Two new Neotropical species of the Cis tricornis species-group (Coleoptera: Ciidae).

The Cis tricornis species-group is restricted to the American continent and has five described species, one Nearctic and four Neotropical. Here we describe two new Neotropical species of the group: Cis caipora Borlini & Lopes-Andrade sp. nov. (Costa Rica); and Cis guarani Borlini & Lopes-Andrade sp. nov. (South and Southeast regions of Brazil).

Cis occamy sp. nov, the first representative of the Cis bilamellatus species-group (Coleoptera, Ciidae) in the Neotropical region.

Cis occamy sp. nov. is described based on specimens collected at six localities within the Atlantic Forest of the South and Southeast Regions of Brazil. It is the first Neotropical species of the Cis bilamellatus species-group, an aggregate of Cis species in which males have a single plate on both the anterocephalic and anterior pronotal edges, females have a pronotum usually widest near the posterior edge and gradually narrowing anteriorly, and both sexes have dual elytral vestiture. Cis occamy sp. nov. is morphologically similar to the Australian Cis australis Blackburn and Cis walkeri Blair, but differs from both in the sparser pronotal punctation and vestiture, and in the males with anterocephalic edge broadly emarginate apically (barely emarginate in C. australis and not emarginate in C. walkeri) and the tegmen subparallel-sided for most of its length (conspicuously sinuous in C. australis and C. walkeri). Available data on host fungi and geographical distribution of the new species are also provided.

First record of Mayetiini (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Pselaphinae) from Brazil, with the description of a new macropterous and macrophthalmic species of Mayetia Mulsant amp; Rey, 1875.

Mayetia atlantica sp. nov., the third Neotropical and first Brazilian species of Mayetiini Scheerpeltz, 1925, is described. It is the third macropterous and macrophthalmic species of the genus, alongside M. peruana Orousset, 1995 (Neotropical) and M. nepalensis Orousset, 1995 (Oriental). The new species is known from three forest remnants of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, in the states of Esprito Santo, Minas Gerais (both in Southeast Brazil) and Bahia (Northeast Brazil), being the southernmost record of Mayetia in the New World. The description of M. atlantica is based mostly on females, but includes the first known male macropterous and macrophthalmic Mayetia. In this work, the tropical diversity of the genus is increased and its Neotropical distribution is greatly enlarged.

Life History of Erotylina jaspidea (Erichson, 1847) (Coleoptera, Erotyloidea, Erotylidae, Erotylini).

The life history of Erotylina jaspidea (Erichson, 1847) (Coleoptera, Erotyloidea, Erotylidae, Erotylini) is described. A female specimen was found in an Atlantic Forest remnant in Northeast Brazil. After oviposition, individuals were reared in Petri dish and terrarium, feeding on basidiomes of Lentinus substrictus (Bolton) Zmitr. Kovalenko, Favolus tenuiculus P. Beauv (Polyporaceae) and an unidentified resupinate fungus. Growth and feeding behaviors were regularly observed. We provide information on the observed life history stages, together with morphological descriptions, and photographs of eggs, larvae, pupae and adults. We compared our description of the teneral E. jaspidea to species of similar color pattern. Furthermore, we discuss hypotheses about larval defensive behavior and total instar durations in E. jaspidea and other Erotylinae representatives. The present work is the first to provide a description for the life history of a species of the genus Erotylina.

Scaphisoma pandemum sp. nov. (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Scaphidiinae) from the Atlantic Forest of Southeast Brazil.

Scaphidiinae (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae) comprises more than 1800 described species in 46 genera. With 766 described species and subspecies, Scaphisoma Leach is the most diverse genus of this subfamily and is distributed almost worldwide. A total of 38 species are recorded from the Neotropical region and only six are known from Brazil. In this paper, Scaphisoma pandemum von Groll Lopes-Andrade, sp. nov. is described on the basis of 44 specimens collected from polyporoid fungi in two Atlantic Forest remnants in Viosa, Minas Gerais, Southeast Brazil. We provide images of adult male and female and their dissected parts, information and photographs of host fungi and comparative notes.

A simple, low-cost device for collecting mushroom-dwelling Scaphidiinae (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae).

The shining fungus beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Scaphidiinae) comprise more than 1800 described species, which are usually small (≅0.8414.30 mm long) (Tang et al. 2014 ; Lbl Ogawa 2016) and found on bracket and resupinate fungi, mushrooms and slime molds (Newton 1984; Lbl Leschen 2003; Lbl 2018). They are known to be diverse in forests of tropical and subtropical regions, which contrast to the low number of species currently known from Brazil: only 34 species and two subspecies from seven genera (Lbl 2018; von Groll Lopes-Andrade, 2021). Any active search for Scaphidiinae in the Brazilian Atlantic forest reveals a considerable abundance and diverse of these organisms (pers. obs.), but they disperse rapidly if disturbed, and the success of field collections relies on the collectors skills, luck and collecting techniques and devices. The most common methods and devices for collecting shinning fungus beetles are sifting leaf litter, rotten wood and fungi, flight intercept (FIT) and V-flight intercept (V-FIT) traps, aspirators, sweeping, and hand collecting (Lbl Leschen 2003; Tang et al. 2014; Lbl et al. 2021). Hand collecting is considered the best method, because the host fungi and larvae can be collected together to make associations (Lbl Leschen 2003).

The reproductive system of Ceracis cornifer (Mellié) and first description of sperm structure in a minute tree-fungus beetle (Tenebrionoidea: Ciidae).

Studies on the spermatogenesis of Tenebrionidae beetles (Tenebrionoidea) have shown an unusual organization of spermatozoa, in which they are arranged antiparallelly within the testicular cysts. Despite such works, many taxa of Tenebrionoidea remain to be studied, including the minute tree-fungus beetles (Ciidae). Among the challenges in the study of the internal morphology of ciids is their small body size (about 2 mm or less), which makes dissections and comparisons extremely arduous. Here, we provide, for the first time, an anatomical and histological study of the reproductive system (female and male) and a description of sperm structure of Ceracis cornifer Mellié (Ciidae), under light and transmission electron microscopes. We pointed out the growth of a single oocyte at a time in females, aside of evidences toward a constant copulatory activity that can provide a continuous supply of sperm in their small spermatheca. In males, sperm have an antiparallel organization within the cysts, a condition observed so far only in members of Tenebrionoidea. Furthermore, we observed sperm dimorphism in C. cornifer. We described, for the first time, this characteristic in a Tenebrionoidea taxon, and discussed the possible relationship between sperm dimorphism and antiparallel organization of sperm.

Ceracis tzotzilicus sp. nov. (Coleoptera: Tenebrionoidea: Ciidae) from Guatemala and Mexico.

Ceracis tzotzilicus sp. nov. is described on the basis of 200 specimens collected in San Cristóbal de las Casas (Mexico) and Yepocapa (Guatemala), at an altitude above 2000 m. Ceracis tzotzilicus resembles members of the Ceracis cucullatus species-group due to the fine and sparse pronotal punctation, but males can be distinguished by the absence of a long anterior pronotal lamina and females by the ovipositor lacking gonostyli.

Redescription of Orthocis platensis Brèthes, 1922 (Coleoptera: Ciidae) and the first records of the species from Brazil.

The genus Orthocis Casey is represented by 46 species occurring in insular and continental areas of the World, except for the Antarctic. Three Orthocis species are currently known from South America: the Andean O. elguetai Lopes-Andrade, from Chile; the Neotropical O. apicipennis (Pic) from a single locality in South Brazil; and O. platensis Brèthes from Buenos Aires, Argentina. Orthocis platensis is here redescribed and recorded for the first time from South and Southeast Brazil.

Mycomystes nigriventris sp. nov. (Coleoptera: Erotylidae: Tritomini) from South America, with insights into the genus Mycomystes Gorham.

Mycomystes nigriventris sp. nov. (Erotylidae: Tritomini) is described from South and Southeast Brazil. Mycomystes was described by Gorham to include a single species, Mycomystes ferrugineus Gorham, from Mexico. Since Gorham's description, no other species was included in Mycomystes and its morphological limits to Mycotretus remain unclear. The new species described here is placed in Mycomystes due its oval body, conspicuously dilated tibiae, mentum plate subpentagonal, with a rounded outline, and terminal maxillary palpomeres more greatly widened than the terminal labial palpomeres. Mycomystes nigriventris sp. nov. differs from M. ferrugineus in the black ventral coloration, elytral punctation with rows of punctures uniform longitudinally and not confluent, outer side of protibia lacking conspicuous angle, and distributed in Southeast and South Brazil, with M. ferrugineus restricted to the northern and M. nigriventris sp. nov. to the southern Neotropics. Similarities in body shape, morphology of mouthparts, and male and female terminalia between M. nigriventris sp. nov. and four species of Mycotretus, which may belong in Mycomystes, are discussed. The detailed description provided here, including potential characters for a phylogenetic approach, will help in subsequent studies on Mycomystes and Mycotretus.

Esemephe peba sp. nov., the first Brazilian Esemephina (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae: Cossyphodini).

Esemephe peba sp. nov is described. This newly discovered species represents the first record of Cossyphodini from Brazil. It is also the second species of the genus Esemephe Steiner and differs from the type species in antennal, elytral and aedeagal structure. Descriptions of male and female terminalia are provided, as well as the revised diagnosis and distributional map for Esemephina. Finally, an updated identification key to the World genera of Cossyphodini is proposed.

Xalpirta mauryi sp. nov. (Coleoptera: Erotylidae: Tritomini) from Southeast Brazil.

Xalpirta mauryi sp. nov. (Erotylidae: Tritomini) is described from Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (in the state of Rio de Janeiro) and Campos do Jordão (in the state of São Paulo), Southeast Brazil. Xalpirta mauryi differs from other described Xalpirta in the uniformly green dorsal coloration, with a metallic sheen, and pronotum without spots or black marks. The pore on the posterior 1/3 of each pronotal edge (present in the other Xalpirta) is apparently absent in X. mauryi. We provide a detailed description of adults, including morphology of mouthparts, and male and female terminalia. Additionally, we discuss the morphological affinities of X. mauryi with other species in the genus and with species of other closely related genera within Tritomini, and provide a new geographical record for X. maderi in Southeast Brazil.

Synopsis of Cis Latreille (Coleoptera: Ciidae) from southern Africa.

A synopsis of the Cis Latreille, 1796 from southern Africa is provided, with the description of 10 new species: Cis bicaesariatus sp. n., Cis foveocephalus sp. n., Cis grobbelaarae sp. n., Cis lacinipennis sp. n., Cis makrosoma sp. n., Cis mpumalangaensis sp. n., Cis parvisetosus sp. n., Cis tessariplacus sp. n., Cis umlalaziensis sp. n. and Cis westerncapensis sp. n. The introduced species Cis fuscipes Mellié, 1849 is recorded for the first time from the Republic of South Africa. New geographic records are provided for the following species: Cis neserorum Souza-Gonçalves & Lopes-Andrade, 2017; Cis regius Orsetti & Lopes-Andrade, 2016 and Cis stalsi Souza-Gonçalves & Lopes-Andrade, 2017. Most southern African Cis are placed in available or newly proposed species-groups and a provisional identification key is provided.

Redescriptions, Lectotype Designations, New Synonyms and New Geographic Records for the "Tiger" Species of Mycotretus Lacordaire, 1842 (Coleoptera: Erotylidae: Tritomini).

The Neotropical Mycotretus Lacordaire, 1842 is one of the largest and most widespread genera of the Erotylidae, encompassing more than 200 described species. Among the species with a similar body coloration, there is a "group" of six valid species-called here the "tiger" Mycotretus-that possess several pronotal and elytral black spots, as follows: M. tigrinus (Olivier, 1792); M. multimaculatus Taschenberg, 1870; M. centralis Arrow, 1909; M. tigrinoides Mader, 1942; M. tigripennis Mader, 1942; and M. prioteloides Mader, 1942. Different from any other Mycotretus with spots, the spots of the "tiger" Mycotretus are numerous and are not bilaterally symmetrical in pattern. Here, new geographical records, diagnoses and redescriptions are provided for M. tigrinus, M. centralis, M. tigrinoides, M. tigripennis and M. prioteloides, including the first descriptions of their male and female terminalia. Lectotypes are designated for M. multimaculatus, M. centralis, and M. leopardus. Mycotretus multimaculatus and M. tigrinus pardalis Crotch, 1876 are proposed as new junior synonyms of M. tigrinus. Additionally, the authorship of the name M. leopardus is attributed to Crotch, 1876, because he was the first author to provide a description for that taxon, and the synonymy of M. leopardus and M. conspersus (Germar, 1824) with M. tigrinus (Olivier, 1792) is confirmed.

Redescription of Cis renominatus and Paratrichapus javanus (Coleoptera: Ciidae).

 Cis renominatus Sandoval-Gómez, Lopes-Andrade Lawrence, 2014, and Paratrichapus javanus (Pic, 1937) were originally described in the genus Xylographus Mellié, 1847. Their original descriptions are anecdotal and do not provide information on the morphology of male abdominal terminalia, which is essential for accurate identification of ciid beetles. Our aim is to redescribe C. renominatus and P. javanus based on careful examination of lectotypes and paralectotypes, and also on additional specimens of C. renominatus identified by us. The most remarkable feature of C. renominatus is the morphology of male genitalia, with penis about twice as long as tegmen, very slender, subparallel-sided, with apex hook-shaped and base spatula-shaped. Paratrichapus javanus is the largest species of the genus (length at least 3.50 mm) and is characterized by its very expanded and rounded metatibiae that bear about 25 spines, and by the anterocephalic edge of males bearing two tubercles with two tufts of bristles between them.

Cis pallidus Mellié, 1849: redescription, new synonym, geographic distribution, and host fungi records.

Cis pallidus Mellié, 1849 is redescribed based on specimens from Northeast, Southeast, and South Brazil, and from Argentina. A lectotype is designated for Cis semipallidus Pic, 1916, and the species is synonymized with C. pallidus. The first host fungi records and a distribution map for the species are provided.

Systematics of the Ceracis furcifer Species-Group (Coleoptera: Ciidae): The Specialized Consumers of the Blood-Red Bracket Fungus Pycnoporus sanguineus.

The Ceracis furcifer species-group (Coleoptera: Ciidae) originally comprised nine species names: Ceracis cornifer (Mellié, 1849); C. cylindricus (Brèthes, 1922); C. furcifer Mellié, 1849; C. hastifer (Mellié, 1849); C. monocerus Lawrence, 1967; C. ruficornis Pic, 1916; C. simplicicornis (Pic, 1916); C. semipallidus Pic, 1922 and C. unicornis Gorham, 1898. Ceracis semipallidus was synonymised with C. furcifer and then no further changes were made to the composition of the group. Here, we provide a taxonomic revision of the Ceracis furcifer species-group and new data on the geographic distribution and host fungi of the included species. Lectotypes are designated for C. cornifer, C. furcifer, C. hastifer, C. ruficornis, C. semipallidus and C. unicornis. As results we: (i) synonymise C. cylindricus, C. monocerus, C. simplicicornis, C. unicornis with C. cornifer; (ii) confirm the synonymy of C. semipallidus with C. furcifer; (iii) redescribe C. cornifer, C. hastifer, C. furcifer and C. ruficornis; and (iv) provide an identification key for species in the furcifer group. The frontoclypeal horn and body coloration showed great intraspecific variation. We show that species in the furcifer group have distributions wider than previously known and use mainly Pycnoporus sanguineus as host fungus. Species of the furcifer group are the only animals specialized in feeding on basidiomes of P. sanguineus.

A new species of Pelecium Kirby (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Peleciini) from the Atlantic Forest biome, Brazil.

Pelecium Kirby is the most diverse Peleciini genus, with 33 species shared between two subgenera: Pelecidium Straneo & Ball, which comprises three species, and Pelecium, with the remaining 30 species (Straneo & Ball 1989). They occur from Panama to middle Argentina, and adults are nocturnal and prey upon millipedes (Martinez 2005). Larvae have parasitoids habits and millipedes are their main preys. There are also records of Pelecium larvae devouring immature beetles (Salt 1928). Our aim in this study is to describe Pelecium igneus sp. nov.. Aedeagus of this species is the first described for Pelecium.

Cis regius, a new species of Cis Latreille (Coleoptera: Ciidae) from Southern Africa.

Cis Latreille is the most diverse genus of Ciidae with 350 species and a worldwide distribution (Oliveira et al. 2013). It houses more than a half of the described ciid species, but the available phylogenetic analyses based on molecular data suggest that Cis is polyphyletic (Buder et al. 2008; Lopes-Andrade & Grebennikov 2015). Currently, there is no thoroughly accepted subgeneric classification for Cis and parts of the species are organized into artificial species-groups (Lawrence 1971; Lopes-Andrade et al. 2003; Lopes-Andrade 2008; Oliveira et al. 2013).