Male and female disparities in breast cancer epidemiology: A comparative cross-sectional analysis of a Brazilian cohort (2017-2021).

Male breast cancer (MBC) is a rare condition, accounting for approximately 1 % of all breast cancer cases. Nevertheless, the paucity of MBC-specific research has impeded a thorough understanding of MBC. In this study, we aimed to delineate the epidemiological implications of MBC in Brazil and benchmarked it against female breast cancer (FBC). This retrospective study analyzed data from the DATASUS database (2017-2021), which assessed the incidence of breast cancer in both sexes. All statistical analyses were performed using descriptive statistics and inferential methods, with significance set at a 95 % confidence interval. We identified 4,326 (1.7 %) and 233,793 (94.2 %) patients with MBC and FBC, respectively, in Brazil. Despite the general population concentration in the Southeast, MBC cases were more prevalent in the Northeast (p < 0.0004). At breast cancer diagnosis, males were typically older (mean age 59.5 [±10.2] years) than females (mean age 55.7 7 [±9.8] years). MBC was more commonly diagnosed clinically compared with FBC, which was most commonly diagnosed via screening. Surgical diagnostics were twice as likely in males, who also more frequently presented with advanced disease stages (stages III and IV; 72.8 % vs. 59.3 %), leading to a higher rate of mastectomy. Treatment was initiated earlier in males than in females. Although MBC comprises a minority of breast cancer cases, it is more frequently diagnosed at an advanced stage compared with FBC and necessitates aggressive treatment. Our study also underscores the potential benefit of prompt initiation of therapy and need for tailored clinical approaches in patients with MBC.

Knowledge related to breast cancer screening programs by physicians in Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Antonini et al. evaluated gynecologists', obstetricians', and family and community physicians knowledge of breast cancer screening and their adherence to recommendations defined by the BI-RADS™ system. The study demonstrated that inadequate training resulted in insufficient screening and failure to follow the protocols recommended by the BIRADS™ system. BACKGROUND: ■ Variability in screening protocols: only 42.8% of gynecologists and obstetricians follow the 40-74 years protocol, while 76.6% of family physicians follow the 50-69 years protocol. BACKGROUND: ■ High rate of incorrect BIRADS. interpretation: there were 46.3% incorrect responses among gynecologists and obstetricians and 77.9% among family physicians, highlighting significant knowledge gaps. BACKGROUND: ■ Misconception about breast ultrasound: 39.1% of gynecologists and obstetricians and 20.3% of family physicians incorrectly consider ultrasound as a screening method. BACKGROUND: ■ Impact of inadequate training: inadequate training leads to improper screening practices that do not align with the BIRADS. recommended guidelines. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the knowledge and practices of gynecologists, obstetricians, and family and community physicians in Brazil regarding breast cancer screening, mammographic findings defined by the BIRADS™ system, and their approach to suspected clinical lesions. METHODS: This was an observational, cross-sectional, descriptive study conducted using an online research questionnaire distributed via email to 9,000 gynecologists and obstetricians and 5,600 family and community and preventive medicine doctors actively practicing in Brazil. RESULTS: Among gynecologists and obstetricians, 42.8% follow the 40-74 years screening, 33.5% follow the 50-69 years screening, and 23.6% do not follow any specific protocol. Among the family and community physicians, 76.6% follow the 50-69 years screening protocol, and 23.4% do not follow any specific protocol. When we evaluated the responses regarding the behaviors of each BIRADS™ classification, 46.3% of responses were wrong among gynecologists and obstetricians, and 77.9% were wrong among community and preventive medicine doctors, exhibiting a significant difference. The role of breast ultrasound in screening was evaluated; 39.1% of gynecologists and obstetricians and 20.3% of community and preventive medicine doctors consider it as a screening method. Among gynecologists and obstetricians who do not follow any screening protocol, 94.7% consider ultrasound as a screening method. Among community and preventive medicine doctors, only 26.5% of physicians who follow the 50-69 years screening method consider it as a screening method. CONCLUSION: Inadequate training results in gynecologists and obstetricians, and family and community physicians performing inadequate screening and not following the recommended practices outlined in the BIRADS™ system.

Real-world evidence of survival outcomes in breast cancer subtypes after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in a Brazilian reference center.

BACKGROUND: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC), traditionally used for locally advanced disease, is now applied for operable disease, particularly to treat aggressive breast cancer (BC). This study aimed to characterize the pathological complete response (pCR) and its relationship with overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) among BC patients receiving NAC in a Brazilian public reference center, as well as the association between pCR and BC subtypes. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study used a comprehensive BC database from a Brazilian women's health reference center, including patients diagnosed between 2011 and 2020 who underwent NAC. We collected demographic, cancer-specific, and treatment-related data, analyzing OS and DFS based on pCR status using the semiparametric Kaplan-Meier method, with the date of BC diagnosis as the starting point. RESULTS: The study included 1,601 patients, with an average age of 49 years and a majority presenting stage IIIa disease (35%). Most had invasive nonspecial type (NST) BC (94%), and a significant portion (86.7%) exhibited a Ki-67 index <14. The overall pCR rate was 22.7%, with higher frequencies observed in the triple negative and luminal B subtypes. Patients who achieved pCR had significantly higher survival rates (89% alive vs. 61%, P<0.001) and better DFS (90% vs. 66%, P<0.001), except in the luminal A subtype, where pCR did not correlate with improved OS or DFS. CONCLUSIONS: These updated real-world data (RWD) from BC patients who underwent NAC in Brazil revealed a pCR rate of 22.7% in all cancer subtypes and stages. pCR was not associated with better outcomes in patients with luminal A, contrasting with other subtypes.

Assessment of the relationship between metabolic syndrome and breast cancer

Introduction: Metabolic syndrome (MS) affects approximately 30% of women aged over 50 years. It is known to have a direct relationship with carcinogenesis and, therefore, with breast neoplasia. Methods: Retrospective longitudinal observational cohort study carried out at the Gynecology and Obstetrics Service of the São Paulo State Public Servant Hospital. The rates of local recurrence, distant metastases and overall survival of patients with malignant breast neoplasia in each group were evaluated. Results: Between 2017 and 2020, 375 patients underwent surgical treatment for breast cancer, of which 335 were eligible for the study, with an average age of 63.4 years old. MS is present in 32.5% of patients. Regarding the prognostic factor, patients with MS have a very similar distribution. The molecular profile in patients with MS is 39.4% of Luminal A patients, while in those without MS it is 42.5% of Luminal B. Regarding clinical staging, patients with MS have initial clinical stage I and IIA in 54 .1% of cases, while patients without MS present an initial clinical stage in 65% of cases. The average overall survival of the sample was 37.3 years, with a CI of 1.1 years; disease-free survival was 35.9 years, with CI 1.2 years; and invasive disease-free survival was 36.9 years, with CI 1.3 years. Conclusions: The presence of MS at diagnosis does not worsen survival. (AU)

Systematic Review of Nomograms Used for Predicting Pathological Complete Response in Early Breast Cancer.

Pathological complete response (pCR) is an important surrogate outcome to assess the effects of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). Nomograms to predict pCR have been developed with local data to better select patients who are likely to benefit from NAC; however, they were never critically reviewed regarding their internal and external validity. The purpose of this systematic review was to critically appraise nomograms published in the last 20 years (2010-2022). Articles about nomograms were searched in databases, such as PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase and Cochrane. A total of 1120 hits were found, and seven studies were included for analyses. No meta-analysis could be performed due to heterogeneous reports on outcomes, including the definition of pCR and subtypes. Most nomograms were developed in Asian centers, and nonrandomized retrospective cohorts were the most common sources of data. The most common subtype included in the studies was triple negative (50%). There were articles that included HER2+ (>80%). In one study, scholars performed additional validation of the nomogram using DFS and OS as outcomes; however, there was a lack of clarity on how such endpoints were measured. Nomograms to predict pCR cannot be extrapolated to other settings due to local preferences/availability of NAC. The main gaps identified in this review are also opportunities for future nomogram research and development.

Amniotic Sludge and Prematurity: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies on maternal, fetal, and neonatal outcomes of women with singleton pregnancies, after spontaneous conception, and with the diagnosis of amniotic sludge before 37 weeks of gestational age. DATA SOURCES: We conducted a search on the PubMed, Cochrane, Bireme, and Theses databases until June 2022. SELECTION OF STUDIES: Using the keywords intra-amniotic sludge or fluid sludge or echogenic particles, we found 263 articles, 132 of which were duplicates, and 70 were discarded because they did not meet the inclusion criteria. DATA COLLECTION: The articles retrieved were analyzed by 2 reviewers; 61 were selected for full-text analysis, 18 were included for a qualitative analysis, and 14, for a quantitative analysis. DATA SYNTHESIS: Among the maternal outcomes analyzed, there was an increased risk of preterm labor (95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 1.45-2.03), premature rupture of ovular membranes (95%CI: 1.99-3.79), and clinical (95%CI: 1.41-6.19) and histological chorioamnionitis (95%CI: 1.75-3.12). Regarding the fetal outcomes, there was a significant increase in the risk of morbidity (95%CI: 1.80-3.17), mortality (95%CI: 1.14-18.57), admission to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU; 95%CI: 1.17-1.95), and neonatal sepsis (95%CI: 2.29-7.55). CONCLUSION: The results of the present study indicate that the presence of amniotic sludge is a risk marker for preterm delivery. Despite the heterogeneity of the studies analyzed, even in patients with other risk factors for prematurity, such as short cervix and previous preterm delivery, the presence of amniotic sludge increases the risk of premature labor. Moreover, antibiotic therapy seems to be a treatment for amniotic sludge, and it may prolong pregnancy.

OBJETIVO: Realizar revisão sistemática e metanálise de estudos que avaliaram os desfechos maternos, fetais e neonatais em gestantes de gravidez única, após concepção espontânea, e com o diagnóstico de sludge amniótico antes de 37 semanas de idade gestacional. FONTES DOS DADOS: Realizou-se uma pesquisa nas bases de dados PubMed, Cochrane, Bireme e Teses até junho de 2022. SELEçãO DOS ESTUDOS: Usando as palavras-chave intra-amniotic sludge ou fluid sludge ou echogenic particles, foram encontrados 263 artigos, 132 dos quais eram duplicatas, e 70 foram descartados por não corresponderem aos critérios de inclusão. COLETA DE DADOS: Os artigos encontrados foram analisados por 2 revisores; 61 foram selecionados para análise de texto completo, 18 foram incluídos em uma análise qualitativa e 14, em uma análise quantitativa. SíNTESE DOS DADOS: Entre os desfechos maternos analisados, houve aumento do risco de trabalho de parto prematuro (intervalo de confiança de 95% [IC95%]: 1.45­2.03), rotura prematura de membranas ovulares (IC95%: 1.99­3.79), e corioamnionite clínica (IC95%: 1.41­6.19) e histológica (IC95%: 1.75­3.12). Em relação aos desfechos fetais, houve aumento significativo do risco de morbidade (IC95%: 1.80­3.17), mortalidade (IC95%: 1.14­18.57), admissão em Unidade de Tratamento Intensivo (UTI) neonatal (IC95%: 1.17­1.95) e sepse neonatal (IC95%: 2.29­7.55). CONCLUSãO: Os resultados do presente estudo indicam que a presença de sludge amniótico é um marcador de risco para parto prematuro. Apesar da heterogeneidade dos estudos analisados, até mesmo em pacientes com outros fatores de risco para prematuridade, como colo curto e trabalho de parto prematuro anterior, a presença de sludge amniótico aumenta o risco de trabalho de parto prematuro na gestação. Além do mais, a antibioticoterapia parece ser um tratamento para o sludge amniótico, e pode ser capaz de prolongar a gravidez.

Tolerability of endometriosis medical treatment: a comparison between combined hormonal contraceptives and progestins.

Endometriosis is a chronic inflammatory disease that occurs in women of reproductive age. Much of the treatment involves hormone therapy that suppresses the proliferation of endometriosis lesions.Objective To compare discontinuation rates of pharmacological treatment with estrogen-progestins and progestins medications. The secondary objective is to evaluate the main side effects of these drugs in patients with endometriosis.Methods This retrospective study analyzed data from 330 patients who attended the Hospital of the State Public Servant of São Paulo from August 1999 to September 2020 and received pharmacological treatment for endometriosis. The data were obtained by review of the files of medical appointments with specialized staff.Results The median treatment time was 18 months, ranging from 1 to 168 months, and 177 patients interrupted the proposed treatment. The combined contraceptives with estrogens and progestins were significantly linked to treatment interruption, with a relative risk of 1,99 (p = 0,005). The most important side effects that resulted in treatment interruption were pain persistence (p = 0,043), weight gain (p = 0,017) and spotting (p < 0,001).

Comparative study of the levonorgestrel intrauterine system and laparoscopic hysterectomy for the treatment of heavy menstrual bleeding in enlarged uteri.

OBJECTIVE: The levonorgestrel intrauterine system treatment prevents 67.7% of surgeries in patients with heavy menstrual bleeding and enlarged uteri. To evaluate the effectiveness of the levonorgestrel intrauterine system in the treatment of patients with heavy menstrual bleeding and an enlarged uterus and to compare satisfaction and its complications with hysterectomy. METHODS: This was a comparative cross-sectional observational study of women with heavy menstrual bleeding and an enlarged uterus. Sixty-two women were treated and followed up for four years. Insertion of the levonorgestrel intrauterine system was performed in Group 1, and laparoscopic hysterectomy was performed in Group 2. RESULTS: In Group 1 (n=31), 21 patients (67.7%) showed improvement in the bleeding pattern, and 11 patients (35.5%) had amenorrhea. Five patients (16.1%) remained with heavy bleeding and were considered to have experienced treatment failure. There were seven expulsions (22.6%); in five patients, bleeding remained heavy, but in two patients the bleeding returned to that of normal menstruation. No relationship was found between treatment failure and greater hysterometries (p=0.40) or greater uterine volumes (p=0.50), whereas expulsion was greater in uteri with smaller hysterometries (p=0.04). There were 13 (21%) complications, seven (53.8%) in the group that underwent insertion of the levonorgestrel intrauterine system (all were device expulsions), and six (46.2%) in the surgical group, which were the most severe ones (p=0.76). Regarding satisfaction, 12 patients (38.7%) were dissatisfied with the levonorgestrel intrauterine system and one (3.23%) was dissatisfied with the surgical treatment (p=0.00). CONCLUSION: Treatment with the levonorgestrel intrauterine system in patients with heavy menstrual bleeding and an enlarged uterus was effective, and when compared with laparoscopic hysterectomy, it had a lower rate of satisfaction and the same rate of complications, although less severe.

Prevalence of urinary dysfunction after minimally invasive surgery for deep rectosigmoid endometriosis.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to assess the prevalence and progression of lower urinary tract symptoms following laparoscopic surgery for deep-infiltrating endometriosis of the rectosigmoid and identify preoperative factors associated with worse postoperative outcomes. METHODS: Prospective, observational study. SETTINGS: single-center, referral hospital for endometriosis. Patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery for deep-infiltrating endometriosis of the rectosigmoid colon between October 2016 and October 2018. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: urinary function was assessed with the validated Portuguese language version of the International Prostate Symptom Score, which is also used in women. The score was collected before and after surgery. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare pre and postoperative scores and the chi-square test compared symptoms categorized by severity. RESULTS: Fifty-three patients were assessed and 44 were included. Concerning urinary symptoms after surgery, the irritative symptoms prevailed over the obstructive ones. Additionally, 58.8% and 54.5% of the women reported moderate or severe symptoms at pre and postoperative, respectively. In at least one questionnaire category, the postoperative questionnaire scores increased in ten (22.7%) participants. A statistically significant difference was found comparing the changes from absent/mild to moderate/severe IPSS categories (P = 0.039). No significant changes were identified in any of the International Prostate Symptom Score pre and postoperatively (P = 0.876). CONCLUSIONS: There was a high prevalence of pre and postoperative urinary symptoms. Patients with preoperative moderate/severe International Prostate Symptom Score are at risk of persisting urinary dysfunction after surgery for rectosigmoid deep endometriosis.

Amniotic Sludge and Prematurity: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis / Sludge amniótico e prematuridade: revisão sistemática e metanálise

Abstract Objective To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies on maternal, fetal, and neonatal outcomes of women with singleton pregnancies, after spontaneous conception, and with the diagnosis of amniotic sludge before 37 weeks of gestational age. Data Sources We conducted a search on the PubMed, Cochrane, Bireme, and Theses databases until June 2022. Selection of Studies Using the keywords intra-amniotic sludge or fluid sludge or echogenic particles, we found 263 articles, 132 of which were duplicates, and 70 were discarded because they did not meet the inclusion criteria. Data Collection The articles retrieved were analyzed by 2 reviewers; 61 were selected for full-text analysis, 18 were included for a qualitative analysis, and 14, for a quantitative analysis. Data Synthesis Among the maternal outcomes analyzed, there was an increased risk of preterm labor (95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 1.45-2.03), premature rupture of ovular membranes (95%CI: 1.99-3.79), and clinical (95%CI: 1.41-6.19) and histological chorioamnionitis (95%CI: 1.75-3.12). Regarding the fetal outcomes, there was a significant increase in the risk of morbidity (95%CI: 1.80-3.17), mortality (95%CI: 1.14-18.57), admission to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU; 95%CI: 1.17-1.95), and neonatal sepsis (95%CI: 2.29-7.55). Conclusion The results of the present study indicate that the presence of amniotic sludge is a risk marker for preterm delivery. Despite the heterogeneity of the studies analyzed, even in patients with other risk factors for prematurity, such as short cervix and previous preterm delivery, the presence of amniotic sludge increases the risk of premature labor. Moreover, antibiotic therapy seems to be a treatment for amniotic sludge, and it may prolong pregnancy.

Resumo Objetivo Realizar revisão sistemática e metanálise de estudos que avaliaram os desfechos maternos, fetais e neonatais em gestantes de gravidez única, após concepção espontânea, e com o diagnóstico de sludge amniótico antes de 37 semanas de idade gestacional. Fontes dos dados Realizou-se uma pesquisa nas bases de dados PubMed, Cochrane, Bireme e Teses até junho de 2022. Seleção dos estudos Usando as palavras-chave intra-amniotic sludge ou fluid sludge ou echogenic particles, foram encontrados 263 artigos, 132 dos quais eram duplicatas, e 70 foram descartados por não corresponderem aos critérios de inclusão. Coleta de dados Os artigos encontrados foram analisados por 2 revisores; 61 foram selecionados para análise de texto completo, 18 foram incluídos em uma análise qualitativa e 14, em uma análise quantitativa. Síntese dos dados Entre os desfechos maternos analisados, houve aumento do risco de trabalho de parto prematuro (intervalo de confiança de 95% [IC95%]: 1.45-2.03), rotura prematura de membranas ovulares (IC95%: 1.99-3.79), e corioamnionite clínica (IC95%: 1.41-6.19) e histológica (IC95%: 1.75-3.12). Em relação aos desfechos fetais, houve aumento significativo do risco de morbidade (IC95%: 1.80-3.17), mortalidade (IC95%: 1.14-18.57), admissão em Unidade de Tratamento Intensivo (UTI) neonatal (IC95%: 1.17-1.95) e sepse neonatal (IC95%: 2.29-7.55). Conclusão Os resultados do presente estudo indicam que a presença de sludge amniótico é um marcador de risco para parto prematuro. Apesar da heterogeneidade dos estudos analisados, até mesmo em pacientes com outros fatores de risco para prematuridade, como colo curto e trabalho de parto prematuro anterior, a presença de sludge amniótico aumenta o risco de trabalho de parto prematuro na gestação. Além do mais, a antibioticoterapia parece ser um tratamento para o sludge amniótico, e pode ser capaz de prolongar a gravidez.

Comparative study of the levonorgestrel intrauterine system and laparoscopic hysterectomy for the treatment of heavy menstrual bleeding in enlarged uteri

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of the levonorgestrel intrauterine system in the treatment of patients with heavy menstrual bleeding and an enlarged uterus and to compare satisfaction and its complications with hysterectomy. Methods This was a comparative cross-sectional observational study of women with heavy menstrual bleeding and an enlarged uterus. Sixty-two women were treated and followed up for four years. Insertion of the levonorgestrel intrauterine system was performed in Group 1, and laparoscopic hysterectomy was performed in Group 2. Results In Group 1 (n=31), 21 patients (67.7%) showed improvement in the bleeding pattern, and 11 patients (35.5%) had amenorrhea. Five patients (16.1%) remained with heavy bleeding and were considered to have experienced treatment failure. There were seven expulsions (22.6%); in five patients, bleeding remained heavy, but in two patients the bleeding returned to that of normal menstruation. No relationship was found between treatment failure and greater hysterometries (p=0.40) or greater uterine volumes (p=0.50), whereas expulsion was greater in uteri with smaller hysterometries (p=0.04). There were 13 (21%) complications, seven (53.8%) in the group that underwent insertion of the levonorgestrel intrauterine system (all were device expulsions), and six (46.2%) in the surgical group, which were the most severe ones (p=0.76). Regarding satisfaction, 12 patients (38.7%) were dissatisfied with the levonorgestrel intrauterine system and one (3.23%) was dissatisfied with the surgical treatment (p=0.00). Conclusion Treatment with the levonorgestrel intrauterine system in patients with heavy menstrual bleeding and an enlarged uterus was effective, and when compared with laparoscopic hysterectomy, it had a lower rate of satisfaction and the same rate of complications, although less severe.

Impact of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in the surgical treatment of breast cancer

Introduction: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy is an increasingly frequent option in the treatment of breast cancer. One of the goals of neoadjuvant chemotherapy is to change the indication for a mastectomy to a conservative surgery, and for axillary lymphadenectomy to sentinel lymph node assessment. Methods: This was an observational, cross-sectional, retrospective study that evaluated response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer patients undergoing surgical treatment. Patients were divided into three groups when the surgery indication was changed after neoadjuvant chemotherapy: downgrade, unchanged, upgrade. Results: During the study period, 355 patients were included with a mean age of 55 years. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy promoted a downgrade in 38.7% of patients with indication for mastectomy and an upgrade in 36.8% of patients with indication for conservative surgery; in the total group, the maintenance of indication for surgery was 62,2%. In the axillary approach, lymphadenectomy downgrade was 6.9% and sentinel lymph node biopsy upgrade was 34% with 27% being due to positivity and 7% due to disease progression. Multivariate analysis found a significant difference between clinical staging and change in surgical indication for both breast and axilla (p<0.0001). In the multivariate analysis of pathologic complete response and change of indication for breast and axilla surgery, triple negative and HER-2-positive tumors showed a significant difference (p<0.0001). Conclusions: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy was able to perform a downgrade of breast and axilla surgery in few patients and there was no relationship between the change of indication and pathologic complete response. (AU)

Antibiotic prophylaxis in pregnant with premature rupture of ovular membranes: systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials that compared the use of antibiotics versus placebo in premature rupture of membranes preterm and evaluated maternal, fetal and neonatal outcomes in pregnant women with premature rupture of ovular membranes at a gestational age between 24 and 37 weeks. METHODS: A search was conducted using keywords in PubMed, Cochrane, Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde and Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da USP between August 2018 and December 2021. A total of 926 articles were found. Those included were randomized clinical trials that compared the use of antibiotics versus placebo in the premature rupture of preterm membranes. Articles referring to antibiotics only for streptococcus agalactiae prophylaxis were excluded. The retrieved articles were independently and blindly analyzed by two reviewers. A total of 24 manuscripts met the inclusion criteria and 21 articles were included for quantitative analysis. RESULTS: Among the maternal outcomes analyzed, there was a prolongation of the latency period that was ≥7 days. In addition, we observed a reduction in chorioamnionitis in the group of pregnant women who used antibiotics. As for endometritis and other maternal outcomes, there was no statistically significant difference between the groups. Regarding fetal outcomes, antibiotic prophylaxis worked as a protective factor for neonatal sepsis. Necrotizing enterocolitis and respiratory distress syndrome showed no statistically significant differences. CONCLUSION: The study showed positive results in relation to antibiotic prophylaxis to prolong the latency period, new randomized clinical trials are needed to ensure its beneficial effect. PROSPERO DATABASE REGISTRATION: (www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero) under number CRD42020155315.

Does Pink October really impact breast cancer screening?

Objective: This study aims to evaluate the impact of the Pink October Campaign on the increase in mammographic screening in Brazil. Study design: Ecological observational study, based on retrospective data. Methods: Brazilian national screening database (DATASUS/SISMAMA/Information System on Breast Cancer) was used as a data source and is publicly available for download and analysis. We report screening numbers and outcome rates from January 2017 to December 2021 comparing statistically (ANOVA test, post-Tukey test), age groups, regions of Brazil, and the four quarters of the year. Results: During the study period, the average number of exams performed monthly over the five years was 137,400.117. An increase in the number of mammograms performed in October was identified, as well as in the two following months, respectively 33%, 39%, and 22%, with statistical significance (p = 0.000) in relation to the three quarters of the year. In addition, in the other months, we found values below the monthly average. Statistical difference was not found in the increase in mammograms considering age groups (p = 0.5) and different regions of the country (p = 0.6). Conclusions: This study showed an increase in mammographic screening in the three months following the Pink October Campaign, so we should intensify similar actions throughout the year and not just in October.

Comparative analysis between screening mammography performed in patients at usual risk and at high risk for breast cancer

Breast cancer is currently considered as a public health issue. To avoid late diagnosis, there is an attempt to use appropriate screening programs addressed to the early detection by testing the asymptomatic population in order to identify preclinical stage lesions. Methods: This is a retrospective, analytical, cross-sectional study of the notifications available in the cancer information system. The incidence of notifications from the reports of the BI-RADS™ notification system (Breast Imaging Reporting Data System) was compared between women at high and usual risk for breast cancer. Results: In the analyzed period, from 2013 to 2021, 16,065,383 screening mammographies were performed and notified in Brazil. Of these, 13,167,259 were performed in usualrisk women, whereas 2,898,124 were performed in high-risk women. To analyze the difference between reports of women at usual and high risk, the relative risk between them was calculated, as well as the necessary number to causa damage; the relative risk we found was of 0.5412 (95%CI 0.5341­0.5483) in B4 and relative risk of 0,433 (95%CI 0.4203­0.4462). As to the necessary number to cause damage, we observed 203 (95%CI 198­209) for B4 and 788 (95%CI 754­825) for B5. Despite the well-established need for breast cancer screening programs to reduce mortality, some aspects of screening do not have such a consensus. In this study, the incidence of reports that are suggestive of malignant breast lesions was higher among women at high risk.

Effects of clinical heterogeneity on Pregnancy-Associated Breast Cancer survival: a systematic review with meta-analysis

Pregnancy-associated breast cancer is defined as a diagnosis of breast cancer during pregnancy or within 1 year of childbirth. Current evidence shows that Pregnancy-associated breast cancer is associated with poor prognosis; however, no systematic review has summarized and explored how baseline characteristics could impact survival. We aimed to explore the impact of breast cancer characteristics on death and disease relapse. A systematic review with meta-analyses was conducted by searching articles in the main databases (Medline, Embase, and Cochrane) and congress abstracts. Summarized death and disease-free survival hazard ratios were recalculated, and all meta-analyses used a random-effects model. Heterogeneity was reported using the I2 method. A total of 7143 studies were identified and only 30 studies were included. Pregnancy-associated breast cancer is associated with a 96% (HR 1.96; 95%CI 1.58­2.35) higher risk of death and 82% (HR 1.82; 95%CI 1.45­2.20) risk of death or disease relapse in comparison to a population of non-pregnancy-associated breast cancer or nulliparous breast cancer. Through sensitivity analyses, we identified that clinical outcomes were impacted, possibly due to Ki-67 levels, poorly differentiated tumors, and triple-negative breast cancer frequency in the study. As relevant sources of inconsistencies, such clinical cancer-related characteristics should be better investigated as potential confounders for upcoming Pregnancy-associated breast cancer therapeutic strategies.

Antibiotic prophylaxis in pregnant with premature rupture of ovular membranes: systematic review and meta-analysis

ABSTRACT Objective To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials that compared the use of antibiotics versus placebo in premature rupture of membranes preterm and evaluated maternal, fetal and neonatal outcomes in pregnant women with premature rupture of ovular membranes at a gestational age between 24 and 37 weeks. Methods A search was conducted using keywords in PubMed, Cochrane, Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde and Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da USP between August 2018 and December 2021. A total of 926 articles were found. Those included were randomized clinical trials that compared the use of antibiotics versus placebo in the premature rupture of preterm membranes. Articles referring to antibiotics only for streptococcus agalactiae prophylaxis were excluded. The retrieved articles were independently and blindly analyzed by two reviewers. A total of 24 manuscripts met the inclusion criteria and 21 articles were included for quantitative analysis. Results Among the maternal outcomes analyzed, there was a prolongation of the latency period that was ≥7 days. In addition, we observed a reduction in chorioamnionitis in the group of pregnant women who used antibiotics. As for endometritis and other maternal outcomes, there was no statistically significant difference between the groups. Regarding fetal outcomes, antibiotic prophylaxis worked as a protective factor for neonatal sepsis. Necrotizing enterocolitis and respiratory distress syndrome showed no statistically significant differences. Conclusion The study showed positive results in relation to antibiotic prophylaxis to prolong the latency period, new randomized clinical trials are needed to ensure its beneficial effect. Prospero database registration (www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero) under number CRD42020155315.

Evaluation of Bowel Function After Surgical Treatment for Intestinal Endometriosis: A Prospective Study.

BACKGROUND: Defecation symptoms related to intestinal deep infiltrative endometriosis are caused by anatomical and functional disorders and are probably linked to the course of the disease and surgical treatment. OBJECTIVE: The primary aim of this study was to assess bowel function before and after intestinal deep infiltrative endometriosis surgery. Secondarily, we sought to correlate defecatory symptoms with preoperative risk factors. DESIGN/SETTINGS: This is a single-center prospective cohort study, using the low anterior resection syndrome score to evaluate bowel function 4 weeks before, as well as at 6 months and 1 year after surgery. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test and logistic multiple regression analyses were performed to compare preoperative and postoperative scores. The level of significance was set at <0.05 for all comparisons. PATIENTS: Thirty-seven adult female patients who underwent intestinal resection for deep infiltrative endometriosis between 2015 and 2017 were included. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcome was bowel function appraisement in deep infiltrative endometriosis intestinal surgery. RESULTS: During the preoperative evaluation, 48.6% of patients reported low anterior resection syndrome score ≥21. This group presented a mean score of 17.9 ± 13.7, with a median of 20 and a range of 5 to 30. After 1 year, the mean score was decreased to 9.6 ± 11.1, with a median of 4 and a range of 0 to 22. A significant difference was detected when comparing the post- and preoperative scores (p = 0.0006). Improvements in defecatory symptoms such as reduced fecal incontinence for flatus (p = 0.004) and liquid stools (p = 0.014) were also reported. The clustering of stools (p = 0.005) and fecal urgency (p = 0.001) also improved 1 year after surgery. The preoperative multiple logistic regression showed that dyschezia was the only independent variable associated with bowel symptoms. LIMITATIONS: This is a well-documented prospective study, but the data presented have a relatively small population. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides evidence that intestinal deep infiltrative endometriosis surgery improves bowel function and has a positive impact on evacuation symptoms. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/B534. EVALUACIN DE LA FUNCIN INTESTINAL DESPUS DEL TRATAMIENTO QUIRRGICO PARA LA ENDOMETRIOSIS INTESTINAL UN ESTUDIO PROSPECTIVO: ANTECEDENTES:Se considera que los síntomas defecatorios relacionados con la endometriosis intestinal infiltrativa profunda, son causados por trastornos anatómicos y funcionales, y probablemente estén relacionados con el curso de la enfermedad y tratamiento quirúrgico.OBJETIVO:El objetivo principal fue evaluar la función intestinal antes y después de la cirugía por endometriosis intestinal infiltrativa profunda. En segundo lugar, correlacionar los síntomas defecatorios con los factores de riesgo preoperatorios.DISEÑO / AJUSTES:Es un estudio de cohorte prospectivo de un solo centro, utilizando la puntuación del síndrome de resección anterior baja (LARS Score) para evaluar la función intestinal 4 semanas antes, 6 meses y un año después de la cirugía. Se realizaron pruebas de rango firmado de Wilcoxon y análisis de regresión logística múltiple para comparar puntuaciones preoperatorias y postoperatorias. Para todas las comparaciones, el nivel de significancia se estableció en <0.05.ENTORNO CLINICO:Se incluyeron 37 mujeres adultas sometidas a resección intestinal por endometriosis infiltrativa profunda entre 2015 y 2017.PRINCIPALES MEDIDAS DE VALORACION:El resultado principal, fue la evaluación de la función intestinal en cirugía de endometriosis infiltrativa profunda intestinal.RESULTADOS:Durante la evaluación preoperatoria, el 48,6% de los pacientes reportaron Síndrome de Resección Anterior Baja ≥ 21. Este grupo presentó una puntuación media de 17,9 ± 13,7, con una mediana de 20 y un rango de 5 a 30. Después de un año, la puntuación media se redujo a 9,6 ± 11,1, con una mediana de 4 y un rango de 0 a 22 Se detectó una diferencia significativa al comparar las puntuaciones postoperatorias y preoperatorias (p = 0,0006). Se informó de mejoras en los síntomas defecatorios como la reducción de la incontinencia fecal por flatos (p = 0,004) y heces líquidas (p = 0,014). La agrupación de heces (p = 0,005) y la urgencia fecal (p = 0,001) presentaron mejoría a un año después de la cirugía. La regresión logística múltiple preoperatoria mostró que la disquecia fue la única variable independiente asociada con los síntomas intestinales.LIMITACIONES:A pesar de que es un estudio prospectivo bien documentado, los datos presentados son de una población relativamente pequeña.CONCLUSIONES:El estudio proporciona evidencia de que la cirugía intestinal por endometriosis infiltrativa profunda, mejora la función intestinal y tiene un impacto positivo en los síntomas de evacuación. Consulte Video Resumen en http://links.lww.com/DCR/B534.

Relação do Índice de Massa Corporal e Linfedema Secundário a tratamento cirúrgico do Câncer de Mama: estudo retrospectivo / Relationship of Body Mass Index and Secondary Lymphedema to Surgical Treatment of Breast Cancer: a retrospective study

INTRODUÇÃO: O câncer de mama é a neoplasia mais incidente na população feminina brasileira, sendo o linfedema uma de suas principais complicações cirúrgicas. OBJETIVO: Verificar a relação do índice de massa corpóreo e o desenvolvimento do linfedema no pós-operatório de câncer de mama, sua relação com o tipo de tratamento e ao tempo pós-cirúrgico. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Foram levantados prontuários de 59 mulheres no período de maio de 2008 a fevereiro de 2009 utilizando dados da anamnese; exame físico; perimetria, volume estimado; relatos, sintomas e dados em prontuário. A análise foi feita por meio de médias e desvios padrões para as variáveis quantitativas e qualitativas (absoluta e relativa) e para verificação dos fatores de risco foi utilizado o Teste t de Student e Teste Qui-quadrado de Pearson com nível de significância de 5%. RESULTADOS: A frequência de linfedema foi de 47,5%, sendo que 40,7% eram obesas. Observou-se diferença significativa entre os grupos de linfedema e IMC (p=0,002). Nota-se ainda diferença significativa entre linfedema no grupo sem radioterapia de axila (p=0,003) e associação entre o tempo pós-cirúrgico e linfedema (p=0,006), sendo maior após 6 meses de cirurgia. CONCLUSÃO: Existe correlação entre obesidade e desenvolvimento do linfedema. Os tipos de tratamento parecem não ter influenciado o seu desenvolvimento e quanto mais tempo decorrido pós- cirurgia, maior o risco do seu aparecimento.

INTRODUCTION: Breast cancer is the most common neoplasm in the Brazilian female population, with lymphedema being one of its main surgical complications. OBJECTIVE: To verify the relationship between the body mass index and the development of lymphedema in the postoperative period of breast cancer, its relationship with the type of treatment received and the time elapsed from the surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Medical records of 59 women were collected from May 2008 to February 2009 using data from anamnesis, physical exam; perimetry, estimated volume; reports, symptoms, and notes in medical records. The analysis was performed using means and standard deviations for the quantitative and qualitative variables (absolute and relative) and to verify the risk factors used, the Student's t-test and Pearson's chi-square test with a 5% significance level (0.05). RESULTS: The frequency of lymphedema was 47.5%, with 40.7% being obese. There was a significant difference between the groups of lymphedema and BMI (p=0.002). There is also a significant difference between lymphedema in the group without axillary radiotherapy (p=0.003) and an association between post-surgical time and lymphedema (p=0.006), being greater after six months of surgery. CONCLUSION: There is a correlation between obesity and the development of lymphedema. The types of treatment do not seem to have influenced their development, and the longer the surgery has elapsed, the greater the risk of their appearance.

Can Enhanced Techniques Improve the Diagnostic Accuracy of Transvaginal Sonography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Rectosigmoid Endometriosis? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of the most commonly used examinations for rectosigmoid lesions of deeply infiltrating endometriosis, transvaginal sonography (TVS) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), to compare their diagnostic accuracy and enhanced or non-enhanced techniques. METHODS: A systematic search was performed until March 2018 without time or language restrictions. Eligibility criteria included studies that compared the accuracy of TVS and MRI for diagnosis of rectosigmoid endometriosis. The quality of the studies was assessed by means of Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses recommendations. Bivariate and hierarchical analysis were performed. The difference in the accuracy of TVS and MRI was tested, and heterogeneity was addressed by means of meta-regression, sensitivity, or subgroup analysis. RESULTS: A total of 1754 studies were screened; 105 studies were eligible, and 11 studies were included in the meta-analysis. Overall pooled sensitivity, specificity, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve were 0.80, 0.94, and 0.95, respectively. The measures for MRI were 0.82, 0.94, and 0.95, respectively. There was no statistical difference between the accuracy values of TVS and MRI (P = 0.90). The use of bowel preparation and vaginal contrast could enhance the accuracy of MRI. Along with rectosigmoid prevalence, bowel and vaginal contrast explained a significant proportion of the statistical heterogeneity. CONCLUSIONS: Both TVS and MRI showed high diagnostic accuracy for rectosigmoid deeply infiltrating endometriosis lesions. There is no strong evidence suggesting that the two diagnostic methods might differ in specificity or sensitivity, but enhanced techniques may increase the accuracy measures.