Uncovering the burden of Influenza in children in Portugal, 2008-2018.

BACKGROUND: Despite their higher risk of developing severe disease, little is known about the burden of influenza in Portugal in children aged < 5 years old. This study aims to cover this gap by estimating the clinical and economic burden of severe influenza in children, in Portugal, during ten consecutive influenza seasons (2008/09-2017/18). METHODS: We reviewed hospitalizations in children aged < 5 years old using anonymized administrative data covering all public hospitals discharges in mainland Portugal. The burden of hospitalization and in-hospital mortality directly coded as due to influenza was supplemented by the indirect burden calculated from excess hospitalization and mortality (influenza-associated), estimated for four groups of diagnoses (pneumonia or influenza, respiratory, respiratory or cardiovascular, and all-cause), through cyclic regression models integrating the incidence of influenza. Means were reported excluding the H1N1pdm09 pandemic (2009/10). RESULTS: The mean annual number of hospitalizations coded as due to influenza was 189 (41.3 cases per 100,000 children aged < 5 years old). Hospitalization rates decreased with increasing age. Nine-in-ten children were previously healthy, but the presence of comorbidities increased with age. Children stayed, on average, 6.1 days at the hospital. Invasive mechanical ventilation was used in 2.4% of hospitalizations and non-invasive in 3.1%. Influenza-associated excess hospitalizations between 2008 and 2018 were estimated at 1,850 in pneumonia or influenza, 1,760 in respiratory, 1,787 in respiratory or cardiovascular, and 1,879 in all-cause models. A total of 95 influenza-associated excess deaths were estimated in all-cause, 14 in respiratory or cardiovascular, and 9 in respiratory models. Over ten years, influenza hospitalizations were estimated to have cost the National Health Service at least €2.9 million, of which 66.5% from healthy children. CONCLUSIONS: Influenza viruses led to a high number of hospitalizations in children. Most were previously healthy. Results should lead to a reflection on the adequate preventive measures to protect this age group.

Esthetic Considerations In Minimally Invasive Orthognathic Surgery.

Orthognathic surgery has long been successfully utilized to correct dentofacial deformities to help facilitate improved oral function and facial esthetics. The treatment, however, has been associated with a high degree of complexity and severe postoperative morbidity. More recently, minimally invasive orthognathic surgical procedures have emerged that offer potential long-term benefits such as less morbidity, a lower inflammation response, improved postoperative comfort, and better esthetic outcomes. This article examines the concept of minimally invasive orthognathic surgery (MIOS), discussing differences from traditional maxillary Le Fort I osteotomy, bilateral sagittal split osteotomy, and genioplasty procedures. MIOS protocols are described for various aspects of both the maxilla and mandible.

Burden and severity of children's hospitalizations by respiratory syncytial virus in Portugal, 2015-2018.

BACKGROUND: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI) in young children and is of considerable burden on healthcare systems. Our study aimed to evaluate ALRI hospitalizations related to RSV in children in Portugal. METHODS: We reviewed hospitalizations potentially related to RSV in children aged <5 years from 2015 to 2018, using anonymized administrative data covering all public hospital discharges in mainland Portugal. Three case definitions were considered: (a) RSV-specific, (b) (a) plus unspecified acute bronchiolitis (RSV-specific & Bronchiolitis), and (c) (b) plus unspecified ALRI (RSV-specific & ALRI). RESULTS: A total of 9697 RSV-specific hospitalizations were identified from 2015 to 2018-increasing to 26 062 for RSV-specific & ALRI hospitalizations-of which 74.7% were during seasons 2015/2016-2017/2018 (November-March). Mean hospitalization rates per season were, for RSV-specific, RSV-specific & Bronchiolitis, and RSV-specific & ALRI, respectively, 5.6, 9.4, and 11.8 per 1000 children aged <5 years and 13.4, 22.5, and 25.9 in children aged <2 years. Most RSV-specific hospitalizations occurred in healthy children (94.9%) and in children aged <2 years (96.3%). Annual direct costs of €2.4 million were estimated for RSV-specific hospitalizations-rising to €5.1 million for RSV-specific & ALRI-mostly driven by healthy children (87.6%). CONCLUSION: RSV is accountable for a substantial number of hospitalizations in children, especially during their first year of life. Hospitalizations are mainly driven by healthy children. The variability of the potential RSV burden across case definitions highlights the need for a universal RSV surveillance system to guide prevention strategies.

Excess hospitalizations and mortality associated with seasonal influenza in Portugal, 2008-2018.

BACKGROUND: Influenza can have a domino effect, triggering severe conditions and leading to hospitalization or even death. Since influenza testing is not routinely performed, statistical modeling techniques are increasingly being used to estimate annual hospitalizations and deaths associated with influenza, to overcome the known underestimation from registers coded with influenza-specific diagnosis. The aim of this study was to estimate the clinical and economic burden of severe influenza in Portugal. METHODS: The study comprised ten epidemic seasons (2008/09-2017/18) and used two approaches: (i) a direct method of estimating the seasonal influenza hospitalization incidence, based on the number of National Health Service hospitalizations with influenza-specific International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes (ICD-9: 487-488; ICD-10: J09-J11), as primary or secondary diagnosis; (ii) an indirect method of estimating excess hospitalizations and deaths using broader groups of ICD codes in time-series models, computed for six age groups and four groups of diagnoses: pneumonia or influenza (ICD-9: 480-488, 517.1; ICD-10: J09-J18), respiratory (ICD-9: 460-519; ICD-10: J00-J99), respiratory or cardiovascular (R&C, ICD-9: 390-459, 460-519; ICD-10: I00-I99, J00-J99), and all-cause. Means are reported excluding the H1N1pdm09 pandemic (2009/10). RESULTS: The mean number of hospitalizations coded as due to influenza per season was 1,207, resulting in 11.6 cases per 100,000 people. The mean direct annual cost of these hospitalizations was €3.9 million, of which 78.6% was generated by patients with comorbidities. Mean annual influenza-associated R&C hospitalizations were estimated at 5356 (min: 456; max: 8776), corresponding to 51.5 cases per 100,000 (95% CI: 40.9-62.0) for all age groups and 199.6 (95% CI: 163.9-235.8) for the population aged ≥ 65 years. The mean direct annual cost of the estimated excess R&C hospitalizations was €15.2 million for all age groups and €12.8 million for the population aged ≥ 65 years. Mean annual influenza-associated all-cause deaths per 100,000 people were estimated at 22.7 for all age groups. CONCLUSIONS: The study findings suggest that there is an under-detection of influenza in the Portuguese population. A high burden of severe influenza remains to be addressed, not only in the elderly population but also in younger people.

Vitamin D-related polymorphisms and vitamin D levels as risk biomarkers of COVID-19 disease severity.

Vitamin D is a fundamental regulator of host defences by activating genes related to innate and adaptive immunity. Previous research shows a correlation between the levels of vitamin D in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 and the degree of disease severity. This work investigates the impact of the genetic background related to vitamin D pathways on COVID-19 severity. For the first time, the Portuguese population was characterized regarding the prevalence of high impact variants in genes associated with the vitamin D pathways. This study enrolled 517 patients admitted to two tertiary Portuguese hospitals. The serum concentration of 25 (OH)D, was measured in the hospital at the time of patient admission. Genetic variants, 18 variants, in the genes AMDHD1, CYP2R1, CYP24A1, DHCR7, GC, SEC23A, and VDR were analysed. The results show that polymorphisms in the vitamin D binding protein encoded by the GC gene are related to the infection severity (p = 0.005). There is an association between vitamin D polygenic risk score and the serum concentration of 25 (OH)D (p = 0.04). There is an association between 25 (OH)D levels and the survival and fatal outcomes (p = 1.5e-4). The Portuguese population has a higher prevalence of the DHCR7 RS12785878 variant when compared with its prevalence in the European population (19% versus 10%). This study shows a genetic susceptibility for vitamin D deficiency that might explain higher severity degrees in COVID-19 patients. These results reinforce the relevance of personalized strategies in the context of viral diseases.Trial registration: NCT04370808.

Defining clinical pharmacy and support activities indicators for hospital practice using a combined nominal and focus group technique.

Background Although clinical pharmacy is a crucial part of hospital pharmacist's day-to-day activity, its performance is not usually subject to a holistic assessment. Objective To define a set of relevant and measurable clinical pharmacy and support activities key performance indicators (cpKPI and saKPI, respectively). Setting Portuguese Hospital Pharmacies. Method After a comprehensive literature review focusing on the metrics already in use in other countries, several meetings with directors of hospital pharmacies were conducted to obtain their perspectives on hospital pharmacy practices and existing metrics. Finally, five rounds with a panel of 8 experts were performed to define the final set of KPIs, where experts were asked to score each indicator' relevance and measurability, and encouraged to suggest new metrics. Main outcome measure The first Portuguese list of KPIs to assess pharmacists' clinical and support activities performance and quality in hospital pharmacies. Results A total of 136 KPIs were assessed during this study, of which 57 were included in the original list and 79 were later added by the expert panel. By the end of the study, a total of 85 indicators were included in the final list, of which 40 are considered to be saKPI, 39 cpKPI and 6 neither. Conclusion A set of measurable KPIs was established to allow for benchmarking within and between Portuguese hospital Pharmacies and to elevate professional accountability and transparency. Future perspectives include the use of both cpKPIs and saKPIs on a national scale to identify the most efficient performances and areas of possible improvement.

Manuseio do bigeminismo atrial / Handling of atrial bigeminism

INTRODUÇÃO: As ectopias atriais podem manifestar-se de diversas formas desde a ausência de sintomas até síncope. Descrevemos um caso de bigeminismo atrial bloqueado com prolongamento do intervalo QT e consequente Torsades de Pointes. Relato de caso: Paciente do sexo feminino, 75 anos, foi admitida no serviço de pronto atendimento devido a queixa de episódios recorrentes de síncope em posição sentada após sensação inespecífica de mal-estar, dispneia e turvação visual associado a liberação esfincteriana. ECG na admissão revelou ritmo sinusal e ectopias supraventriculares frequentes, motivo pelo qual iniciou-se terapia com amiodarona. Holter de 24h demonstrou bigeminismo atrial bloqueado e prolongamento do intervalo QT seguido por episódios de Torsade de Pointes e fibrilação ventricular. Realizado implante de marcapasso provisório seguido por ablação do foco arritmogênico em região de anel triscuspídeo. A paciente evoluiu com melhora da sintomatologia e Holter de controle demonstrou ausência de arritmias.

Ablação de via acessória situada entre o apêndice atrial direito e o miocárdio ventricular: relato de caso / Accessory pathway ablation between the right atrial appendage and the ventricular myocardium: case report

MÉTODOS: Trezentos e quatro pacientes consecutivos submetidos à polissonografia foram rastreados e 80 incluídos para realização de eletrocardiograma de 12 derivações e de alta resolução (ECGAR) e ecocardiograma bi e tridimensional. Foram divididos em grupos de acordo com: 1. Índice de Apneia-Hipopneia [AOS- (<15 eventos/h) e AOS+ (≥15 eventos/h)]; 2. Saturação mínima de 02 (SatMin) [>90%, 80-90% e <80%]; e 3. Tempo total de saturação de O2 <90% (T90) [<1minuto, 1-60minutos e >60minutos]. RESULTADOS: A idade média foi de 60,8±11,1 anos (60% do sexo feminino) e o IMC médio 31,95±6,5 kg/m². O grupo AOS+ apresentou menor fração de esvaziamento passivo do átrio esquerdo (FEPAE) comparado com AOS-. SatMin<80% à maior duração de onda P no ECGAR e menor strain de conduto em relação a SatMin>90%. T90 >60minutos à maior duração de onda P-ECGAR, P-máxima, P-média e P na derivação DII, menor intervalo Tinício-Tpico e menor FEPAE quando comparado ao grupo <1minuto. T90 1-60minutos à maior duração dos intervalos QT em DII e V5 e Tpico-Tfim, em relação ao grupo <1minuto. . Não houve diferenças entre os grupos quanto aos volumes atriais e demais variáveis eletrocardiográficas e funcionais. Após ajuste dos dados para idade, sexo e comorbidades, houve perda de significância estatística das variáveis funcionais. CONCLUSÃO: A presença de AOS associou-se apenas à menor FEPAE, sem alterações nas demais variáveis analisadas. O aumento no T90 associou-se ao aumento de variáveis de duração de P e de dispersão da repolarização, além da menor FEPAE. O strain de conduto foi menor e a duração da P-ECGAR maior em SatMin <80%. Os achados refletem a associação entre AOS, hipoxemia, disfunção diastólica ventricular e remodelamento atrial e a relevância da avaliação, não só da presença de AOS, mas também de índices de hipoxemia nestes pacientes.

Ablação de fibrilação ventricular desencadeada por extrassístole ventricular da cúspide coronariana esquerda: relato de caso / Ablation of ventricular fibrillation triggered by ventricular extrasystole of the left coronary cusp: case report

INTRODUÇÃO: A ablação por cateter para FV surgiu como uma estratégia nos pacientes nos quais um batimento ectópico é identificado como gatilho. Descrevemos um caso de ablação de FV com sucesso, desencadeada por EV's com origem na cúspide coronariana esquerda (CCE). Relato de caso: Uma mulher de 73 anos com MCP dilatada não isquêmica (FEVE de 20%) e CDI implantado há 9 anos devido a FV induzida em EEF, foi admitida em nosso serviço por choque apropriado. ECG demonstrou EV's frequentes com morfologia de BRE e eixo inferior. Holter 24h revelou EV's monomórficas frequentes (19%) e 68 episódios de TVNS. A interrogação do dispositivo mostrou um episódio de EV desencadeando TV rápida que logo degenerou em FV. Realizada telemetria do CDI concomitante à gravação de ECG, confirmando que as ectopias espontâneas e as que desencadeavam os episódios de TV/FV eram exatamente da mesma morfologia. A paciente foi encaminhada para ablação por cateter. O mapeamento do VE foi realizado por via de acesso retroaórtica. A ativação mais precoce foi registrada na CCE com potenciais precedendo o QRS da extrassístole em 50ms. A energia de RF (potência 50W, temperatura 60°C) foi aplicada no VE em posição subcúspide (Fig.1), com eliminação imediata dos batimentos ectópicos. O Holter 24h foi repetido 2 meses após o procedimento e não mostrou arritmias ventriculares. A paciente evoluiu bem, com resolução dos sintomas e melhora da classe funcional. Discussão: O ECG desempenha um papel importante na identificação da origem das EV's. No presente caso, foram observadas EV's com morfologia de BRE e achados sugestivos de local de origem em VSVE / cúspide coronariana. As cúspides coronarianas esquerdas representam 5-8% do total de sítios focais de extrassístoles ventriculares. Este é o primeiro caso relatado de FV desencadeada por extrassístoles decorrentes da cúspide coronariana esquerda e com resolução completa dos sintomas e densidade da arritmia durante o acompanhamento. Conclusões: Descrevemos um caso de FV desencadeada por EV tratada com sucesso com ablação por RF. A raridade da FV relacionada à cúspide coronariana esquerda é o principal destaque deste caso.

Abordagem cirúrgica da taquicardia ventricular instável associada a aneurisma de ventrículo esquerdo: resultados da evolução hospitalar / Surgical approach to unstable ventricular tachycardia associated with left ventricular aneurysm: results of hospital evolution

INTRODUÇÃO: O aneurisma de VE (ANEUVE) é uma complicação pós IAM e da doença de Chagas. É causa de arritmias, ICC e tromboembolismo. O CDI está indicado para prevenção da morte súbita arrítmica na ausência de causas removíveis. O ANEUVE pode ser ressecado cirurgicamente e, quando, aplica-se outras abordagens (endoaneurismorrafia, reconstrução do VE, revascularização miocárdica e ablação do foco arritmogênico) pode abolir o circuito da arritmia, melhorar a função ventricular e com isso o prognóstico dos pacientes (P). Objetivo: Apresentar a experiência da fase hospitalar da aneurismectomia de VE com TV instável. Métodos: Revisaram-se os prontuários de 14 P com ANEUVE e TVS hemodinamicamente instável (10P com ICo, 4P DCh; média de idade 60±5,6a, variando entre 52 e 70 a; média da FEVE 35±10%). Após a aneurismotomia, procedeu-se a indução da TV com estimulação ventricular programada (EVP) seguida de mapeamento endocárdico. Após a localização da área alvo realizou-se a ablação com cateter com RF (Cardioablate®). Nova EVP era realizada e, em caso de não indução da TV a cirurgia era complementada com a endoaneurismorrafia e reconstrução do VE com retalho de pericárdio. A revascularização miocárdica era a etapa final caso indicada. Antes da alta hospitalar, os P eram submetidos à EVP. Sendo negativa recebiam alta, em tratamento clínico, em caso positivo submetiam-se ao implante do CDI. Resultados: O ANEUVE localizou-se predominantemente na região anterior. A trombose ventricular foi observada em 3/14P (21%). A TV foi induzida e ablacionada com RF em 14/14 casos (100%). Em apenas 1P (7%) a TV foi reinduzida após a aneurismectomia. Houve tendência de melhora da FE no PO em 12/14P (35±9,8 vs. 39±7,7%; p=0,156). Em 13/14P (93%) a TV não mais foi induzida. Um P (7%) morreu por choque séptico, ainda internado. Um P implantou CDI devido a reindução de TV. Os outros P receberam alta estáveis. Conclusões: a) a aneurismectomia com abordagens para TVS é conduta eficaz em P com risco de MS; b) a comprovação do sucesso terapêutico pode ser demonstrada ainda na cirurgia e confirmada antes da alta com a EVP; c) a conduta utilizada evitou o implante de CDI na maioria dos casos.

Catheter ablation of the parahisian accessory pathways from the aortic cusps-Experience of 20 cases-Improving the mapping strategy for better results.

INTRODUCTION: Catheter ablation of the parahisian accessory pathways (PHAP) has been established as the definitive therapy for this type of arrhythmia. However, the PHAP proximity to the normal atrioventricular conduction system makes the procedure technically challenging. Here, we have reported a case series of 20 patients with PHAP who underwent aortic access ablation to evaluate the safety and efficacy of this approach in the PHAP ablation. METHODS AND RESULTS: The ablation through the aortic cusps was the successful approach in 13 of 20 (65%) of the cases. In 11 patients, the aortic approach was the initial strategy for ablation, and the accessory pathway was eliminated in seven (63.6%) of them. The aortic approach followed a failed right-sided attempt in nine patients. In six (66.7%) patients, the ablation was successful with the aortic approach. The only independent predictor for the successful ablation with each approach was the earliest ventricular activation before delta wave (predelta time) and a right-sided earliest ventricular activation of more than 23 ms had high sensitivity and specificity for right-sided success. Systematically using the two strategies (right and left approaches), the ablation of the PHAP was successful in 18 (90%) patients. CONCLUSION: The aortic approach seems to be a safe and effective strategy for the ablation of PHAP. It can be used when the right-sided approach fails or even considered as an initial strategy when the predelta time is less than 23 ms in the right septal region. When combining the right- and left-sided approaches, the success rate is high. We believe that the retrograde aortic approach remains a key tool for this challenging ablation.

Detection of the mcr-1 gene in Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) and Shigatoxigenic E. coli (STEC) strains isolated from broilers / Detecção do gene mcr-1 em estirpes de Escherichia coli Enteropatogênicas (EPEC) e Shigatoxigênicas (STEC) isoladas de frangos de corte

Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) and Shigatoxigenic E. coli (STEC) strains are among the major pathotypes found in poultry and their products, which are capable of causing human enteric infections. Colistin has been claimed the drug of choice against diseases caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (MDRGN) in humans. The mcr-1 gene was the first plasmidial gene that has been described to be responsible for colistin resistance and has also been detected in birds and poultry products. Our study aimed to detect the mcr-1 gene in enteropathogenic strains of E. coli in order to evaluate the resistance to colistin in broilers. The material was obtained from 240 cloacal samples and 60 broiler carcasses. The strains were isolated by the conventional bacteriological method and by the virulence genes, which characterize the enteropathogenic strains and resistance, and the samples were detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Of the 213 isolated strains of E. coli, 57 (26.76%) were characterized as atypical EPEC and 35 (16.43%) as STEC. The mcr-1 gene was found in 3.5% (2/57) of the EPEC strains and 5.7% (2/35) of the STEC strains. In this study, it was possible to confirm that the mcr-1 resistance gene is already circulating in the broiler flocks studied and may be associated with the pathogenic strains.(AU)

Escherichia coli Enteropatogênica (EPEC) e Shigatoxigênica (STEC) estão entres os principais patotipos encontrados em aves e produtos avícolas que são capazes de causar doença entérica no homem. A colistina tem sido preconizada como droga de escolha para o tratamento de doenças causadas por bactérias Gram-negativas multirresistentes em humanos. O gene mcr-1 foi o primeiro gene plasmidial a ser descrito como responsável pela resistência a colistina e tem sido descrito em aves e produtos avícolas. Este estudo tem como objetivo a detecção do gene mcr-1 em estirpes de E. coli enteropatogênicas a fim de avaliar a resistência a colistina em frangos de corte. O material foi obtido a partir de 240 amostras cloacais e 60 carcaças de frango de corte. As estirpes foram isoladas pelo método bacteriológico convencional e os genes de virulência, que caracterizam as estirpes enteropatogênicas, e resistência foram detectados pela reação em cadeia pela polimerase (PCR). Das 213 estirpes de E. coli isoladas, 57 (26,76%) foram caracterizadas como EPEC atípica e 35 (16,43%) como STEC. O gene mcr-1 foi encontrado em 3,5% (2/57) das estirpes EPEC e 5,7% (2/35) das estirpes STEC. Neste estudo foi possível confirmar que o gene de resistência mcr-1 já está em circulação nos lotes de frango de corte estudados e pode estar associado às estirpes patogênicas.(AU)

Identifying the long-term care beneficiaries: differences between risk factors of nursing homes and community-based services admissions.

BACKGROUND: The Portuguese long-term care sector is classified into home and community-based services (HCBS) and three nursing home (NH) units: convalescence, medium term and rehabilitation, and long term and maintenance. AIMS: To identify the main factors of admission into each care setting and explore to what extent these populations are different. 14,140 patients from NH and 6844 from HCBS were included from all over the country. METHODS: A logistic regression was estimated to identify determinants of admission into NH care, using sociodemographic characteristics, medical conditions and dependence levels at admission as independent variables, and region of care, referral entity and placement process as control variables. Then, ordered logistic regression was used to identify the contribution of the above factors in each specific NH unit. RESULTS: Being female, not being married, not having family/neighbour support, being literate, having mental illness, being cognitively or physically impaired are the main predictors of being admitted into a NH. Within the NH units, placements of the large majority of patients were accurately predicted, based on the available variables. However, for around half of the patients referred to long-term care units, the model expected placements into medium-term units, while for those admitted into short-stay units, the model returned that 29% could have benefited from being admitted into a medium-term care unit. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Patients' accurate placement is a highly complex and challenging process, demanding more variables than the ones available for the model here presented. Our work confirms the need to collect other type of variables to improve the placement decision process.

A New Methodology for Use by a Single Caregiver to Bathe Bedridden Elderly Persons Using Advanced Mechatronic Systems.

In the framework of this paper, we aimed to propose a methodology for giving baths to elderly, bedridden persons, when this task is performed by a single caregiver. Usually, two caregivers are required for nursing a bedridden patient, especially when certain important tasks are needed (e.g., bathing the patient), but this is not always possible. The entire study considers the primary user's perspective-the caregiver-who is responsible for a wide range of tasks; thus, suffering physical and psychological exhaustion over time. A physical prototype has been developed for allowing caregivers to perform tests in a life-like environment, by means of the device and the methodology. This technology, therefore, will represent an important contribution to the quality of life of caregivers. Considering an increase in the share of the elderly population and the related problems that arise in daily care, this project intends to be beneficial contemporarily. The presented methodology has been successfully tested and validated.

Impact of long term care and mortality risk in community care and nursing homes populations.

OBJECTIVES: To identify the survival time, the mortality risk factors and the individuals' characteristics associated with cognitive and physical status at discharge, among the Portuguese long-term care (LTC) populations. SETTINGS: Home-and-Community-Based Services (HCBS) and three types of Nursing Homes (NH). PARTICIPANTS: 20,984 individuals admitted and discharged in 2015. MEASUREMENTS: The Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and the Cox Proportional Hazards Models were used to study the mortality risk; the Wilcoxon signed-rank test to identify the number of individuals with cognitive and physical changes between admission and discharge; two cumulative odds ordinal logistic regressions to predict the cognitive and physical dependence levels at discharge RESULTS: The mortality rate at HCBS was 30%, and 17% at the NH, with a median survival time of 173 and 200 days, respectively. The main factors associated with higher mortality were older age, male gender, family/neighbour support, neoplasms and cognitive/physical dependence at admission. In NH/HCBS, 26%/18% of individuals improve their cognitive status, while in physical status the proportion was 38%/27%, respectively. Finally, older age, being illiterate and being classified at the lowest cognitive and physical status at admission decrease the likelihood of achieving a higher level of cognitive and physical independence at discharge. CONCLUSIONS: The adoption of a robust and complete assessment tool, the definition of guidelines to enable a periodical assessment of individuals' autonomy and the adoption of benchmark metrics allowing the comparison of results between similar units are some of the main goals to be taken into account for future developments of this care in Portugal.

Ten Years after the Creation of the Portuguese National Network for Long-Term Care in 2006: Achievements and Challenges.

The Portuguese National Network for Long-term Integrated Care (Rede Nacional de Cuidados Continuados, RNCCI) was created in 2006 as a partnership between the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Labour and Social Solidarity. The formal provision of care within the RNCCI is made up of non-profit and non-public institutions called Private Institutions of Social Solidarity, public institutions belonging to the National Health Service and for-profit-institutions. These institutions are organized by type of care in two main settings: (i) Home and Community-Based Services and (ii) four types of Nursing Homes to account for different care needs. This is the first study that assess the RNCCI reform in Portugal since 2006 and takes into account several core dimensions: coordination, ownership, organizational structure, financing system and main features, as well as the challenges ahead. Evidence suggests that despite providing universal access, Portuguese policy-makers face the following challenges: multiple sources of financing, the existence of several care settings and the sustained increase of admissions at the RNCCI, the dominance of institutionalization, the existence of waiting lists, regional asymmetries, the absence of a financing model based on dependence levels, or the difficulty to use the instrument of needs assessment for international comparison.

Avaliação da sensibilidade e especificidade dos exames não invasivos no diagnóstico da estenose de artéria renal / Analysis of the sensitivity and specificity of noninvasive imaging tests for the diagnosis of renal artery stenosis

FUNDAMENTO: O envelhecimento e a aterosclerose estão relacionados à hipertensão renovascular em indivíduos idosos. Independentemente das comorbidades, a estenose de artéria renal é, por si só, importante causa de morbidade e mortalidade cardiovascular. OBJETIVO: Definir a sensibilidade, a especificidade, o valor preditivo positivo e o valor preditivo negativo dos exames não invasivos utilizados no diagnóstico de estenose da artéria renal. MÉTODOS: Um grupo de 61 pacientes recrutados permitiram a análise de 122 artérias e a definição de sensibilidade, especificidade e da contribuição relativa de cada exame realizado (Doppler, cintilografia e angiotomografia, comparados a arteriografia renal). RESULTADOS: A média das idades foi de 65,43 (desvio padrão: 8,7) anos. Das variáveis relacionadas à população do estudo e comparadas à arteriografia, duas estiveram correlacionadas à estenose da artéria renal, à disfunção renal e aos triglicerídeos. A mediana do ritmo de filtração glomerular foi de 52,8 mL/min/m². O Doppler identificou sensibilidade de 82,90%, especificidade de 70%, valor preditivo positivo de 85% e valor preditivo negativo de 66,70%. Para a tomografia, encontraram-se sensibilidade de 66,70%, especificidade de 80%, valor preditivo positivo de 87,50% e valor preditivo negativo de 55,20%. Esses achados permitiram identificar os exames que melhor detectavam a estenose. CONCLUSÃO: A tomografia e o Doppler mostraram qualidade e grande possibilidade no diagnóstico de estenose da artéria renal, com vantagem para o segundo, pois não há necessidade do uso de meio de contraste na avaliação de uma doença que, frequentemente, ocorre em diabéticos e associa-se à disfunção renal e à disfunção ventricular esquerda grave.

BACKGROUND: Aging and atherosclerosis are related to renovascular hypertension in elderly individuals. Regardless of comorbidities, renal artery stenosis is itself an important cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. OBJECTIVE: To define the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of noninvasive imaging tests used in the diagnosis of renal artery stenosis. METHODS: In a group of 61 patients recruited, 122 arteries were analized, thus permitting the definition of sensitivity, specificity, and the relative contribution of each imaging study performed (Doppler, scintigraphy and computed tomographic angiography in comparison to renal arteriography). RESULTS: The mean age was 65.43 years (standard deviation: 8.7). Of the variables related to the study population that were compared to arteriography, two correlated with renal artery stenosis, renal dysfunction and triglycerides. The median glomerular filtration rate was 52.8 mL/min/m². Doppler showed sensitivity of 82.90%, specificity of 70%, a positive predictive value of 85% and negative predictive value of 66.70%. For tomography, sensitivity was 66.70%, specificity 80%, positive predictive value 87.50% and negative predictive value 55.20%. With these findings, we could identify the imaging tests that best detected stenosis. CONCLUSION: Tomography and Doppler showed good quality and efficacy in the diagnosis of renal artery stenosis, with Doppler having the advantage of not requiring the use of contrast medium for the assessment of a disease that is common in diabetics and is associated with renal dysfunction and severe left ventricular dysfunction.