Deciphering feedback regulation of prostaglandin F2α in blood stasis syndrome using nitrogen-doped porous transition metal carbides.

Blood stasis syndrome (BSS) has persistent health risks; however, its pathogenesis remains elusive. This obscurity may result in missed opportunities for early intervention, increased susceptibility to chronic diseases, and reduced accuracy and efficacy of treatments. Metabolomics, employing the matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) strategy, presents distinct advantages in biomarker discovery and unraveling molecular mechanisms. Nonetheless, the challenge is to develop efficient matrices for high-sensitivity and high-throughput analysis of diverse potential biomarkers in complex biosamples. This work utilized nitrogen-doped porous transition metal carbides and nitrides (NP-MXene) as a MALDI matrix to delve into the molecular mechanisms underlying BSS pathogenesis. Structural optimization yielded heightened peak sensitivity (by 1.49-fold) and increased peak numbers (by 1.16-fold) in clinical biosamples. Validation with animal models and clinical serum biosamples revealed significant differences in metabolic fingerprints between BSS and control groups, achieving an overall diagnostic efficacy of 0.905 (95% CI, 0.76-0.979). Prostaglandin F2α was identified as a potential biomarker (diagnostics efficiency of 0.711, specificity = 0.7, sensitivity = 0.6), and pathway enrichment analysis disclosed disruptions in arachidonic acid metabolism in BSS. This innovative approach not only advances comprehension of BSS pathogenesis, but also provides valuable insights for personalized treatment and diagnostic precision.

Improved Dimensional Stability and Mold Resistance of Bamboo via In Situ Growth of Poly(Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate-N-Isopropyl Acrylamide).

Bamboo is a natural and renewable building material but its application has been limited due to the low dimensional stability and poor durability against mold. In this study, monomers of hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and N-isopropyl acrylamide (NIPAM) were impregnated in bamboo to facilitate the in situ growth of poly-HEMA and NIPAM (PHN) copolymer. Prior to that, the effects of different reaction conditions, including the molar ratio of HEMA to NIPAM and their concentrations, the amount of initiator (ammonium persulfate, APS) and crosslinking agents (N,N'-Methylenebisacrylamide (MBA), and glutaric dialdehyde (GA)) on the swelling capacity of PHN were optimized. The formation of PHN was confirmed by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis, which shows the characteristics peaks of both HEMA and NIPAM, and increased pyrolysis and glass transition temperatures, respectively. After impregnation of PHN pre-polymerization formulation to bamboo, it was observed that PHN filled most of the pits in the bamboo cell wall and formed a tight network. Moreover, the dimensional stability of PHN treated bamboo was significantly improved with an anti-swelling efficiency of 49.4% and 41.7%, respectively, after wetting-drying and soaking-drying cycles. A mold infection rate of 13.5% was observed in PHN-treated bamboo as compared to a 100% infected control group after a 30-day mold resistance test. Combined results indicate that in situ polymerization of HEMA and NIPAM in bamboo is a promising method to develop exterior used bamboo products with enhanced dimensional stability and mold resistance.

Mold resistance of bamboo after laccase-catalyzed attachment of thymol and proposed mechanism of attachment.

Laccase-catalyzed attachment of functional molecules onto the surface of bamboo represents an alternative, green approach to improve performance. Although treatment of bamboo with thymol improved resistance to mold, using laccase to fix the same concentration of thymol to the surface of the bamboo could increase both the antifungal activity and resistance to leaching. Leaching of thymol was reduced by as much as 48.4% when laccase was used in thymol fixation. To make clear the mechanisms of fixation, reaction of thymol catalyzed with laccase, was investigated using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, 1H-NMR, high-resolution mass spectrometry and thermogravimetric analysis, respectively. Results show that thymol oligomer (l-thymol) was formed with ether linkages, which resist water leaching. Although further confirmatory studies are needed, it seems that ether linkages were the main connection of thymol to lignin. This study demonstrates that laccase catalysis is a promising strategy to functionalize the surface of bamboo in order to bestow new properties suitable for a wide range of applications.

Combination of polyethylene glycol impregnation and paraffin heat treatment to protect round bamboo from cracking.

Round bamboo has drawn more and more attention in architecture, decoration and recreational products. Splitting brings some safety problems, which shorten the service life of round bamboo. In this paper, three schemes were adopted as follows to solve the problem: round bamboo was impregnated in polyethylene glycol (PEG)-1000 solution alone, heat treatment in paraffin alone or treated with the combination of PEG impregnation and paraffin heat treatment (PEG-PH). The treated bamboo was exposed outdoors for 26 weeks to evaluate the development of cracks. Results showed as follows: the initial split of PEG-PH-treated bamboo appeared after 22 weeks, while that of the controls after 2 weeks, the total length of cracks was 2271.31 and 873.5 mm for the control and PEG-PH-treated bamboo, respectively. To reveal the reasons for reduced cracks, scanning electron micrograph (SEM) was employed to observe the microstructure of bamboo; besides, hydrophobicity of bamboo was characterized by the water contact angle. PEG can swell the cell wall and the better hydrophobicity of round bamboo could be achieved after PEG-PH treatment. Therefore, the combination of PEG immersion and paraffin heating is an effective and practicable method in bamboo treatment, especially for round bamboo with high moisture content.

Verification of osteoblast differentiation on airborne-particle abrasion, large-grit, acid-etched surface of titanium implants regulated by yes-associated protein and transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif.

Although airborne-particle abrasion, large-grit, acid-etched (SLA) surface technology can promote implant osseointegration; its mechanism remains unclear. By preparing the SLA titanium (Ti) plate (SLA Ti) and Polished Ti plate (Polished Ti), this experiment investigates the expression and distribution of the Yes-associated protein (YAP) and transcriptional coactivator with the PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) in MC3T3-E1 cells. In addition, gene YAP and TAZ silencing on the SLA Ti was conducted to observe changes in the osteoblast differentiation markers, runt-related transcription factor-2 (Runx2) and bone sialoprotein (BSP). The results demonstrated that SLA Ti surface microtopography could induce YAP/TAZ's transfer from the cytoplasm to the nuclei of MC3T3-E1 cells. The expression of YAP/TAZ increased in terms of mRNA and protein. After silencing the YAP/TAZ genes, Runx2 and BSP decreased, suggesting that YAP/TAZ plays an important regulatory role in this process. Meanwhile, the results also showed that SLA microtopography enhanced the expression of integrins α1, α2, and ß1. After silencing the integrin α1, α2, and ß1 genes, YAP and TAZ decreased in terms of mRNA and protein. Therefore, this experiment was the first to confirm that SLA surface microtopography facilitates osteoblast differentiation by regulating YAP/TAZ and confirms that the process can be related to integrins α1, α2, and ß1.

A quantitative research on clinical parameters of gingival contour for anterior teeth esthetic analysis and design.

OBJECTIVES: To provide reference for computer-aided esthetic analysis and design of the maxillary anterior teeth. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Intraoral scanner was used to obtain the maxillary three-dimensional digital models of subjects with healthy periodontal tissue. In SpaceClaim, the occlusal plane was established as the horizontal reference plane to measure the positional relation between the gingival zenith (GZ) of the maxillary anterior teeth, the angle formed between the gingival line and the maxillary midline (GLA), the distance between the GZ of the lateral incisor and gingival line (LID), and the distance between the GZ and the vertical bisected middle surface along the long axis of the clinical crown (VBMS). RESULTS: The GLA was 92.7 ± 3.2°. The GZ of the canine, lateral incisor, and left central incisor were located to the GZ of the right central incisor coronally at 0.68 ± 0.91, 0.65 ± 0.66 mm, and apically at 0.12 ± 0.42 mm, respectively. The LID was 0.65 ± 0.92 mm. The GZ of the canine, lateral incisor, and central incisor were located distally to the VBMS at 0.00 ± 0.06, 0.27 ± 0.19, and 0.73 ± 0.21 mm, respectively. CONCLUSION: The GZ at different tooth position are in different heights. The direction and degree of the GZ deviation from the VBMS are also related to tooth position. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The clinical parameters of the gingival contour obtained in this research can be used for patients with unsound contour of periodontal soft tissue to do the anterior teeth esthetic analysis. Besides, it can also be used to determine the proper position between the GZs of the maxillary anterior teeth in anterior teeth esthetic design.

HRGRN: A Graph Search-Empowered Integrative Database of Arabidopsis Signaling Transduction, Metabolism and Gene Regulation Networks.

The biological networks controlling plant signal transduction, metabolism and gene regulation are composed of not only tens of thousands of genes, compounds, proteins and RNAs but also the complicated interactions and co-ordination among them. These networks play critical roles in many fundamental mechanisms, such as plant growth, development and environmental response. Although much is known about these complex interactions, the knowledge and data are currently scattered throughout the published literature, publicly available high-throughput data sets and third-party databases. Many 'unknown' yet important interactions among genes need to be mined and established through extensive computational analysis. However, exploring these complex biological interactions at the network level from existing heterogeneous resources remains challenging and time-consuming for biologists. Here, we introduce HRGRN, a graph search-empowered integrative database of Arabidopsis signal transduction, metabolism and gene regulatory networks. HRGRN utilizes Neo4j, which is a highly scalable graph database management system, to host large-scale biological interactions among genes, proteins, compounds and small RNAs that were either validated experimentally or predicted computationally. The associated biological pathway information was also specially marked for the interactions that are involved in the pathway to facilitate the investigation of cross-talk between pathways. Furthermore, HRGRN integrates a series of graph path search algorithms to discover novel relationships among genes, compounds, RNAs and even pathways from heterogeneous biological interaction data that could be missed by traditional SQL database search methods. Users can also build subnetworks based on known interactions. The outcomes are visualized with rich text, figures and interactive network graphs on web pages. The HRGRN database is freely available at http://plantgrn.noble.org/hrgrn/.

Oscillating high glucose enhances oxidative stress and apoptosis in human coronary artery endothelial cells.

PURPOSE: To investigate the toxic effect of oscillating high glucose (OHG) versus persistent high glucose (PHG) in inducing oxidative stress and cellular apoptosis in human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs) in vitro. METHODS: HCAECs were incubated for 72 h continuously in normal glucose (5.5 mmol/L glucose), PHG (25 mmol/L glucose), OHG (5.5 mmol and 25 glucose mmol/L alternating every 6 h) and mannitol, respectively. Cellular viability, concentration of oxidative stress biomarkers (MDA and GSH) in the supernatants of cell culture, and intracellular ROS level were quantitated after exposure to different concentrations of glucose for a total 72 h. Apoptosis of HCAECs cultured with various glucose levels was evaluated by annexin V-FITC and PI staining followed by analysis with flow cytometry. The expressions of HO-1 and Nrf2 were measured by RT-qPCR and Western blotting at the end of the experiment. RESULTS: HCAECs cultured with PHG showed decreased cellular viability compared to those with normal level of glucose (p < 0.05). The decrease was more pronounced under OHG condition (p < 0.05). Cellular oxidative stress was provoked in HCAECs exposed to PHG with marked increased MDA level, reduced GSH concentration and elevated ROS production (p < 0.05). The stress was further amplified in the setting of OHG (p < 0.05). The cellular apoptosis was enhanced by culturing with PHG, and to a greater extent when incubated with OHG. Both expressions of HO-1 and Nrf2 were suppressed in HCAECs in persistent hyperglycemia condition, while the inhibition was more intense in the fluctuating hyperglycemia condition (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that OHG could be more detrimental to HCAECs than PHG. This is probably due to the enhancement of oxidative stress and cellular apoptosis induced by frequent glucose swings through the inhibition of Nrf2/HO-1 pathway.

GPLEXUS: enabling genome-scale gene association network reconstruction and analysis for very large-scale expression data.

The accurate construction and interpretation of gene association networks (GANs) is challenging, but crucial, to the understanding of gene function, interaction and cellular behavior at the genome level. Most current state-of-the-art computational methods for genome-wide GAN reconstruction require high-performance computational resources. However, even high-performance computing cannot fully address the complexity involved with constructing GANs from very large-scale expression profile datasets, especially for the organisms with medium to large size of genomes, such as those of most plant species. Here, we present a new approach, GPLEXUS (http://plantgrn.noble.org/GPLEXUS/), which integrates a series of novel algorithms in a parallel-computing environment to construct and analyze genome-wide GANs. GPLEXUS adopts an ultra-fast estimation for pairwise mutual information computing that is similar in accuracy and sensitivity to the Algorithm for the Reconstruction of Accurate Cellular Networks (ARACNE) method and runs ∼1000 times faster. GPLEXUS integrates Markov Clustering Algorithm to effectively identify functional subnetworks. Furthermore, GPLEXUS includes a novel 'condition-removing' method to identify the major experimental conditions in which each subnetwork operates from very large-scale gene expression datasets across several experimental conditions, which allows users to annotate the various subnetworks with experiment-specific conditions. We demonstrate GPLEXUS's capabilities by construing global GANs and analyzing subnetworks related to defense against biotic and abiotic stress, cell cycle growth and division in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Periodic vs constant high glucose in inducing pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in human coronary artery endothelial cells.

OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN: Fluctuating hyperglycemia exerts a more deleterious effect than constant hyperglycemia on cardiovascular outcome in diabetic patients. We investigated the inflammatory responses of human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs) to constant and periodic high glucose in vitro. MATERIAL AND TREATMENT: HCAECs were incubated for 72 h continuously either in normal glucose (5.5 mmol/L), constant high glucose (25 mmol/L glucose), periodic high glucose (5.5 and 25 mmol/L glucose alternating every 6 h) or mannitol. METHODS: Concentrations of interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 in the supernatants of cell culture were measured using ELISA kits. The mRNAs of IL-6, TNF-α and ICAM-1 were evaluated by real-time quantitative PCR. RESULTS: Periodic high glucose caused a more intense inflammatory response than normal glucose and constant high glucose in HCAECs, with a marked increase in IL-6, TNF-α and ICAM-1 in supernatants of cell culture (P < 0.05). The concentrations of the three pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNAs were higher in cells exposed to periodic high glucose than those exposed to constant high glucose and normal glucose (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: In cultured HCAECs, periodic high glucose evoked a more intense inflammatory response than constant high glucose.

LegumeIP: an integrative database for comparative genomics and transcriptomics of model legumes.

Legumes play a vital role in maintaining the nitrogen cycle of the biosphere. They conduct symbiotic nitrogen fixation through endosymbiotic relationships with bacteria in root nodules. However, this and other characteristics of legumes, including mycorrhization, compound leaf development and profuse secondary metabolism, are absent in the typical model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. We present LegumeIP (http://plantgrn.noble.org/LegumeIP/), an integrative database for comparative genomics and transcriptomics of model legumes, for studying gene function and genome evolution in legumes. LegumeIP compiles gene and gene family information, syntenic and phylogenetic context and tissue-specific transcriptomic profiles. The database holds the genomic sequences of three model legumes, Medicago truncatula, Glycine max and Lotus japonicus plus two reference plant species, A. thaliana and Populus trichocarpa, with annotations based on UniProt, InterProScan, Gene Ontology and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes databases. LegumeIP also contains large-scale microarray and RNA-Seq-based gene expression data. Our new database is capable of systematic synteny analysis across M. truncatula, G. max, L. japonicas and A. thaliana, as well as construction and phylogenetic analysis of gene families across the five hosted species. Finally, LegumeIP provides comprehensive search and visualization tools that enable flexible queries based on gene annotation, gene family, synteny and relative gene expression.

Extended expression of B-class MADS-box genes in the paleoherb Asarum caudigerum.

Asarum caudigerum (Aristolochiaceae) is a paleoherb species that is important for research in origin and evolution of angiosperm flowers due to its basal position in the angiosperm phylogeny. In this study, a subtracted floral cDNA library from floral buds of A. caudigerum was constructed and cDNA arrays by suppression subtractive hybridization were generated. cDNAs of floral buds at different stages before flower opening and of leaves at the seedling stage were used. The macroarray analyses of expression profiles of isolated floral genes showed that 157 genes out of the 612 unique ESTs tested revealed higher transcript abundance in the floral buds and uppermost leaves. Among them, 78 genes were determined to be differentially expressed in the perianth, 62 in the stamens, and 100 genes in the carpels. Quantitative real-time PCR of selected genes validated the macroarray results. Remarkably, APETALA3 (AP3) B-class genes isolated from A. caudigerum were upregulated in the perianth, stamens and carpels, implying that the expression domain of B-class genes in this basal angiosperm was broader than those in their eudicot counterparts.

Genome-wide analysis of gene expression profiles during ear development of maize.

In order to unravel the molecular mechanism of maize ear development, a microarray containing approximately 56,000 probes was used to monitor the gene expression profiles of ears at four developmental stages. The results showed that 2,794 genes, accounting for 5.0% of the total probes, changed significantly during ear development. Among the 2,794 genes, 1,844 genes differentially expressed during the spikelet differentiation phase, 836 genes during the floret primordium differentiation phase and 645 genes during the floret organ differentiation phase. Hierarchical clustering revealed that the differentially expressed genes had 9 major expression patterns. Based on Mips Functional Catalogue, 684 differentially expressed genes were grouped into at least one functional category, including metabolism (30.4%), protein related function (29.2%), biogenesis of cellular components (15.4%) and transcription (13.7%). The analysis revealed that the auxin signaling pathway play an important role in ear development. Moreover, regulation of some transcription factors may play a key role during ear development. RT-PCR and in situ hybridization for some selected genes validated our microarray data and supplied additional information on ear developmental processes.

Simulated weightlessness aggravates hypergravity-induced impairment of learning and memory and neuronal apoptosis in rats.

It has been demonstrated that altered gravity may lead to impairments in cognitive functions. However, the effect of a combination of hypergravity and weightlessness on cognitive functions is not well understood. In the present study, we report the effects of high sustained hypergravity after 7 days' simulated weightlessness on learning and memory abilities and neuronal apoptosis in rats. In the Y-maze tests, hypergravity (HG) or simulated weightlessness (SW) significantly decreases accuracy, and increases reaction time of rats compared to that of controls. On the contrary, in the passive avoidance test, HG or SW treatment significantly shortens latency and prolongs total time compared to those of controls. In addition, TUNEL staining shows a few apoptotic cells in cortex and hippocampus in the HG, SW and HG+SW groups, and the number of TUNEL positive cells was found to be the most in the HG+SW group. Furthermore, rats with combined HG and SW treatment reveal a synergistic effect in both the Y-maze and the passive avoidance tests, as well as increased neuronal cell death. These findings suggest that simulated weightlessness may exacerbate hypergravity-induced impairment of learning and memory, likely caused by neuronal cell death in rats.

Genome-wide analysis of gene expression profiles during the kernel development of maize (Zea mays L.).

Maize kernel is an important source of food, feed, and industrial raw materials. The elucidation of the molecular mechanisms of maize kernel development will be helpful for the manipulation of maize improvements. A microarray with approximately 58,000 probes was used to study dynamic gene expression during kernel development from fertilization to physiological maturity. By comparing six consecutive time points, 3445 differentially expressed genes were identified. These genes were then grouped into 10 clusters showing specific expression patterns using a K-means clustering algorithm. An investigation of function and expression patterns of genes elucidate the regulation mechanism underlying the important developmental processes cell division and kernel filling. The differential expression of genes involved in plant hormone signaling pathways suggested that phytohormone might play a critical role in the kernel developmental process. Moreover, regulation of some transcription factors and protein kinases might be involved in the whole developmental process.

Overexpression of a putative maize calcineurin B-like protein in Arabidopsis confers salt tolerance.

The calcineurin B-like proteins (CBLs) represent a unique family of calcium sensors in plants. Although extensive studies and remarkable progress have been made in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) CBLs, their functions in other plant species are still quite limited. Here, we report the cloning and functional characterization of ZmCBL4, a novel CBL gene from maize (Zea mays). ZmCBL4 encodes a putative homolog of the Arabidopsis CBL4/SOS3 protein, with novel properties. ZmCBL4 has one copy in maize genome and harbors seven introns in its coding region. ZmCBL4 expressed differentially in various organs of the maize plants at a low level under normal condition, and its expression was regulated by NaCl, LiCl, ABA and PEG treatments. Expression of 35S::ZmCBL4 not only complemented the salt hypersensitivity in Arabidopsis sos3 mutant, but also enhanced the salt tolerance in Arabidopsis wild type at the germination and seedling stages. Moreover, the LiCl tolerance in all of the ZmCBL4-expressing lines increased more significantly as compared with the NaCl tolerance, and in consistent with this, it was found that the expression of Arabidopsis AtNHX8, a putative plasma membrane Li+/H+ antiporter gene identified recently, was induced in these transgenic lines under LiCl stress. The ZmCBL4-expressing Arabidopsis lines accumulated less Na+ and Li+ as compared with the control plants. This study has identified a putative maize CBL gene which functions in the salt stress-elicited calcium signaling and thus in the tolerance to salinity.

Expression and functional analysis of ZmDWF4, an ortholog of Arabidopsis DWF4 from maize (Zea mays L.).

DWF4 encodes a rate-limiting mono-oxygenase that mediates 22alpha-hydroxylation reactions in the BR biosynthetic pathway and it is the target gene in the BR feedback loop. Knockout of DWF4 results in a dwarfed phenotype and other severe defects in Arabidopsis. Here we report on the isolation of the ZmDWF4 gene in maize. Sequence analysis revealed that the open reading frame of ZmDWF4 was 1,518 bp, which encodes a protein composed of 505 amino acid residues with a calculated molecular mass of 57.6 kD and a predicated isoelectric point (pI) of 9.54. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that ZmDWF4 was very close to the Arabidopsis DWF4. In young maize seedlings, the expression of ZmDWF4 in shoots was much higher than that in roots. The highest expression of ZmDWF4 was observed in husk leaves and the lowest in silks during flowering stage. The expression of ZmDWF4 in maize was significantly down regulated by exogenous brassinolide. A heterogeneous complementary experiment demonstrated that the defects of three Arabidopsis DWF4 mutants could be rescued by constitutive expression of ZmDWF4, with leaf expandability, inflorescence stem heights and fertile capabilities all restored to normal levels. Increases in seed and branch number as well as the height of florescence stem were observed in the over-expressed transformants. These findings suggest that ZmDWF4 may be an ortholog gene of Arabidopsis DWF4 and responsible for BR biosynthesis in maize.

Construction and application of EST library from Setaria italica in response to dehydration stress.

Foxtail millet is a gramineous crop with low water requirement. Despite its high water use efficiency, less attention has been paid to the molecular genetics of foxtail millet. This article reports the construction of subtracted cDNA libraries from foxtail millet seedlings under dehydration stress and the expression profile analysis of 1947 UniESTs from the subtracted cDNA libraries by a cDNA microarray. The results showed that 95 and 57 ESTs were upregulated by dehydration stress, respectively, in roots and shoots of seedlings and that 10 and 27 ESTs were downregulated, respectively, in roots and shoots. The expression profile analysis showed that genes induced in foxtail millet roots were different from those in shoots during dehydration stress and that the early response to dehydration stress in foxtail millet roots was the activation of the glycolysis metabolism. Moreover, protein degradation pathway may also play a pivotal role in drought-tolerant responses of foxtail millet. Finally, Northern blot analysis validated well the cDNA microarray data.

Cloning and characterization of a putative 12-oxophytodienoic acid reductase cDNA induced by osmotic stress in roots of foxtail millet.

Foxtail millet is a gramineous crop with low water requirement. Cloning of osmotic responses-related genes from foxtail millet is a key step for understanding the mechanism of its tolerance to drought. Here we reported the cloning and characterization of a cDNA (SiOPR1) encoding a putative 12-oxophytodienoic acid reductase 1 from foxtail millet by using RACE methods. Sequence analysis showed that SiOPR1 encoded a polypeptide of 374 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 41.9 kDa and pI of 5.14. Multiple alignment result showed that OPR1 protein was very conservative among gramineous crops. RNA gel blot analysis results indicated that SiOPR1 was up-regulated by osmotic stress, and its expression was limited in the roots of foxtail millet. However, SiOPR1 expression was not affected by ABA, NaCl and MeJA treatments both in roots and shoots. Therefore, it is suggested that SiOPR1 gene play an important role in response to drought stress.