'Candidatus Phytoplasma ziziphi' Changes the Metabolite Composition of Jujube Tree Leaves and Affects the Feeding Behavior of Its Insect Vector Hishimonus hamatus Kuoh.

Hishimonus hamatus Kuoh is a leafhopper species native to China that feeds on Chinese jujube leaves. This leafhopper species has been verified to transmit jujube witches' broom (JWB) disease, caused by phytoplasma, a fatal plant pathogen, which belongs to the phytoplasma subgroup 16SrV-B. The transmission of JWB phytoplasma largely relies on the feeding behavior of piercing-sucking leafhoppers. However, the specific mechanisms behind how and why the infection of JWB influences the feeding behavior of these leafhoppers are not fully understood. To address this, a study was conducted to compare the feeding patterns of H. hamatus when feeding JWB-infested jujube leaves to healthy leaves using the electrical penetration graph (EPG) technique. Then, a widely targeted metabolome analysis was performed to identify differences in the metabolite composition of JWB-infected jujube leaves and that of healthy jujube leaves. The results of EPG analyses revealed that when feeding on JWB-infected jujube leaves, H. hamatus exhibited an increased frequency of phloem ingestion and spent longer in the phloem feeding phase compared to when feeding on healthy leaves. In addition, the results of metabolomic analyses showed that JWB-infected leaves accumulated higher levels of small-molecular carbohydrates, free amino acids, and free fatty acids, as well as lower levels of lignans, coumarins and triterpenoids compared to healthy leaves. The above results indicated that the H. hamatus preferentially fed on the phloem of infected leaves, which seems to be linked to the transmission of the JWB phytoplasma. The results of metabolomic analyses partially imply that the chemical compounds might play a role in making the infected leaves more attractive to H. hamatus for feeding.

[Evaluation of therapeutic effect of children's dental treatment under general anesthesia: 111 cases report].

OBJECTIVE: To retrospectively evaluate the efficiency of dental treatment under general anesthesia (GA) in child patients, and analyze the related factors. METHODS: The records of patients treated under GA in the Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, between Aug 2008 and Jun 2012 were collected and analyzed. Two hundred and twenty eight records were found, of which 111 patients under 18 years old who were recalled more than 3 months after GA were selected randomly. The unplanned treatments including caries, failed restoration, root canal treatment and space maintenance fall-off etc. were recorded and analyzed. The survival rate and median survival time of the teeth were calculated, and a multivariate analysis was performed by Cox proportional hazard model. RESULTS: Totally, there were 1 415 teeth treated under GA. The median survival time was 825 days, 77.0% of the teeth were present during their recall period. The median time of the first unplanned treatment was 215 days, and the failed restoration was the main reason for the unplanned treatment. Other factors such as the age at treatment, gender, total number of decayed teeth, reason for GA, and living place were found unassociated with the survival rate. CONCLUSION: The effect of dental treatment under GA is satisfied. Regular dental visit after GA is very important for children's dental health.

[Effects of dezocine on postoperative sore throat after maxillofacial procedures: a comparison with flurbiprofen axetil].

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects between dezocine and flurbiprofen axetil on postoperative sore throat (POST) after maxillofacial procedures. METHODS: In the study, 90 adult patients with maxillofacial diseases were divided randomly into control group (group C), flurbiprofen group (group F) and dezocine group (group D). Physiological saline, flurbiprofen axetil (1 mg/kg) and dezocine (0.1 mg/kg) were administered intravenously for each group 30 minutes before the end of the operation. We recorded visual analogue scale (VAS) and Bruggrmann comfort scale (BCS) at the time points of 0.5 h, 1 h, 2 h, and 6 h after extubation. RESULTS: The incidence of POST in group D decreased significantly (P < 0.05). There was no difference between the incidences of groups F and C. The VAS of group F was lower than that of group C (P < 0.01) just at the time points of 0.5 h and 1 h after extubation, from then on, there was no difference between the 2 groups. The VAS of group D was lower than that of group F, and the BCS was higher than that of group F significantly. CONCLUSION: Dezocine has notable analgesia effect for postoperative sore throat, so it is a better choice to carry out postoperative analgesia after maxillofacial procedures.

[A retrospective study of 693 children's dental treatment under general anesthesia].

OBJECTIVE: To retrospectively analyze the clinical features of children who received dental treatment under general anesthesia (GA) and the characteristics of dental treatment. METHODS: The records of 693 patients treated under GA in the Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, between Jan. 2001 and Dec. 2012 were collected and analyzed. RESULTS: The numbers of patients treated under GA increased year-to-year. Most of them were under 4-year-old. The main reasons of dental treatment under GA were uncooperative and disabled. The average number of teeth treated was 12±4 for each child, and the average time for treating one tooth was 12 min. The 3 months follow-up rate was 60.31%, and the older, the fewer treated tooth number and out-of-town associated with the less follow-up rate. CONCLUSION: The main reasons of dental treatment under GA are uncooperative and disabled. GA is an effective and safe method for dental rehabilitation in children.

[Effects of different concentrations of glucose infusion during the cleft lip and palate repair in infant patients].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the feasibility of regular infusion with different concentrations of dextrose and blood glucose monitor in infant from 2 to 12 months during operation. METHODS: Ninety ASA(American Society of Anesthesiologists) I-II infants (age 2-12 months) who undertook cleft lip and palate repair (excluding patients with congenital diabetes) were divided into three groups (30 cases per group). Group I patients were infused with normal saline, Group II with 2.5% (mass fraction) dextrose in normal saline and Group III with 5% (mass fraction) dextrose, all by a rate of 6-8 mL/ (kg x h). Once the patient was sent into the operation room, Electrocardiogram(ECG) and Pulse Oxygen Saturation[SpO(2)] monitor were applied regularly; and anesthesia was inducted and maintained with sevoflurane in oxygen. The infants' age, gender, weight, fasting time, operation time and duration of anesthesia were recorded and the blood glucose concentrations before infusion, 10 minutes and 30 minutes after induction as well as at the end of operation were recorded. RESULTS: There were no differences in age, gender, weight, fasting time, operation time and duration of anesthesia among the three groups. The differences of blood glucose concentrations before induction had no statistical significance among the three groups. The blood glucose concentration after induction was higher than that before induction in each group. The occurrence of lower level of blood glucose in Group I was 13.3% (4/30, 2.8-4.3 mmol/L), with the lowest value being 3.1 mmol/L. None was detected hyperglycemia. In Group II, blood glucose value after induction was lower than Group III and higher than Group I at every time point and incidence rate of hyperglycemia was 10% (3/30, >11.1 mmol/L), with the highest value being 12.7 mmol/L. Blood glucose in Group III was higher than both Group I and Group II after infusion. Incidence rate of hyperglycemia in Group III was 70% (21/30, >11.1 mmol/L), with the highest value being 22.1 mmol/L. After induciton 5, 10 min and the end of operation, blood glucose values with group I were (5.8 + or - 1.3) mmol/L, (8.4 + or - 1.7) mmol/L and (10.6 + or - 2.8) mmol/L; group II were (6.3 + or - 1.4) mmol/L, (8.5 + or - 2.5) mmol/L and (11.3 + or - 2.9) mmol/L; group III were (6.6 + or - 1.5) mmol/L, (8.2 + or - 2.1) mmol/L and (12.2 + or - 3.5) mmol/L. CONCLUSION: 2.5% dextrose (at a rate of 6-8 mL/ (kg x h) is appropriate for infants during cleft lip and palate repair, while regular blood glucose monitor should be applied during operation.

[Comparison of antalgic effects of patient-controlled intravenous lornoxicam and sufentanil in patients after oral maxillofacial surgery].

OBJECTIVE: To compare the analgesic efficiency and adverse effects of postoperative patient-controlled intravenous analgesia (PCIA) with lornoxicam and sufentanil in patients undergoing oral maxillofacial surgery. METHODS: 200 ASA (American Society of Anesthesiologists) I-II patients who undertook oral maxillofacial operation were divided into two groups: lornoxicam group (group L) and sufentanil group (group S), with 100 patients in each group. The effectiveness was assessed with visual analogue scale (VAS), Prince-Henry score (PHS) and Ramsay sedation Score (RSS) at different time points: 4, 8, 12, 24 and 48 h after the beginning of analgesia. The analgesic efficacy of analgesia and the adverse effects during analgesia period were observed. RESULTS: Statistical analysis revealed no significant difference in VAS, PHS and RSS at 4, 8, 12, 24, 48 h and the overall satisfaction on analgesia therapy. The percentage of nausea, vomiting and dizziness was significantly lower in group L than that in group S (1% vs 9%, 0 vs 4%, 0 vs 3%, P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Lornoxicam could provide an identical efficacy as sufentanil in the postoperative PCIA in patients undergoing oral maxillofacial surgery. In addition, lornoxicam caused less adverse effects.

[Perioperative risk factors evaluation of cleft palate repair in Pierre Robin sequence at early age].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the perioperative risk factors of the cleft palate repair in Pierre Robin sequence patients at early age and to investigate how to control the risk factors. METHODS: Six consecutive patients with Pierre Robin sequence underwent primary repair of cleft palate in Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School of Stomatology from June 2001 to February 2004. The patients underwent von Longenbeck operation by the same perioperative observation of serum oxygen saturation were obtained for these patients. patients included 4 males and 2 females with age of 9 months to 5 surgeon. Pre- and post-operative polysomnographic studies and years. RESULTS: All the patients suffered various degree of hypoxaemia during the period of intubation. There was only one patient who had hypoxaemia within the first 2 hours during postanaesthetic recovery period. No obvious difference was found in apnea and hypopnea index (AHI) among the patients before and after operation. CONCLUSIONS: Severe hypoxaemia may happen in perioperative period when the patients with PRS underwent cleft palate repair. Most patients with PRS could undergo cleft palate repair safely performed by experienced surgeon at early age under comprehensive consideration and careful control of the risk factors.