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BACKGROUND: During the pandemic, a notable increase in diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS), conditions that warrant emergent management, was reported. We aimed to investigate the trend of DKA- and HHS-related mortality and excess deaths during the pandemic. METHODS: Annual age-standardized mortality rates related to DKA and HHS between 2006 and 2021 were estimated using a nationwide database. Forecast analyses based on prepandemic data were conducted to predict the mortality rates during the pandemic. Excess mortality rates were calculated by comparing the observed versus predicted mortality rates. Subgroup analyses of demographic factors were performed. RESULTS: There were 71 575 DKA-related deaths and 8618 HHS-related deaths documented during 2006-2021. DKA, which showed a steady increase before the pandemic, demonstrated a pronounced excess mortality during the pandemic (36.91% in 2020 and 46.58% in 2021) with an annual percentage change (APC) of 29.4% (95% CI: 16.0%-44.0%). Although HHS incurred a downward trend during 2006-2019, the excess deaths in 2020 (40.60%) and 2021 (56.64%) were profound. Pediatric decedents exhibited the highest excess mortality. More than half of the excess deaths due to DKA were coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) related (51.3% in 2020 and 63.4% in 2021), whereas only less than a quarter of excess deaths due to HHS were COVID-19 related. A widened racial/ethnic disparity was observed, and females exhibited higher excess mortality than males. CONCLUSIONS: The DKA- and HHS-related excess mortality during the pandemic and relevant disparities emphasize the urgent need for targeted strategies to mitigate the escalated risk in these populations during public health crises.
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COVID-19 , Cetoacidose Diabética , Coma Hiperglicêmico Hiperosmolar não Cetótico , Humanos , COVID-19/mortalidade , COVID-19/epidemiologia , COVID-19/complicações , Cetoacidose Diabética/mortalidade , Cetoacidose Diabética/epidemiologia , Masculino , Feminino , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Coma Hiperglicêmico Hiperosmolar não Cetótico/mortalidade , Coma Hiperglicêmico Hiperosmolar não Cetótico/epidemiologia , Coma Hiperglicêmico Hiperosmolar não Cetótico/complicações , Adulto , Idoso , Adolescente , Criança , Adulto Jovem , SARS-CoV-2 , Pandemias , Pré-Escolar , Lactente , Idoso de 80 Anos ou maisRESUMO
Epigenetic regulation of metabolism profoundly influences cell fate commitment. During osteoclast differentiation, the activation of RANK signaling is accompanied by metabolic reprogramming, but the epigenetic mechanisms by which RANK signaling induces this reprogramming remain elusive. By transcriptional sequence and ATAC analysis, this study identifies that activation of RANK signaling upregulates PRMT6 by epigenetic modification, triggering a metabolic switching from fatty acids oxidation toward glycolysis. Conversely, Prmt6 deficiency reverses this shift, markedly reducing HIF-1α-mediated glycolysis and enhancing fatty acid oxidation. Consequently, PRMT6 deficiency or inhibitor impedes osteoclast differentiation and alleviates bone loss in ovariectomized (OVX) mice. At the molecular level, Prmt6 deficiency reduces asymmetric dimethylation of H3R2 at the promoters of genes including Ppard, Acox3, and Cpt1a, enhancing genomic accessibility for fatty acid oxidation. PRMT6 thus emerges as a metabolic checkpoint, mediating metabolic switch from fatty acid oxidation to glycolysis, thereby supporting osteoclastogenesis. Unveiling PRMT6's critical role in epigenetically orchestrating metabolic shifts in osteoclastogenesis offers a promising target for anti-resorptive therapy.
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Shale reservoirs are characterized by an abundance of nanoscale porosities and microfractures. The states of fluid occurrence and flow behaviors within nanoconfined spaces necessitate novel research approaches, as traditional percolation mathematical models are inadequate for accurately depicting these phenomena. This study takes the Gulong shale reservoir in China as the subject of its research. Initially, the unique mixed wetting characteristics of the Gulong shale reservoir are examined and characterized using actual micropore images. Subsequently, the occurrence and flow behavior of oil within the nanoscale bedding fractures under various wettability scenarios are described through a combination of microscopic pore image and molecular dynamics simulations. Ultimately, a mathematical model is established that depicts the velocity distribution of oil and its apparent permeability. This study findings indicate that when the scale of the shale bedding fractures is less than 100 nm, the impact of the nanoconfinement effect is significant and cannot be overlooked. In this scenario, the state of oil occurrence and its flow behavior are influenced by the initial oil-wet surface area on the mixed wetting walls. The study quantifies the velocity and density distribution of oil in mixed wetting nanoscale shale bedding fractures through a mathematical model, providing a crucial theoretical basis for upscaling from the nanoscale to the macroscale.
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With the gradual depletion of high-grade bauxite, the development of the alumina industry has been seriously constrained. Highsulfur bauxite reserves are abundant and can be used as an effective supplement to bauxite resources. Therefore, the development of desulfurization and comprehensive utilization methods for high sulfur bauxite has been widely studied. Excessive sulfur content in bauxite and complex valence changes in the Bayer process have serious impacts on products and equipment. This paper will introduce pre-treatment desulfurization and post-treatment desulfurization methods such as roasting, flotation, electrochemical and biological methods. Roasting methods use oxidative roasting to convert sulfur to sulfur dioxide-containing flue gas; flotation methods enrich pyrite through flotation chemicals; biological methods use complex chemical reactions of microorganisms to remove sulfur; and electrolysis methods convert sulfur to sulfate through oxidants produced by electrolysis. Post-treatment methods add precipitants such as zinc oxide to treat small amounts of sulfur entering the Bayer process. The reaction mechanism and development of various desulfurization methods are summarized, and the problems of these desulfurization methods are analyzed. The aim is to combine their advantages to develop economical and environmentally friendly desulfurization methods, and propose suggestions for the future resource utilization of highsulfur bauxite.
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Background: We aimed to determine the trend of TB-related deaths during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: TB-related mortality data of decedents aged ≥25 years from 2006 to 2021 were analyzed. Excess deaths were estimated by determining the difference between observed and projected mortality rates during the pandemic. Results: A total of 18,628 TB-related deaths were documented from 2006 to 2021. TB-related age-standardized mortality rates (ASMRs) were 0.51 in 2020 and 0.52 in 2021, corresponding to an excess mortality of 10.22 and 9.19%, respectively. Female patients with TB demonstrated a higher relative increase in mortality (26.33 vs. 2.17% in 2020; 21.48 vs. 3.23% in 2021) when compared to male. Female aged 45-64 years old showed a surge in mortality, with an annual percent change (APC) of -2.2% pre-pandemic to 22.8% (95% CI: -1.7 to 68.7%) during the pandemic, corresponding to excess mortalities of 62.165 and 99.16% in 2020 and 2021, respectively; these excess mortality rates were higher than those observed in the overall female population ages 45-64 years in 2020 (17.53%) and 2021 (33.79%). Conclusion: The steady decline in TB-related mortality in the United States has been reversed by COVID-19. Female with TB were disproportionately affected by the pandemic.
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COVID-19 , Tuberculose , Humanos , COVID-19/mortalidade , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Masculino , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , Adulto , Idoso , Tuberculose/mortalidade , Fatores Sexuais , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , PandemiasRESUMO
Few studies have evaluated postpartum depression (PPD) in women living with HIV (WLHIV) in Botswana, a high prevalence HIV setting. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) was used to evaluate PPD symptoms in WLHIV (n = 300) and women who are HIV-uninfected (n = 131) in the Tshilo Dikotla study, an observational cohort study with a nested randomized trial. The EPDS was administered at 2, 6, and 12 months postpartum. We assessed the association of (1) HIV infection and (2) antiretroviral therapy (ART) with odds of PPD symptoms (EPDS ≥ 10 or thoughts of self-harm) in the first year postpartum using generalized estimating equations. Of WLHIV, 24 (8.00%) had PPD symptoms at one or more follow-up time points, compared to 9 (6.9%) women who were HIV-seronegative. There was no association between HIV status and PPD symptoms (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]:1.69, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.73-3.93, p = 0.225); however, WLHIV on efavirenz-based ART regimens had higher odds of experiencing PPD symptoms compared to dolutegravir-based ART (aOR:3.05, 95% CI:1.16-8.03, p = 0.024).
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STUDY DESIGN: Bioinformatics analysis of Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). OBJECTIVE: Ossification of the ligamentum flavum (OLF) and ankylosing spondylitis (AS) represent intricate conditions marked by the gradual progression of endochondral ossification. This investigation endeavors to unveil common biomarkers associated with heterotopic ossification and explore the potential molecular regulatory mechanisms. METHODS: Microarray and RNA-sequencing datasets retrieved from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) repository were harnessed to discern differentially expressed genes (DEGs) within the OLF and AS datasets. Subsequently, Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) was implemented to pinpoint co-expression modules linked to OLF and AS. Common genes were further subjected to an examination of functional pathway enrichment. Moreover, hub intersection genes were identified using the Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) regression, followed by an evaluation of diagnostic performance in external OLF and AS cohorts. Lastly, an analysis of immune cell infiltration was conducted to scrutinize the correlation of immune cell presence with shared biomarkers in OLF and AS. RESULTS: A total of 1353 and 91 Differentially Expressed Genes (DEGs) were identified in OLF and AS, respectively. Using the Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA), 2 modules were found to be notably significant for OLF and AS. The integrative bioinformatic analysis revealed 3 hub genes (MAB21L2, MEGF10, ISLR) as shared risk biomarkers, with MAB21L2 being the central focus. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis exhibited a strong diagnostic potential for these hub genes. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis indicated their involvement in the positive regulation of myoblast proliferation. Notably, MAB21L2 was singled out as the optimal common biomarker for OLF and AS. Furthermore, an analysis of immune infiltration demonstrated a correlation between MAB21L2 expression and changes in immune cells. Activated CD8 T cells were identified as shared differential immune infiltrating cells significantly linked to MAB21L2 in both OLF and AS. CONCLUSION: This study represents the first instance of identifying MAB21L2 as a prospective diagnostic marker for patients contending with OLF associated with AS. The research results indicate that the ECM-receptor interaction and the cell-cell adhesion may play a role in both disease processes. This newfound knowledge not only enhances our understanding of the pathogenesis behind spinal ligament ossification but also uncovers potential targets for therapeutic interventions.
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AIM: Dental erosion is a chemical-mechanical process that leads to the loss of dental hard tissues. This study aimed to investigate the effect of pomegranate juice on the enamel. METHODS: Enamel blocks were randomly divided into three groups: deionized water, cola, and pomegranate juice. The blocks were immersed in the solutions four times a day for 14 days, and stored in artificial saliva for the remaining period. The surface hardness was measured on days 7 and 14. The surface structures of the demineralized blocks were observed via scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the depth of demineralization was observed via confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The pH, calcium, and phosphorus levels of the three solutions were analyzed. RESULTS: The microhardness values of the blocks in the pomegranate juice and cola groups decreased with the increase in the demineralization time. The blocks in the pomegranate juice group exhibited large fractures in the enamel column, whereas those in the cola group had pitted enamels with destruction of the interstitial enamel column. Compared with cola group, fluorescent penetration increased in pomegranate juice (P < 0.01). The pH of cola (2.32 ± 0.09) was lower than that of pomegranate juice (3.16 ± 0.16). Furthermore, the calcium content in pomegranate juice was significantly higher than that in cola (P < 0.01). Alternatively, the concentration of phosphorous in cola was significantly higher than that in pomegranate juice (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that pomegranate juice can cause enamel demineralization with an erosive potential comparable to that of cola.
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Punica granatum , Erosão Dentária , Humanos , Cálcio , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Erosão Dentária/induzido quimicamente , Dureza , Cola , Esmalte DentárioRESUMO
Chronic apical periodontitis (CAP) is characterized by inflammation and destruction of the apical periodontium that is of pulpal origin, appearing as an apical radiolucent area, and does not produce clinical symptoms. Little is known about whether the PD-1/PD-L1 ratio is associated with the balance between RANKL and OPG in CAP. The relationship between PD-1/PD-L1 and RANKL/OPG in CAP is investigated in this study. A CAP rat model was established using Sprague-Dawley rats. The pulp chambers were exposed to the oral cavity to allow bacterial contamination. The apical tissues of the bilateral mandibular first molars were analyzed for histological morphology using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. Immunohistochemistry and qRT-PCR were used to determine the expression of PD-1, PD-L1, OPG, and RANKL mRNA and proteins in periapical tissues and mandibular samples, respectively. The radiological images indicated a poorly defined low-density shadow and alveolar bone resorption after periodontitis induction. Histological analysis revealed an infiltration of inflammatory cells and alveolar bone resorption in the periapical tissues. Mandibular mRNA and periapical protein expression of PD-1, PD-L1, and RANKL was upregulated 7-28 days after periodontitis induction, while the expression of OPG was downregulated. No significant relationship was observed between PD-1/PD-L1 and RANKL/OPG at either mRNA or protein levels in CAP. There is an increased expression of PD-1, PD-L1, and RANKL and a decreased expression of OPG, indicating progression of CAP.
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BACKGROUND: Neuroinflammation, a critical component of the secondary injury cascade post-spinal cord injury, involves the activation of pro-inflammatory cells and release of inflammatory mediators. Resolution of neuroinflammation is closely linked to cellular autophagy. This study investigates the potential of Fisetin, a natural anti-inflammatory compound, to ameliorate neuroinflammation and confer spinal cord injury protection through the regulation of autophagy in pro-inflammatory cells. METHODS: Utilizing a rat T10 spinal cord injury model with distinct treatment groups (Sham, Fisetin-treated, and Fisetin combined with autophagy inhibitor), alongside in vitro models involving lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated microglial cell activation and co-culture with neurons, we employed techniques such as transcriptomic sequencing, histological assessments (immunofluorescence staining, etc.), molecular analyses (PCR, WB, ELISA, etc.), and behavioral evaluations to discern differences in neuroinflammation, autophagy, neuronal apoptosis, and neurological function recovery. RESULTS: Fisetin significantly augmented autophagic activity in injured spinal cord tissue, crucially contributing to neurological function recovery in spinal cord-injured rats. Fisetin's autophagy-dependent effects were associated with a reduction in neuronal apoptosis at the injury site. The treatment reduced the population of CD68+ and iNOS+ cells, coupled with decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α levels, through autophagy-dependent pathways. Fisetin pre-treatment attenuated LPS-induced pro-inflammatory polarization of microglial cells, with this protective effect partially blocked by autophagy inhibition. Fisetin-induced autophagy in the injured spinal cord and pro-inflammatory microglial cells was associated with significant activation of AMPK and inhibition of mTOR. CONCLUSION: Fisetin orchestrates enhanced autophagy in pro-inflammatory microglial cells through the AMPK-mTOR signaling pathway, thereby mitigating neuroinflammation and reducing the apoptotic effects of neuroinflammation on neurons. This mechanistic insight significantly contributes to the protection and recovery of neurological function following spinal cord injury, underscoring the vital nature of Fisetin as a potential therapeutic agent.
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Flavonóis , Doenças Neuroinflamatórias , Traumatismos da Medula Espinal , Ratos , Animais , Lipopolissacarídeos/farmacologia , Proteínas Quinases Ativadas por AMP/metabolismo , Inflamação/metabolismo , Traumatismos da Medula Espinal/complicações , Serina-Treonina Quinases TOR/metabolismo , Medula Espinal/patologia , Microglia , AutofagiaRESUMO
Adding PD-1 blockade in the neoadjuvant regimens for locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC) patients with microsatellite stable (MSS) / mismatch repair-proficient (pMMR) tumors is an attractive, but debatable strategy. This phase 2, multicenter, prospective, single-arm study enrolled patients from 6 centers from June 2021 to November 2022. Locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC, cT3-4aN0M0 and cT1-4aN1-2M0) patients aged ≥18 years with the distance from distal border of tumor to anal verge ≤10 cm (identified by Magnetic Resonance Imaging) were qualified for inclusion. The patients received long-course radiotherapy (50 Gy/25 fractions, 2 Gy/fraction, 5 days/week) and three 21-day cycles capecitabine (850-1000 mg/m2, bid, po, day1-14) and three 21-day cycles tislelizumab (200 mg, iv.gtt, day8) as neoadjuvant. Total mesorectal excision (TME) was 6-12 weeks after the end of radiotherapy to achieve radical resection. A total of 50 patients were enrolled in this study. The pathological complete response rate was 40.0% [20/50, 95% confidence interval (CI): 27.61-53.82%], while 15 (30.0%, 95% CI: 19.1-43.75%), 9 (18.0%, 95% CI: 9.77-30.8%), 2 (4.0%, 95% CI: 1.10-13.46%) patients respectively achieved grade 1, 2, and 3 tumor regression. Treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs) occurred in 28 (56.0%) LARC patients, including 26(52.0%) with grade I-II and 2 (4.0%) with grade III (1 with grade 3 immune-related colitis and 1 with grade 3 rash). PD-1 blockade plus long-course chemoradiotherapy (CRT) showed promising therapeutic effects according to pathological complete response rate and is well-tolerated in LARC patients. A larger randomized controlled study is desired to further validate the above findings.
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Néctar de Plantas , Neoplasias Retais , Humanos , Adolescente , Adulto , Receptor de Morte Celular Programada 1 , Estudos Prospectivos , Neoplasias Retais/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Retais/patologia , Quimiorradioterapia/métodosRESUMO
Methamphetamine is a highly addictive psychostimulant drug that is abused globally and is a serious threat to health worldwide. Unfortunately, the specific mechanism underlying addiction remains unclear. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the characteristics of functional connectivity in the brain network and the factors influencing methamphetamine use disorder in patients using magnetic resonance imaging. We included 96 abstinent male participants with methamphetamine use disorder and 46 age- and sex-matched healthy controls for magnetic resonance imaging. Compared with healthy controls, participants with methamphetamine use disorder had greater impulsivity, fewer small-world attributes of the resting-state network, more nodal topological attributes in the cerebellum, greater functional connectivity strength within the cerebellum and between the cerebellum and brain, and decreased frontoparietal functional connectivity strength. In addition, after controlling for covariates, the partial correlation analysis showed that small-world properties were significantly associated with methamphetamine use frequency, psychological craving, and impulsivity. Furthermore, we revealed that the small-word attribute significantly mediated the effect of methamphetamine use frequency on motor impulsivity in the methamphetamine use disorder group. These findings may further improve our understanding of the neural mechanism of impulse control dysfunction underlying methamphetamine addiction and assist in exploring the neuropathological mechanism underlying methamphetamine use disorder-related dysfunction and rehabilitation.
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Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Anfetaminas , Estimulantes do Sistema Nervoso Central , Metanfetamina , Humanos , Masculino , Metanfetamina/efeitos adversos , Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagem , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Anfetaminas/diagnóstico por imagem , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Anfetaminas/psicologia , Mapeamento Encefálico , Imageamento por Ressonância MagnéticaRESUMO
ABSTRACT: Immunosuppression, commonly accompanied by persistent inflammation, is a key feature in the later phase of sepsis. However, the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain unclear. Dendritic cells (DCs), specifically tolerogenic DCs (tolDCs), play a crucial role in this process by regulating immune responses through inducing T cell anergy and releasing anti-inflammatory cytokines. Nevertheless, the existing cell models are inadequate for investigating tolDCs during the immunosuppressive phase of sepsis. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a novel in vitro model to generate tolDCs under chronic inflammatory conditions. We have successfully generated tolDCs by exposing them to sublethal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 72 h while preserving cell viability. Considering that IL-10-induced tolDCs (IL-10-tolDCs) are well-established models, we compared the immunological tolerance between LPS-tolDCs and IL-10-tolDCs. Our findings indicated that both LPS-tolDCs and IL-10-tolDCs exhibited reduced expression of maturation markers, whereas their levels of inhibitory markers were elevated. Furthermore, the immunoregulatory activities of LPS-tolDCs and IL-10-tolDCs were found to be comparable. These dysfunctions include impaired antigen presenting capacity and suppression of T cell activation, proliferation, and differentiation. Notably, compared with IL-10-tolDCs, LPS-tolDCs showed a reduced response in maturation and cytokine production upon stimulation, indicating their potential as a better model for research. Overall, in comparison with IL-10-tolDCs, our data suggest that the immunological dysfunctions shown in LPS-tolDCs could more effectively elucidate the increased susceptibility to secondary infections during sepsis. Consequently, LPS-tolDCs have emerged as promising therapeutic targets for ameliorating the immunosuppressed state in septic patients.
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Interleucina-10 , Sepse , Humanos , Interleucina-10/metabolismo , Células Dendríticas/metabolismo , Lipopolissacarídeos/farmacologia , Tolerância Imunológica , Sepse/metabolismo , Inflamação/metabolismoRESUMO
Plant uptake, accumulation, and transformation of organophosphate esters (OPEs) play vital roles in their geochemical cycles and exposure risks. Here we reviewed the recent research advances in OPEs in plants. The mean OPE concentrations based on dry/wet/lipid weight varied in 4.80-3,620/0.287-26.8/12,000-315,000 ng g-1 in field plants, and generally showed positive correlations with those in plant habitats. OPEs with short-chain substituents and high hydrophilicity, particularly the commonly used chlorinated OPEs, showed dominance in most plant samples, whereas some tree barks, fruits, seeds, and roots demonstrated dominance of hydrophobic OPEs. Both hydrophilic and hydrophobic OPEs can enter plants via root and foliar uptake, and the former pathway is mainly passively mediated by various membrane proteins. After entry, different OPEs undergo diverse subcellular distributions and acropetal/basipetal/intergenerational translocations, depending on their physicochemical properties. Hydrophilic OPEs mainly exist in cell sap and show strong transferability, hydrophobic OPEs demonstrate dominant distributions in cell wall and limited migrations owing to the interception of Casparian strips and cell wall. Additionally, plant species, transpiration capacity, growth stages, commensal microorganisms, and habitats also affect OPE uptake and transfer in plants. OPE metabolites derived from various Phase I transformations and Phase II conjugations are increasingly identified in plants, and hydrolysis and hydroxylation are the most common metabolic processes. The metabolisms and products of OPEs are closely associated with their structures and degradation resistance and plant species. In contrast, plant-derived food consumption contributes considerably to the total dietary intakes of OPEs by human, particularly the cereals, and merits specifical attention. Based on the current research limitations, we proposed the research perspectives regarding OPEs in plants, with the emphases on their behavior and fate in field plants, interactions with plant-related microorganisms, multiple uptake pathways and mechanisms, and comprehensive screening analysis and risk evaluation.
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Plantas , Humanos , Plantas/metabolismo , Ésteres/metabolismo , Organofosfatos/metabolismo , Poluentes Ambientais/metabolismoRESUMO
Colorectal cancer has the highest mortality rate of all digestive system diseases. Considering the debate about cytokines and biases that exist in traditional observational study designs, we performed a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to explore the association of circulating cytokines with CRC risk. In this study, we used cytokine genetic variants from a recently published genome-wide association study (GWAS) including 14,824 European-ancestry participants. Summary-level data for colorectal cancer were obtained from genome-wide association analyses of the FinnGen consortium. In addition, we conducted independent supplementary analyses using genetic variation data of colorectal cancer and cytokines from a large public GWAS in 2021. Among 91 circulating factors, we only found IL-12B to be significantly associated with CRC risk (odds ratio [OR]: 1.19; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.00-1.42; p = .046). We used 2021 data for analysis and found that higher Interleukin-12p70 levels (IL-12p70) were revealed to have a significant positive association with CRC risk (OR: 1.27; 95% CI: 1.13-1.43; p < 1.22 × 10-3). Moreover, CRC was suggestively correlated with an elevated level of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) (OR: 1.17; 95% CI: 1.02-1.35; p = .026), macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) (OR: 0.85; 95% CI: 0.76-0.96; p = .005), IL-13 (OR: 1.15; 95% CI: 1.02-1.30; p = .028), IL-10 (OR: 1.23; 95% CI: 1.01-1.49; p = .037), and IL-7 (OR: 1.19; 95% CI: 1.02-1.39; p = .024). Our MR studies support that one cytokine IL-12 is significantly associated with CRC risk and that five cytokines VEGF, M-CSF, IL-13, IL-10, and IL-7 are associated with CRC risk.
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Neoplasias Colorretais , Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla , Análise da Randomização Mendeliana , Humanos , Neoplasias Colorretais/genética , Neoplasias Colorretais/sangue , Citocinas/sangue , Citocinas/genética , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Fatores de Risco , Subunidade p40 da Interleucina-12/genética , Subunidade p40 da Interleucina-12/sangue , Fator A de Crescimento do Endotélio Vascular/sangue , Fator A de Crescimento do Endotélio Vascular/genética , Masculino , Feminino , Interleucina-10/sangue , Interleucina-10/genéticaRESUMO
The rational use of bamboo to make dissolving pulp can offer up new opportunities for cellulose production, alleviating wood scarcity. Bamboo contains a high content of non-fiber cells, which presents technical challenges in dissolving pulp production by the conventional process. In this study, a process concept of separating hemicelluloses is presented by fiber fractionation and purification for cleaner production of bamboo dissolving pulp: bamboo kraft pulp was fractionated into long-fiber and short-fiber fractions. The cellulose-rich long-fiber fraction was converted to dissolving pulp by further purification treatment with acid hydrolysis and cold caustic extraction. The hemicellulose-rich short-fiber fraction was used for papermaking. The laboratory results were confirmed by those from mill trials. The combined pulp yield (dissolving pulp + paper-grade pulp) reached 49 %, which was significantly higher than that of the conventional pre-hydrolysis kraft pulping process. Furthermore, the quality of dissolving pulp was higher due to inherently higher cellulose content of long-fiber fraction.
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Celulose , Fracionamento Químico , Madeira , HidróliseRESUMO
Owing to their dominant wastewater origin, bioavailability, and toxicity, the occurrence and behavior of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in aquatic systems have attracted considerable attention over the past two decades. Aquatic plants can accumulate and metabolize OPEs in water, thereby playing an important role in their behavior and fate in waterbodies. However, their uptake, translocation and transformation mechanisms in plants remain incompletely characterized. We investigated the accumulation and transformation of OPEs in water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) through a series of hydroponic experiments using three representative OPEs, tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP), and triphenyl phosphate (TPP). These OPEs can not only be adsorbed onto and enter plant roots via passive diffusion pathways, which are facilitated by anion channels and/or aquaporins, but also can return to the solution when concentration gradients exist. After entry, hydrophilic TCEP showed a dominant distribution in the cell sap, strong acropetal transportability, and rapid translocation rate, whereas hydrophobic TPP was mostly retained in the root cell wall and therefore demonstrated weak acropetal transportability; TBEP with moderate hydrophilicity remained in the middle. All these OPEs can be transformed into diesters, which presented higher proportions in the cell sap and therefore have stronger acropetal transferability than their parent OPEs. TCEP exhibits the lowest biodegradability, followed by TPP and TBEP. These OPEs exerted apparent effects on plant growth, photosynthesis, and the diversity and composition of the rhizosphere microbial community.
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Eichhornia , Retardadores de Chama , Hidroponia , Ésteres/metabolismo , Organofosfatos/metabolismoRESUMO
Manipulation of the surface properties of the triboelectric layer has been proven to be one of the key parameters to achieve high-performance and stable triboelectric nanogenerators (TENG). Herein, a pragmatic surface engineering strategy that can substantially boost the performance and stability of flexible TENG is elaborated by incorporating the zwitterionic molecule dimethylethylammoniumpropane sulfonate (NDSB) as the surface modification layer. Given that zwitterionic molecules tend to form aggregated structures, realizing ordered arrangement on the substrate surface remains challenging to date. To address this issue, in this work, a combination of multiple surface treatments and molecular manipulation strategy is proposed. Our results prove that NDSB is effective in modifying the surface properties of the dielectric layer and electrode layer, leading to a remarkable power density and specific power of 2.86 W m-2 and 20.73 mW g-1 for flexible TENG, respectively. In addition, due to the strong interaction between the NDSB/dielectric and NDSB/electrode, a water-resistant long-term stable flexible TENG is realized. More encouragingly, our strategy is compatible with a cost-effective dip-coating technique, and an unprecedented demonstration of batch fabrication of TENG using NDSB to functionalize the surface of the dielectric layer and electrode layer synchronously can be realized, which is advantageous for rapid and up-scalable manufacturing of TENG. We also prove that the TENG based on zwitterionic materials reveals exceptional antibacterial properties against Escherichia coli. This study represents an important step towards the development of long-term stable flexible TENG that possesses a high output performance and excellent antibacterial activity based on a facile and economical strategy, enabling TENG technology to show bright prospects in a wide variety of application domains.
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The severity of heat stroke (HS) is associated with intestinal injury, which is generally considered an essential issue for HS. Heat acclimation (HA) is considered the best strategy to protect against HS. In addition, HA has a protective effect on intestinal injuries caused by HS. Considering the essential role of gut microbes in intestinal structure and function, we decided to investigate the potential protective mechanism of HA in reducing intestinal injury caused by HS. HA model was established by male C57BL/6J mice (5-6 weeks old, 17-19 g) were exposed at (34 ± 0.7)°C for 4 weeks to establish an animal HA model. The protective effect of HA on intestinal barrier injury in HS was investigated by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and nontargeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) metabolomics. According to the experimental results, HA can change the composition of the gut microbiota, which increases the proportion of lactobacilli, faecal bacteria, and urinobacteria but decreases the proportion of deoxycholic acid. Moreover, HA can reduce liver and kidney injury and systemic inflammation caused by HS and reduce intestinal injury by enhancing the integrity of the intestinal barrier. In addition, HA regulates inflammation by inhibiting NF-κB signalling and increasing tight junction protein expression in HS mice. HA induces changes in the gut microbiota, which may enhance tight junction protein expression, thereby reducing intestinal inflammation, promoting bile acid metabolism, and ultimately maintaining the integrity of the intestinal barrier. In conclusion, HA induced changes in the gut microbiota. Among the gut microbiota, lactobacilli may play a key role in the potential protective mechanism of HA.
Assuntos
Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Golpe de Calor , Camundongos , Masculino , Animais , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Temperatura Alta , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Inflamação , Proteínas de Junções Íntimas , AclimataçãoRESUMO
In the past decade, organophosphate esters (OPEs) undergo rapid increase in production and use. Meanwhile, owing to their additive property, OPEs exhibit liability to escape from related products and therefore ubiquity in various environments. Moreover, numerous researches verify their bioavailability and negative effects on biota and human, hence their occurrence and associated risks have caught much concern, particularly those in aquatic systems. So far, however, OPEs in water are generally investigated as a whole, their phase distribution and behavior in waterbodies are incompletely characterized. We examined 25 OPEs in water (including dissolved and particulate phases), sediment, and sediment core samples from the Lian River, which flows through the Guiyu e-waste recycling zone and Shantou specific economic zone in South China. Compared to most global waterbodies, the Lian River showed high or ultrahigh OPE levels in both water and sediments, particularly in the reaches surrounded by e-waste recycling and plastic-related industries, which were the top two greatest OPE sources. Non-industrial and agriculture-related anthropogenic activities also contributed OPEs. Sediment core data suggested that OPEs have been present in waters in Guiyu since the 1960s and showed a temporal trend consistent with the local waste-recycling business. The phase distribution of OPEs in the Lian River was significantly correlated with their hydrophobicity and solubility. Owing to their wide range of physicochemical properties, OPE congeners showed significant percentage differences in the Lian River water and sediments. Generally, OPEs in water reflect their dynamic real-time inputs, while those in sediment signify their accumulative deposition, which is another cause of their phase distribution disparities in the Lian River. The physicochemical parameters of OPEs first imposed negative and then positive influences on their dissolved phase-sediment distribution, indicating the involvement of both the adsorption of dissolved OPEs and the deposition of particle-bound OPEs.