Assuntos
Carcinoma de Células de Transição , Neoplasias Renais , Nefroureterectomia , Neoplasias Ureterais , Humanos , Carcinoma de Células de Transição/cirurgia , Carcinoma de Células de Transição/patologia , Neoplasias Ureterais/cirurgia , Neoplasias Ureterais/patologia , Neoplasias Renais/cirurgia , Neoplasias Renais/patologia , PrognósticoAssuntos
Carcinoma de Células Renais , Neoplasias Renais , Nomogramas , Qualidade de Vida , Humanos , Carcinoma de Células Renais/tratamento farmacológico , Carcinoma de Células Renais/secundário , Neoplasias Renais/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Renais/patologia , Prognóstico , Autorrelato , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Colorectal cancer (CRC), known for its high metastatic potential, remains a leading cause of cancer-related death. This review emphasizes the critical role of immune responses in CRC metastasis, focusing on the interaction between immune cells and tumor microenvironment. We explore how immune cells, through cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors, contribute to the CRC metastasis cascade, underlining the tumor microenvironment's role in shaping immune responses. The review addresses CRC's immune evasion tactics, especially the upregulation of checkpoint inhibitors like PD-1 and CTLA-4, highlighting their potential as therapeutic targets. We also examine advanced immunotherapies, including checkpoint inhibitors and immune cell transplantation, to modify immune responses and enhance treatment outcomes in CRC metastasis. Overall, our analysis offers insights into the interplay between immune molecules and the tumor environment, crucial for developing new treatments to control CRC metastasis and improve patient prognosis, with a specific focus on overcoming immune evasion, a key aspect of this special issue.