A versatile chamber for x-ray scattering on liquid jets with sample recycling.

We introduce the setup of a versatile sample chamber for x-ray scattering experiments on liquids delivered by µ-jets. The simple implementation at x-ray light sources, adaptability to different nozzle types, and the availability of a microscope for observation of the jet flow allow for its broad application. In combination with an inbuilt recycling circle, a continuous flow operation is provided. Functionality of the system was demonstrated in a rheology study at PETRA III.

Shear-induced ordering in liquid microjets seen by x-ray cross correlation analysis.

We applied shear to a silica nanoparticle dispersion in a microfluidic jet device and observed direction-dependent structure along and across the flow direction. The asymmetries of the diffraction patterns were evaluated by x-ray cross correlation analysis. For different Rayleigh nozzle sizes and shapes, we measured the decay of the shear-induced ordering after the cessation of the shear. At large tube sizes and small shear rates, the characteristic times of the decay become longer, but Péclet-weighted times do not scale linearly with Péclet numbers. By modeling particle distributions with the corresponding diffraction patterns and comparing measured shape asymmetry to simulations, we determined the variation of volume fraction over the azimuthal angle for the maximum ordered state in the jet.

In situ small-angle X-ray scattering environment for studying nanocrystal self-assembly upon controlled solvent evaporation.

We present a sample environment for the investigation of nanoparticle self-assembly from a colloidal solution via controlled solvent evaporation using in situ small-angle X-ray scattering. Nanoparticles form ordered superlattices in the evaporative assembly along the X-ray transparent windows of a three-dimensional sample cell. The special design of the sample cell allows for monitoring the superlattice formation and transformation at different stages of the assembly process during the movement of the evaporation front in real time. The presented sample environment can be used to study the self-organization of a wide range of colloidal particles and other soft materials.

[Epidemiological characteristics of pneumocystosis in the Ukraine]. / Epidemiologicheskaia kharakteristika pnevmotsistoza na Ukraine.

Pneumocysts have been detected in the sputum in patients with nonspecific lung diseases (56 +/- 2%), including those with acute (43 +/- 4%) and chronic (63 +/- 3%) pneumocystosis, in those with a severe course (70.8 +/- 8%); in those with a satisfactory condition (48 +/- 3%); in those with occupational hazards (78 +/- 7%) in smokers (56 +/- 7%); in those without occupational hazards (39 +/- 3%); in those with an inflammation in the upper lobe of the lung in the presence of pneumonia (84 +/- 7%), in cold (62 +/- 3%) and warm (48 +/- 4) seasons, in north (66 +/- 3%) and south (28 +/- 4%) regions. P. carini per ml of sputum numbers in the range of 165 +/- 15 to 195 +/- 25; that in upper lobar pneumonia is 330 +/- 55. In patients with HIV/AIDS, P. carini has been found in the sputum in patients infected with HIV parenterally (66 +/- 4%) and sexually (54 +/- 5%); cysts per ml of sputum number 240 +/- 20 and 200 +/- 20, respectively; the content of CD4+ per microliter of blood is 480 +/- 40 and 205 +/- 30, respectively.

[Opisthorchiasis as a component in a mixed infection]. / Opisthorkhoz kak komponent mikstinvazii.

A survey of the same human contingents (children under 14 years and adults) in different zones of Ukraine revealed the opisthorchiasis foci of different intensity in the northeastern part of Polesye and in the forest-steppe zone. The affliction of adults ranged from 27.5 +/- 2.2% to 2.8 +/- 0.7%, that of children was from 14.5 +/- 2.3% to 0. In the foci of high and moderate tension, the trichocephaliasis prevalence was 10.2 +/- 0.7%, ascaridiasis 5.1 +/- 0.5%, amebiasis 2.4 +/- 0.7%, lambliasis 7.7 +/- 0.6%, and outside the foci these figures were lower (2.0 +/- 0.7%; 2.4 +/- 0.7%; 0.5 +/- 0.3%; 2.9 +/- 0.8%, respectively). In concurrent invasions and infections, the number of helminth eggs and protozoan cysts excreted by patients was significantly lower than in that in monoinvasion.