Effectiveness of a discharge analgesia guideline on discharge opioid prescribing after a surgical procedure from a tertiary metropolitan hospital.

OBJECTIVE: The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a discharge analgesia guideline on the number of days' supply of opioid analgesics provided among surgical patients upon hospital discharge. The secondary objective was to analyze the effect of this guideline on the provision of an analgesic discharge plan. DESIGN: A retrospective historical control cohort study. SETTING: A tertiary metropolitan hospital. INTERVENTIONS: A discharge analgesia guideline recommending the supply of opioid analgesics on discharge based on patient use in the 24 hours prior to discharge and the supply of an analgesic discharge plan. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): The primary outcome measure was the number of days' supply of opioids. The secondary outcome measure was the proportion of patients receiving an analgesic discharge plan. RESULTS: There was no change in the number of days' supply of opioids provided on discharge (median, interquartile range: 5, 3-9.75 vs 6, 4-10; p = 0.107) and in the proportion of patients receiving an analgesic discharge plan (26 percent vs 22.2 percent; p = 0.604). The results of two multivariable regression models showed no change in the number of days' supply of opioids (adjusted incidence rate ratio, 95 percent confidence interval [CI]: 1.1, 0.9-1.2) and the provision of an analgesic discharge plan (adjusted odds ratio, 95 percent CI: 0.6, 0.2-1.4) after adjusting for confounding variables. CONCLUSION: Overall, our study found no change in the number of days' supply of opioids provided on discharge and the provision of an analgesic discharge plan after implementation of a discharge analgesia guideline, but we also found that prescribing practices already aligned with the guideline before its implementation.

A pilot multicentre randomised clinical trial to determine the effect of a pharmacist-partnered opioid tapering intervention before total hip or knee arthroplasty.

BACKGROUND: Opioid analgesic use before total hip or knee arthroplasty has been associated with worse postoperative outcomes. This pilot study aimed to examine the feasibility of a telehealth-based pharmacist-partnered opioid tapering intervention before elective primary hip or knee arthroplasty and its potential effectiveness compared with usual care. METHODS: This study was conducted at seven hospitals in New South Wales, Australia. Eligible patients were those aged ≥ 18 years, scheduled to undergo primary hip or knee arthroplasty for osteoarthritis and taking opioid analgesics pre-operatively. The intervention group participated in an opioid tapering telehealth service, a partnership between a pharmacist and general practitioner, for 3 months pre-operatively up to the day of surgery, while the control group received usual care. The primary outcomes of the study were to investigate the feasibility of the intervention (i.e. adherence to treatment) and potential effectiveness in decreasing baseline daily opioid dose by > 50% before surgery. RESULTS: Between December 2021 and June 2023, 70 patients were recruited and assigned randomly to the intervention group (n = 35) or control group (n = 35). Baseline characteristics were similar between groups. Thirty patients in each group completed their allocated treatment. All patients allocated to the intervention group completed at least one appointment with a pharmacist, with the median (IQR [range]) being 2 (1-4 [1-6]) appointments. The number of patients who successfully decreased their baseline daily opioid dose by ≥ 50% before surgery was 27/30 in the intervention group compared with 5/30 in the usual care group (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this pilot study support the feasibility of a telehealth-delivered, pharmacist-partnered opioid tapering service for patients scheduled for primary hip or knee arthroplasty. A broader multicentre study to examine the effectiveness of this intervention on clinical outcomes is warranted.

Opioid Analgesic Use among Patients with Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review.

INTRODUCTION: Opioid analgesics are often used to manage moderate to severe pain. A significant proportion of patients taking opioids have compromised kidney function. This systematic review aimed to examine the available evidence on the safety and analgesic effect of opioid use in adults with kidney disease. METHODS: We searched eight electronic databases from inception to January 26, 2023. Published original research articles in English reporting on opioid use and pharmacokinetic data among adults with reduced renal function were included. Article screening, data extraction, and quality assessment were conducted by at least two investigators independently. This review was registered prospectively on PROSPERO (ID: CRD42020159091). RESULTS: There were 32 observational studies included, 14 of which reported on morphine use, three involved fentanyl use, two involved hydromorphone use, and 13 articles reported on other opioids including codeine, dihydrocodeine, and buprenorphine. CONCLUSION: There is limited and low-quality evidence to inform the safety and analgesic effect of opioid use in reduced renal function. Morphine remains the opioid for which there is the most evidence available on safety and analgesic effect in the context of renal disease. Greater caution and consideration of potential risks and benefits should be applied when using other opioids. Further high-quality studies examining clinical outcomes associated with the use of different opioids and opioid doses in renal disease are warranted.

Tapentadol Versus Oxycodone for Opioid-Related Adverse Drug Events and Clinical Outcomes After Inpatient Surgery.

Oxycodone is a commonly prescribed opioid for postoperative pain. However, there has been a marked increase in the use of tapentadol over the previous decade due to a perceived superior safety profile of tapentadol compared to oxycodone. There is limited real-world evidence on the safety of tapentadol compared to oxycodone after surgery. The primary objective was to examine the impact of tapentadol compared to oxycodone use on the incidence of opioid-related adverse drug events after surgery. Data for adult surgical patients receiving tapentadol or oxycodone during hospitalization between January 1, 2018, and December 31, 2021, were collected from electronic medical records of 3 tertiary metropolitan hospitals in Australia. The primary outcome was the incidence of opioid-related adverse events. Patients receiving tapentadol or oxycodone were matched using nearest-neighbour propensity score matching. In the matched cohorts (n = 1,530 vs n = 2,775; mean [standard deviation] age 62.3 [17.0] years vs 61.9 [standard deviation 17.9] years; 43% vs 45% male for the tapentadol vs oxycodone groups, respectively), patients given tapentadol experienced a similar incidence of adverse events overall (14.4%, 220/1,530 vs 12.6%, 349/2,775; P = .100; 95% CI -.35% to 3.95%). Secondary outcomes included an increased risk of delirium (2.7%, 41/1,530 vs 1.3%, 37/2,775), arrhythmias (3.4%, 52/1,530 vs 2.2%, 62/2,775), and length of hospital stay (5 [range 1-201] vs 4 [range 1-226] days) compared with oxycodone use. Further real-world studies are warranted to determine the impact of tapentadol use on a broad range of patient outcomes. PERSPECTIVE: This study provides an early signal that tapentadol use may be associated with an increased risk of some adverse events and a longer length of stay. Further research is needed to examine the impact of tapentadol use on a broad range of patient outcomes in clinical practice settings.

Patients' experiences of subacute pain management following total hip or knee arthroplasty: A qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: Total hip and knee arthroplasties are common surgeries performed worldwide, but the management of pain during the subacute period (defined as hospital discharge to 3 months postoperatively) is poorly understood. This study aimed to determine patients' experiences, facilitators and barriers to subacute pain management following total hip or knee arthroplasty. METHODS: Semi-structured interviews with a purposive sample of patients following total hip or knee arthroplasty were conducted between June and August 2022. Participants were recruited from two tertiary metropolitan hospitals. Interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Data were analysed using an inductive thematic approach to identify common themes. RESULTS: In total, 30 interviews were conducted with patients following hip or knee arthroplasty. Four main themes were identified: (i) Physical constitution before surgery (joint condition, analgesic use, age, and hearing); (ii) Attitude and knowledge (motivation, outlook on life, attitude towards taking medications, individual benchmarking, and knowledge); (iii) Socio-ethno-cultural factors (family and community connection, language, and religion), and (iv) Health-system support (health-professional delivered education, medications, services, staff, and costs). CONCLUSIONS: Participants' experiences of subacute pain following hip or knee arthroplasty were shaped by multidimensional factors. Strategies to empower patients through increased education and support during postoperative opioid tapering as well as a shift to a biopsychosocial approach to pain management during the subacute period may improve patient and health-system outcomes.

Prevalence and predictors of long-term opioid use following orthopaedic surgery in an Australian setting: A multicentre, prospective cohort study.

Opioid analgesics prescribed for the management of acute pain following orthopaedic surgery may lead to unintended long-term opioid use and associated patient harms. This study aimed to examine the prevalence of opioid use at 90 days after elective orthopaedic surgery across major city, regional and rural locations in New South Wales, Australia. We conducted a prospective, observational cohort study of patients undergoing elective orthopaedic surgery at five hospitals from major city, regional, rural, public and private settings between April 2017 and February 2020. Data were collected by patient questionnaire at the pre-admission clinic 2-6 weeks before surgery and by telephone call after 90 days following surgery. Of the 361 participants recruited, 54% (195/361) were women and the mean age was 67.7 years (standard deviation 10.1 years). Opioid use at 90 or more days after orthopaedic surgery was reported by 15.8% (57/361; 95% confidence interval (CI) 12.2-20%) of all participants and ranged from 3.5% (2/57) at a major city location to 37.8% (14/37) at an inner regional location. Predictors of long-term postoperative opioid use in the multivariable analysis were surgery performed at an inner regional location (adjusted odds ratio 12.26; 95% CI 2.2-68.24) and outer regional location (adjusted odds ratio 5.46; 95% CI 1.09-27.50) after adjusting for known covariates. Long-term opioid use was reported in over 15% of patients following orthopaedic surgery and appears to be more prevalent in regional locations in Australia.

Efficacy and Safety of Transdermal Buprenorphine for Acute Postoperative Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Transdermal buprenorphine (TBUP) may have some advantages for the management of acute postoperative pain. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to investigate the efficacy and safety of TBUP compared to other analgesics or placebo for acute postoperative pain. A systematic search was conducted using Embase, MEDLINE, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) until December 26, 2022. The search included randomized controlled trials comparing TBUP versus other analgesics or placebo for acute postoperative pain. A certainty assessment was conducted using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) method. The protocol for this review was registered on Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (CRD42022318601). In total, 15 studies involving 1,205 participants were included that compared TBUP versus fentanyl (n = 2), celecoxib (n = 3), placebo (n = 2), tramadol (n = 5), diclofenac (n = 3), parecoxib (n = 1), and flurbiprofen (n = 1). Meta-analyses were conducted for 3 comparators that involved 2 studies each. There was no significant difference in pain between TBUP 10 mcg/h versus fentanyl 25 mcg/h (standardized mean difference [SMD] -.03, 95% confidence interval [CI] -.86 to .81, P = .95, I2 = 85%). TBUP 10 mcg/h was associated with less pain compared to celecoxib 200 mg twice daily (SMD -.32, 95% CI -.58 to -.05, P = .02, I2 = 0%) and placebo (SMD -2.29, 95% CI -4.32 to -.27, P = .03, I2 = 94%). The GRADE assessment showed a very low certainty of evidence for all comparisons. There is insufficient evidence that TBUP improves pain control compared to other analgesics for acute postoperative pain. PERSPECTIVE: This systematic review and meta-analysis compared the use of TBUP to other analgesics for postoperative pain. The results showed that there is insufficient evidence to recommend the use of TBUP in this setting. The findings will help clinicians select the most appropriate opioid regimens for postoperative pain.

Prevalence and predictors of opioid use before orthopaedic surgery in an Australian setting: A multicentre, cross-sectional, observational study.

Opioid analgesics are commonly used by patients awaiting orthopaedic surgery, and preoperative opioid use is associated with a greater burden of postoperative pain, suboptimal surgical outcomes and higher healthcare costs. This study aimed to examine the prevalence of total opioid use before elective orthopaedic surgery with a focus on regional and rural hospitals in New South Wales, Australia. This was a cross-sectional, observational study of patients undergoing orthopaedic surgery conducted between April 2017 and November 2019 across five hospitals that included a mix of metropolitan, regional, rural, private and public settings. Preoperative patient demographics, pain scores and analgesic use were collected during pre-admission clinic visits, held between two and six weeks before surgery. Of the 430 patients included, 229 (53.3%) were women and the mean age was 67.5 (standard deviation 10.1) years. The overall prevalence of total preoperative opioid use was 37.7% (162/430). Rates of preoperative opioid use ranged from 20.6% (13/63) at a metropolitan hospital to 48.8% (21/43) at an inner regional hospital. Multivariable logistic regression showed that the inner regional setting was a significant predictor of opioid use before orthopaedic surgery (adjusted odds ratio 2.6; 95% confidence interval 1.0 to 6.7) after adjusting for covariates. Opioid use prior to orthopaedic surgery is common and appears to vary by geographical location.

Effectiveness of organizational interventions on appropriate opioid prescribing for noncancer pain upon hospital discharge: A systematic review.

This study aims to summarize the effectiveness of organizational interventions on appropriate opioid prescribing for noncancer pain upon hospital discharge. A systematic search was conducted on 6 electronic databases by 2 independent reviewers. We included original research articles reporting on quantitative outcomes of organizational interventions targeting appropriate opioid prescribing on hospital discharge. Quality assessment was performed by 2 independent reviewers. The protocol for this review was prospectively registered on PROSPERO (ID: CRD42020156104). Out of 173 full texts assessed for eligibility, 43 were included in this review. The majority of studies had a moderate to serious risk of bias (33 out of 43). Most of the studies implemented a multifaceted organizational intervention (16 studies). Other interventions included guideline implementation, prescriber education and default opioid-prescribing quantity changes in electronic medical records. Multiple studies found that the dissemination of patient-specific and procedure-specific guidelines reduced the quantity of opioids prescribed by 44 to 57%. Prescriber education provided with feedback was implemented in 4 studies and resulted in a 33 to 44% decrease in prescribing rates. Lowering the default quantities in the electronic medical records produced a 40% decrease in opioids prescribed in 1 study. Guideline implementation, prescriber education and default opioid-prescribing quantity changes all appear effective in improving the appropriate prescribing of opioids on hospital discharge. However, the extent of reduction of opioid prescribing upon hospital discharge after the implementation of multifaceted intervention strategies appears similar to that of simpler interventions which require fewer resources.

Persistent opioid use after hospital discharge in Australia: a systematic review.

Objective This systematic review identified studies that provided an estimate of persistent opioid use following patient discharge from hospital settings in Australia. Methods A literature search was performed on 5 December 2020, with no date restrictions to identify studies that reported a rate of persistent opioid use following patient discharge from Australian Hospitals. The search strategy combined all terms relating to the themes 'hospital patients', 'prescribing', 'opioids' and 'Australia'. Studies that dealt solely with cancer, palliative care or addiction medicine were excluded. The databases searched in this review were Embase, PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts. Studies were assessed for bias using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and considered against international literature. Results In total, 13 publications are included for final analysis in this review. Of these, 11 articles relate to post-surgical opioid use. With one exception, studies were of a 'good' quality. Methods of data collection in included studies were a mixture of those conducting follow up of patients directly over time and those utilising dispensing databases. Persistent opioid use among surgical patients generally ranged from 3.9 to 10.5% at between 2 and 4 months after discharge. Conclusions How rates of persistent opioid use following hospital encounters in Australia are established, and how long after discharge rates are reported, is heterogeneous. Literature primarily relates to post-surgical patients, with very few studies investigating other settings such as encounters with the emergency department.

Effectiveness of Pharmacological-Based Interventions, Including Education and Prescribing Strategies, to Reduce Subacute Pain After Total Hip or Knee Arthroplasty: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials.

BACKGROUND: Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and total hip arthroplasty (THA) surgeries are among the most common elective procedures. Moderate to severe postoperative pain during the subacute period (defined here as the period from hospital discharge to 3 months postoperatively) is a predictor of persistent pain 12 months postoperatively. This review aimed to examine the available postdischarge pharmacological interventions, including educational and prescribing strategies, and their effect on reducing pain during the subacute period after TKA or THA. METHODS: We searched seven electronic databases from inception to April 22, 2021. Published randomized controlled trials of adults who underwent TKA or THA and received a pharmacological-based intervention commencing within 1 week after hospital discharge and conducted for up to 3 months postoperatively were compared with any treatment. Two reviewers independently extracted data on the primary outcome, pain intensity. This review was registered prospectively on PROSPERO (ID: CRD42021250384). RESULTS: Four trials involving 660 participants were included. Interventions included changing analgesic prescribing practices upon hospital discharge and education on analgesic use. Providing multimodal non-opioid analgesia in addition to reduced opioid quantity was associated with lower subacute pain (coefficient -0.81; 95% confidence interval -1.33 to -0.29; P = 0.003). Education on analgesic use during multidisciplinary home visits was effective for reducing pain intensity during the subacute period (6.25 ± 10.13 vs 35.67 ± 22.05; P < 0.001) compared with usual care. CONCLUSIONS: Interventions involving the provision of multimodal non-opioid analgesia and education on analgesic use show positive effects on reducing pain intensity during the subacute period after TKA and THA.

Effect of an electronic medical record design modification on laxative co-prescribing among hospitalised patients taking opioids: A before-and-after study.

CONTEXT: Constipation occurs in up to 71.7% (33/46) of hospital inpatients taking opioid analgesics. Co-prescribing laxatives with opioid analgesics is recommended to prevent opioid-induced constipation. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to examine the effect of an electronic medical record (EMR) design modification to increase laxative co-prescribing among hospitalised inpatients taking opioid analgesics. METHODS: In this retrospective 3-month before-and-after study, an EMR modification to improve docusate with sennosides order sentence visibility was implemented on 21 February 2018, at a teaching hospital in Sydney, Australia. The primary outcome was the co-prescription rate of docusate with sennosides within 24-h of the first opioid analgesic administered. International Classification of Diseases 10th Revision Australian Modification diagnosis codes were collected from the EMR. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to determine the impact of the EMR modification on co-prescribing of laxatives with opioid analgesics. RESULTS: Of the 1832 adult inpatients included in the study (51.0% male), 50.5% were admitted before the EMR modification implementation and 49.5% were admitted afterwards. Docusate with sennosides was co-prescribed in 12.5% of patients before and 14.9% of patients after the EMR modification. Although the EMR modification did not change laxative co-prescribing among surgical patients (odds ratio [OR] = 1.1, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.8-1.6, p = 0.54), a significant increase in co-prescription of docusate with sennosides among aged care patients (OR = 1.8, 95% CI 1.0-3.0, p = 0.03) was observed. CONCLUSIONS: An EMR design modification did not change laxative co-prescribing in hospital inpatients overall. However, the EMR modification was associated with a significant increase in laxative co-prescribing among aged care patients prescribed opioid analgesics.

Effectiveness of interventions on the appropriate use of opioids for noncancer pain among hospital inpatients: A systematic review.

AIMS: To summarise the effectiveness of interventions on appropriate opioid use for noncancer pain among hospital inpatients. METHODS: Two reviewers independently searched 6 databases up to March 2018 original research articles reporting on quantitative outcomes of interventions on appropriate opioid use among hospital inpatients. Appropriate opioid use was measured by changes in prescribing, such as the lowest effective opioid dose and duration, or clinical outcomes such as adequate pain control. Quality and intervention complexity assessments were performed by 2 independent reviewers. The full methodological approach was published on PROSPERO (ID: CRD42019145947). RESULTS: Of 398 full-text articles assessed for eligibility, 37 articles were included in the review. Most articles had a moderate or high risk of bias (27 of 37 studies). Thirty-one articles primarily addressed appropriate opioid use and 6 articles targeted opioid safety as a secondary outcome. A multifaceted approach was the most common primary intervention (16 studies) and adequate pain control was the main outcome measured (14 studies). Health provider education, reinforced by hard-copy material and feedback, was associated with a 13.0 to 29.5% increase in the proportion of opioid prescriptions written in concordance with local guidelines and reduced pain scores ranging from 7.0 to 34.5%. Interventions to improve opioid safety in patient-controlled analgesia reduced medication errors by up to 89.1%. CONCLUSION: Interventions involving academic detailing and education, especially when reinforced by feedback, show positive effects on appropriate opioid use among hospital inpatients. Future studies investigating the impact of administrative interventions on opioid use and related outcomes are warranted.