Coparentalidade e comportamento da criança no contexto do divórcio: uma revisão sistemática / Coparenting and child behavior in the context of divorce: a systematic review / Coparentalidad y comportamiento infantil en el contexto del divorcio: una revisión sistemática

A qualidade da relação coparental após o divócio dos pais afeta significativamente a relação pai-filhos e o desenvolvimento infantil. Com o objetivo de analisar a literatura científica recente a respeito das relações entre coparentalidade e comportamento da criança em famílias divorciadas, conduziu-se uma revisão sistemática de acordo com as recomendações metodológicas do Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). As buscas foram realizadas em seis bases de dados, nacionais e internacionais, com os termos coparentalidade, divórcio e comportamento da criança, e termos correlatos, em português, inglês e espanhol. Foram incluídos 11 artigos publicados entre 2010 e junho de 2020. Por meio da análise dos resultados desses artigos, constatou-se que o apoio coparental após o divórcio favorece desfechos positivos no comportamento infantil. Por outro lado, a existência de conflito coparental representa fator de risco para problemas de comportamento na criança, inclusive em famílias onde há apoio e comunicação coparental.

The quality of the coparental relationship after parental divorce significantly affects the parents-children relationship and the child development. The objective of the study was to conduct a systematic review on the relationship between coparenting and child behavior in divorced families. The systematic review was conducted according to the methodological recommendations of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). The searches were carried out in six national and international databases, using the words coparenting, divorce and child behavior, and similar terms, in Portuguese, English and Spanish. Eleven articles published between 2010 and June 2020 were included. The main results of the studies showed that coparental support after divorce favors more positive outcomes in child behavior. On the other hand, the existence of coparental conflict represents risk factor for child behavioral problems, including in families whit coparental support and communication exist.

La calidad de la relación coparental después del divorcio de los padres afecta significativamente la relación entre padres e hijos y el desarrollo infantil. El objetivo del estudio fue realizar una revisión sistemática sobre la relación entre coparentalidad y comportamiento del niño en familias divorciadas. La revisión sistemática se realizó conforme las recomendaciones metodológicas del Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Las búsquedas se realizaron en seis bases de datos, nacionales e internacionales, con los términos coparentalidad, divorcio y comportamiento infantil en portugués, inglés y español. Se incluyeron 11 artículos publicados entre 2010 y junio de 2020. Los principales resultados de los estudios mostraron que el apoyo coparental después del divorcio favorece resultados más positivos en el comportamiento infantil. Sin embargo, la existencia de conflicto coparental representa factor de riesgo para problemas de comportamiento en niños, incluso en familias que existe el apoyo y la comunicación coparental.

RA Differentiation Enhances Dopaminergic Features, Changes Redox Parameters, and Increases Dopamine Transporter Dependency in 6-Hydroxydopamine-Induced Neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y Cells.

Research on Parkinson's disease (PD) and drug development is hampered by the lack of suitable human in vitro models that simply and accurately recreate the disease conditions. To counteract this, many attempts to differentiate cell lines, such as the human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma, into dopaminergic neurons have been undertaken since they are easier to cultivate when compared with other cellular models. Here, we characterized neuronal features discriminating undifferentiated and retinoic acid (RA)-differentiated SH-SYSY cells and described significant differences between these cell models in 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) cytotoxicity. In contrast to undifferentiated cells, RA-differentiated SH-SY5Y cells demonstrated low proliferative rate and a pronounced neuronal morphology with high expression of genes related to synapse vesicle cycle, dopamine synthesis/degradation, and of dopamine transporter (DAT). Significant differences between undifferentiated and RA-differentiated SH-SY5Y cells in the overall capacity of antioxidant defenses were found; although RA-differentiated SH-SY5Y cells presented a higher basal antioxidant capacity with high resistance against H2O2 insult, they were twofold more sensitive to 6-OHDA. DAT inhibition by 3α-bis-4-fluorophenyl-methoxytropane and dithiothreitol (a cell-permeable thiol-reducing agent) protected RA-differentiated, but not undifferentiated, SH-SY5Y cells from oxidative damage and cell death caused by 6-OHDA. Here, we demonstrate that undifferentiated and RA-differentiated SH-SY5Y cells are two unique phenotypes and also have dissimilar mechanisms in 6-OHDA cytotoxicity. Hence, our data support the use of RA-differentiated SH-SY5Y cells as an in vitro model of PD. This study may impact our understanding of the pathological mechanisms of PD and the development of new therapies and drugs for the management of the disease.

Pre- and postnatal exposure to moderate levels of ethanol can have long-lasting effects on hippocampal glutamate uptake in adolescent offspring.

The developing brain is vulnerable to the effects of ethanol. Glutamate is the main mediator of excitatory signals in the brain and is probably involved in most aspects of normal brain function during development. The aim of this study was to investigate vulnerability to and the impact of ethanol toxicity on glutamate uptake signaling in adolescent rats after moderate pre and postnatal ethanol exposure. Pregnant female rats were divided into three groups and treated only with water (control), non-alcoholic beer (vehicle) or 10% (v/v) beer solution (moderate prenatal alcohol exposure-MPAE). Thirty days after birth, adolescent male offspring were submitted to hippocampal acute slice procedure. We assayed glutamate uptake and measured glutathione content and also quantified glial glutamate transporters (EAAT 1 and EAAT 2). The glutamate system vulnerability was tested with different acute ethanol doses in naïve rats and compared with the MPAE group. We also performed a (lipopolysaccharide-challenge (LPS-challenge) with all groups to test the glutamate uptake response after an insult. The MPAE group presented a decrease in glutamate uptake corroborating a decrease in glutathione (GSH) content. The reduction in GSH content suggests oxidative damage after acute ethanol exposure. The glial glutamate transporters were also altered after prenatal ethanol treatment, suggesting a disturbance in glutamate signaling. This study indicates that impairment of glutamate uptake can be dose-dependent and the glutamate system has a higher vulnerability to ethanol toxicity after moderate ethanol exposure In utero. The effects of pre- and postnatal ethanol exposure can have long-lasting impacts on the glutamate system in adolescence and potentially into adulthood.

Cannabidiol Exposure During Neuronal Differentiation Sensitizes Cells Against Redox-Active Neurotoxins.

Cannabidiol (CBD), one of the most abundant Cannabis sativa-derived compounds, has been implicated with neuroprotective effect in several human pathologies. Until now, no undesired side effects have been associated with CBD. In this study, we evaluated CBD's neuroprotective effect in terminal differentiation (mature) and during neuronal differentiation (neuronal developmental toxicity model) of the human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell line. A dose-response curve was performed to establish a sublethal dose of CBD with antioxidant activity (2.5 µM). In terminally differentiated SH-SY5Y cells, incubation with 2.5 µM CBD was unable to protect cells against the neurotoxic effect of glycolaldehyde, methylglyoxal, 6-hydroxydopamine, and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Moreover, no difference in antioxidant potential and neurite density was observed. When SH-SY5Y cells undergoing neuronal differentiation were exposed to CBD, no differences in antioxidant potential and neurite density were observed. However, CBD potentiated the neurotoxicity induced by all redox-active drugs tested. Our data indicate that 2.5 µM of CBD, the higher dose tolerated by differentiated SH-SY5Y neuronal cells, does not provide neuroprotection for terminally differentiated cells and shows, for the first time, that exposure of CBD during neuronal differentiation could sensitize immature cells to future challenges with neurotoxins.

Factors associated with recurrence of alcohol-related traffic violations in southern Brazil

Objective: To analyze variables associated with recurrence of blood alcohol content (BAC)-related traffic violations among drivers in southern Brazil. Method: This cross-sectional study included 12,204 driving-under-the-influence (DUI) offenders according to data provided by the Rio Grande do Sul state Transportation Department. Sociodemographic characteristics, license duration, license category, and psychological assessment results were analyzed. Drivers convicted of DUI more than once in 2009/2010 were considered recidivists. Variables were evaluated using descriptive statistical analysis and Poisson regression, adjusted by sex, age, and education level. Results: A total of 538 (4.41%) drivers were considered recidivists. The following variables showed the strongest associations with recidivism: being aged 41-50 years (prevalence ratio [PR] = 3.41), being licensed for ≥ 12 years (PR = 1.86), being licensed for motorcycles, cars and trucks (PR = 1.36), having a license with psychological restrictions (PR = 1.33), and driving a truck or a similar vehicle at the moment of notification (PR = 1.08). Conclusions: In the age group with the highest risk for recurrence, drivers showed a higher probability of having a diagnosis of alcohol dependence and other psychiatric comorbidities that hinder the control of alcohol use. Psychological assessments seem to be important in predicting repeat offenses, especially when limited aptitudes are suspected, and should therefore be better investigated. .

Factors associated with recurrence of alcohol-related traffic violations in southern Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze variables associated with recurrence of blood alcohol content (BAC)-related traffic violations among drivers in southern Brazil. METHOD: This cross-sectional study included 12,204 driving-under-the-influence (DUI) offenders according to data provided by the Rio Grande do Sul state Transportation Department. Sociodemographic characteristics, license duration, license category, and psychological assessment results were analyzed. Drivers convicted of DUI more than once in 2009/2010 were considered recidivists. Variables were evaluated using descriptive statistical analysis and Poisson regression, adjusted by sex, age, and education level. RESULTS: A total of 538 (4.41%) drivers were considered recidivists. The following variables showed the strongest associations with recidivism: being aged 41-50 years (prevalence ratio [PR] = 3.41), being licensed for ≥ 12 years (PR = 1.86), being licensed for motorcycles, cars and trucks (PR = 1.36), having a license with psychological restrictions (PR = 1.33), and driving a truck or a similar vehicle at the moment of notification (PR = 1.08). CONCLUSIONS: In the age group with the highest risk for recurrence, drivers showed a higher probability of having a diagnosis of alcohol dependence and other psychiatric comorbidities that hinder the control of alcohol use. Psychological assessments seem to be important in predicting repeat offenses, especially when limited aptitudes are suspected, and should therefore be better investigated.

In vitro optimization of retinoic acid-induced neuritogenesis and TH endogenous expression in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells by the antioxidant Trolox.

Though, it is quite well-known how retinoic acid (RA) is able to induce neuritogenesis in different in vitro models, the putative role exerted by reactive oxygen species (ROS) during this process still need to be further studied. For such purpose, we used a neuronal-like cell line (SH-SY5Y cells) in order to investigate whether the antioxidant Trolox (a hydrophilic analog of alpha-tocopherol) could have any effect on the number of RA-induced neurites, and how significant changes in cellular redox homeostasis may affect the cellular endogenous expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). Our results show a significant enhancement of RA (10 µM)-induced neuritogenesis and TH endogenous expression, when cells were co-treated with Trolox (100 µM) for 7 days. Moreover, this effect was associated with an improvement in cellular viability. The mechanism seems to mainly involve PI3 K/Akt rather than MEK signaling pathway. Therefore, our data demonstrate that concomitant decreases in basal reactive oxygen species (ROS) production could exert a positive effect on the neuritogenic process of RA-treated SH-SY5Y cells.

Validation of cofilin-1 as a biomarker in non-small cell lung cancer: application of quantitative method in a retrospective cohort.

PURPOSE: Cofilin is a cytoskeletal protein whose overexpression has been associated with aggressiveness in several types of malignancies. Here, we established and optimized a simple semi-quantitative immunohistochemistry (SQ-IHC) method for cofilin quantification in tumor biopsies, and applied it in a retrospective cohort of NSCLC patients aiming at validating the use of cofilin-1 as a prognostic biomarker. METHODS: The SQ-IHC method for cofilin-1 quantification was established and applied in a NSCLC cohort. An archival collection of biopsies from 50 patients with clinicopathological information and 5 years follow-up was accessed. Association between cofilin-1 immunocontent and clinical outcome was assessed using standard Kaplan-Meier mortality curves and the log-rank test. To evaluate the robustness of our findings, three different partitional clustering strategies were used to stratify patients into two groups according to the biomarker expression level (hierarchical clustering, Kmeans and median cutoff). RESULTS: In all the three different partitional clustering we used, survival analysis showed that patient with high cofilin-1 immunocontent had a lower overall survival rate (P < 0.05), and could be used to discriminate between good and bad prognosis. No other correlation was found when the variables age, sex or histological type were tested in association with patients outcome or with cofilin immunocontent. CONCLUSIONS: Our method showed good sensitivity/specificity to indicate the outcome of patients according to their cofilin immunocontent in biological samples. Its application in a retrospective cohort and the results presented here are an important step toward the validation process of cofilin-1 as a prognostic biomarker.

The effect of timing temporary cements to treat induced pulp necrosis in the teeth of dogs

During endodontic therapy (pulpectomy, root canal debridement and root canal filling) microbiological management is a major concern. Bacteria present in dentine tubules, apical foramina and apical delta are causally related to failure of the procedure. Studies have shown that during single session endodontic treatment bacteria remain within dental structures. The aim of the present study was to evaluate endodontic treatment performed as two sessions, using temporary endodontic dressing materials for different periods in four groups of experimental dogs. A total of 80 roots of second and third upper premolar teeth and second, third and fourth lower premolar teeth were divided into four groups. The pulp chamber was opened with burrs and the pulp exposed for 60 days to induce pulpal inflammation and necrosis. Groups II, III and IV were treated with calcium hydroxide plus camphorated paramono-chlorophenol (PMCC) for 7, 15 and 30 days, respectively. In all groups, the root canals were filled with zinc oxide-eugenol and gutta-percha cones. Clinical and radiographical measurements were performed every 2 weeks. After 60 days a small block section containing the teeth, surrounding periapical tissues and the periodontium was removed for histological and microbiological study. Histological analysis revealed intense inflammatory response in all groups. Microbiological analysis showed microbial reduction inversely proportional to the period of time that the intracanal temporary medicament was left in place.

Em um tratamento endodôntico, a microbiota é o ponto primordial a ser levado em consideração, pois as bactérias presentes nos túbulos dentinários, nas foraminas e no delta apical em cães estão relacionadas aos insucessos do procedimento. Estudos revelam que tratamentos realizados em uma única sessão ainda permitem a permanência de bactérias nas estruturas dentárias, portanto propõe-se a execução em duas sessões, com diferentes tempos de "curativo de demora", para verificação da eficácia do protocolo em cães. Foram utilizados no total quatro cães, num total de 80 raízes, provenientes dos 2os e 3os pré-molares superiores e 2os, 3os e 4os pré-molares inferiores, divididas em quatro grupos de estudo. Nestes foi realizada abertura coronária, onde a polpa ficou exposta por 60 dias. Os Grupos II, III e IV foram tratados. O hidróxido de cálcio com p-monoclorofenol canforado, isto é, a pasta Calen/PMCC (S.S. White Artigos Dentários Ltda, RJ), foi utilizada como "curativo de demora". O Grupo II permaneceu com "curativo de demora" por sete dias, o Grupo III permaneceu por 15 dias e o Grupo IV por 30 dias, todos os grupos foram obturados com cimento à base de óxido de zinco e eugenol - Herodent (Vigodent S.A. Indústria e Comércio, SP) e guta-percha. Todos os grupos tiveram controle clínico e radiográfico quinzenal e após 60 dias os dentes foram extraídos em bloco (dente e periodonto) e passaram por processamento laboratorial para realização das análises histopatológica e histomicrobiológica. A análise histopatológica de forma geral mostrou intensa reação inflamatória em todos os grupos estudados, já na análise histomicrobiológica pode-se observar uma diminuição no número de microrganismos proporcional ao tempo de "curativo de demora" deixado intra-canal, portanto a permanência do "curativo" por 30 dias foi a mais eficaz.

Oral fractures in dogs of Brazil--a retrospective study.

A retrospective study was performed in 100 dogs with 121 mandibular and 21 maxillary fractures. Dog fight (43.0%) and automobile (12.0%) trauma were the most common etiologies for fracture. The cause of fracture was unknown in 23.0% of the cases, while pathologic fractures occurred in 13.0% of cases. Young dogs (< 1-year-old) and dogs > 8-years of age were most affected. Mandibular fractures occurred in 90 dogs (90.0%), with two dogs (2.2%) having concurrent maxillary fractures. Maxillary fractures only were diagnosed in 10 dogs (10.0%). The molar region (47.1%) was the most commonly affected location for mandibular fracture, followed by fractures of the symphysis and parasymphysis (30.6%), premolar region (17.4%), angular process (4.1%) and vertical ramus (0.8%). In fractures of the mandibular region, the mandibular first molar tooth was often (85.9%) involved while the canine teeth were involved in 67.5% of symphyseal and parasymphyseal fractures. The most common fracture of the maxilla was the maxillary bone (52.4%), followed by the incisive (33.3%), palatine (9.5%), and nasal (4.8%) bones.