32, p=0.012), female gender (OR 0.80, p=0.0003) as well as older age (OR 1.02, p=0.046). High total costs for this cohort of elderly hypertensive patients were recorded in the group subjected to long-term care for cardiovascular as well as non-cardiovascular reasons. Male gender (p=0.004) and stroke (p=0.06) remained predictors for high costs for hospital care while stroke (p<0.0001) and old age (p<0.0001) predicted for high costs for nursing home care. CONCLUSION: In elderly hypertensives in STOP Hypertension-2, presence of cardiac disease, stroke, diabetes and older age at entry increased the probability as well as costs for both short- and long-term care. Level of systolic or diastolic blood pressure did not predict for hospitalization or cost outcome. Our results provide an economic argument for strict risk reduction focus in the management of elderly high-risk hypertensive patients.

Cost analysis of different pharmacological treatment strategies in elderly hypertensives.

OBJECTIVE: To compare costs for management of hypertension in elderly hypertensives randomized to starting treatment with conventional (beta-blockers/diuretics) therapy or a therapy initiated with a calcium antagonist or an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor. DESIGN: Health economic substudy in the Swedish Trial in Old Patients with Hypertension-2 (STOP Hypertension-2). SETTING: Outpatient clinics in Sweden. In this health economics substudy, 16/312 participating STOP-2 trial centers were selected. SUBJECTS: Elderly (70--84 years) patients (n=303) with a systolic and/or diastolic hypertension (or=180 and/or 105 mmHg). METHODS: Costs for patient management were analyzed and categorized in costs for routine care (protocol-driven costs, PDC), costs for extra visits or care (non-protocol-driven costs, NPDC), and direct drug costs (drug treatment costs, DTC). All calculations are related to costs during the first year of treatment after inclusion in STOP Hypertension-2. RESULTS: Out of the scheduled visits, a total of 99% were actually performed by the patients. There were no differences in the number of visits between the three treatment groups (diuretics/beta-blockers, calcium antagonists or ACE inhibitors). PDC did thus not differ between the three treatment groups. NPDC were similar in the conventional and calcium antagonist groups and lower than for the ACE inhibitor group. DTC were lower in the conventional treatment group compared with the other two groups. CONCLUSION. In elderly hypertensives in STOP Hypertension-2, total costs for management of hypertension were lower in patients assigned to diuretics, beta-blockers or calcium antagonists compared with ACE inhibitors during the first year of treatment. These results may be relevant to management of elderly hypertensive patients, especially in those patients without compelling indications or contraindications to starting treatment with either of these three main drug alternatives. Notably, with a specific drug regimen there are sizable NPDC such as extra visits and controls associated with symptoms or side-effects of a specific therapy, which significantly add to the total costs of treatment. Such costs, beyond the actual costs for the drugs, are important to realize and evaluate in order to provide the true costs for treatment of hypertensive patients.

Cardiovascular events in elderly patients with isolated systolic hypertension. A subgroup analysis of treatment strategies in STOP-Hypertension-2.

OBJECTIVE: To perform a subgroup analysis on those patients in STOP-Hypertension-2 who had isolated systolic hypertension. DESIGN AND METHODS: The STOP-Hypertension-2 study evaluated cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in elderly hypertensives comparing treatment with conventional drugs (diuretics, beta-blockers) with that of newer ones [angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, calcium antagonists]. In all, 6614 elderly patients with hypertension (mean age 76.0 years, range 70-84 years at baseline) were included in STOP-Hypertension-2. In the present subgroup analysis of STOP-Hypertension-2, isolated systolic hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure at least 160 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure below 95 mmHg, in accordance with the Syst-Eur and Syst-China study criteria. In total, 2280 patients in STOP-Hypertension-2 met these criteria. In the study, patients were randomized to one of three treatment groups: "conventional" antihypertensive therapy with beta-blockers or diuretics (atenolol 50 mg, metoprolol 100 mg, pindolol 5 mg, or fixed-ratio hydrochlorothiazide 25 mg plus amiloride 2.5 mg daily); ACE inhibitors (enalapril 10 mg or lisinopril 10 mg daily); or calcium antagonists (felodipine 2.5 mg or isradipine 2.5 mg daily). Analysis was by intention to treat. RESULTS: The blood pressure lowering effect in patients with systolic hypertension was similar with all three therapeutic regimens: 35/13 mmHg in the conventional group (n=717), 34/12 mmHg in the ACE inhibitor group (n = 724), and 35/13 mmHg in the calcium antagonist group (n=708). Prevention of cardiovascular mortality, the primary endpoint of the study, did not differ between the three treatment groups. All stroke events, i.e. fatal and non-fatal stroke together, were significantly reduced by 25% in the newer-drugs group compared with the conventional group (95% CI 0.58-0.97; p=0.027). This difference was attributable to reduction of non-fatal stroke while fatal stroke events did not differ between groups. New cases of atrial fibrillation were significantly increased by 43% (95% CI 1.02-1.99; p=0.037) on "newer" drugs compared with "conventional" therapy, mainly attributable to the calcium antagonists. There were no significant differences between the three treatment groups with respect to the risks of myocardial infarction, sudden death or congestive heart failure. CONCLUSIONS: The analysis demonstrated that "newer" therapy (ACE inhibitors/calcium antagonists) was significantly better (25%) than "conventional" (diuretics/beta-blockers) in preventing all stroke in elderly patients with isolated systolic hypertension.