[Retracted] MicroRNA­378 regulates cell proliferation and migration by repressing RNF31 in pituitary adenoma.

[This retracts the article DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7431.].

Lumbar Intradural Disc Herniation Caused by Injury: A Case Report and Literature Review.

BACKGROUND: Intradural disc herniation(IDH) caused by trauma is a rare type of disease，which is difficult to diagnose clinically and is easily misdiagnosed. We received a patient with the disease, reported the case to share the process of diagnosis and treatment and put forward our own opinions, so as to increase the probability of correct diagnosis. CASE PRESENTATION: We report the case of a 48-year-old male who fell from a scaffold at a height of 2 m. Later, he developed low back pain, restricted movement, numbness and hyperalgesia of the lower left limb, and decreased left muscle strength. He was diagnosed with IDH. Treatment with posterior decompression and intramedullary decompression with pedicle screw internal fixation was performed. His postoperative course was uneventful, and he underwent regular follow up for 1 year. Good neurologic symptom improvement was achieved. CONCLUSIONS: IDH is rare, and comprehensive consideration and film reading can improve the correct diagnosis rate. Accurate diagnosis and early decompression of laminae and intramedullary decompression can lead to good recovery after neurologic impingement.

Clinical Efficacy Analysis of the New PRUNUS Spine Plate System for Anterior Cervical Spine Surgery.

OBJECTIVE: Although the role of anterior cervical titanium plate system in stabilizing the spine sequence and promoting bone graft fusion has been widely recognized, more and more attention has been paid to the design of the plate itself and the complications caused by it. In order to solve the problems of poor stability of internal fixation, plate displacement and screw looseness, we designed the new PRUNUS spine plate system. Hence, the present study was conducted to describe observe and evaluate the clinical efficacy of a new type of three-leaf reinforced cervical anterior screw plate system (PRUNUS nailing system) developed for anterior cervical surgery. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of 56 patients from June 2018 to October 2019 was used. Twenty-seven patients with cervical spine disease treated with new PRUNUS nail plate internal fixation were selected as the observation group, and 29 patients with cervical spine disease treated with conventional cervical anterior screw fixation were selected as the control group. Postoperative follow-up was performed. Cervical stability, internal fixation position and bone graft fusion were evaluated according to imaging data. The operative time, intraoperative blood loss, cervical Cobb angle, pain visual analogue scale (VAS), and Japanese orthopaedic association (JOA) were compared between the two groups. Spinal function scores and neurological improvement rates were used to evaluate the clinical efficacy of the new PRUNUS spine plate. RESULTS: The patients were followed up for 5-18 months, with an average of 7.33 months. The average operative time of the observation group was 98.4 ± 9.2 min, and the mean intraoperative blood loss was 65.3 ± 10.6 ml, which were significant different from the control group's 109.7 ± 9.4 minutes (P < 0.05), 72.9 ± 15.6 ml (P < 0.05). Comparison between the two groups in postoperative and final follow-up of cervical Cobb angle, JOA score and improvement rate, VAS score and preoperative comparison showed no significant differences (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The new PRUNUS spine plate system can be applied to the anterior cervical spine surgery, and its clinical efficacy was similar to the traditional cervical anterior plate. But PRUNUS simplified the operation process, especially suitable for the surgical treatment of anterior cervical revision and osteoporosis patients.

Correlation Analysis for Selection of Microtitanium Plates with Different Specifications for Use in a Cervical Vertebral Dome Expansion Laminoplasty.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze correlations between the selection of microtitanium plates with different specifications for use in a cervical vertebral dome expansion laminoplasty. METHODS: Sixteen patients that underwent the cervical vertebral dome expansion laminoplasty with a cervical spinal stenosis angioplasty procedure for treatment of their cervical spinal cords were recruited at our hospital. From February 2017 to September 2018, medical records confirmed that all patients underwent cervical CT and MRI tests pre- and postsurgery. The anteroposterior diameter of the spinal canal, changes in the cross-sectional area of the spinal canal, and the pre- and postsurgery distance of the cervical spinal cord after applying microtitanium plates with different lengths were measured by Mimics version 17.0 software (Materialise NV, Leuven, Belgium). A statistical regression and correlation analysis of relevant specification parameters of the microtitanium plate was then studied. RESULTS: As the size of the microtitanium plate increased, we found that the cross-sectional area of cervical spinal canal and distance between the descendants of the lamina and the distance of cervical spinal cord concordantly increased, and these data changes linearly. The regression equation associated with sagittal diameter, cross-sectional area, and posterior movement distance of the cervical spinal cord was obtained. CONCLUSION: According to the correlation analysis of imaging data changes, the regression equation was obtained to guide the selection of microtitanium plates with appropriate specifications in a cervical vertebral dome expansion laminoplasty.

Mid- and Long-Term Follow-Up Efficacy Analysis of 3D-Printed Interbody Fusion Cages for Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the safety and stability of 3D-printed interbody fusion cages (3D-printed cages) in anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) by investigating the mid- and long-term follow-up outcomes. METHODS: In this prospective study, the clinical data of 30 patients with CSM admitted to the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University from May 2012 to May 2014 were analyzed. The cohort comprised 18 males and 12 females with an average age of 60.22 ± 3.2 years. All patients were examined by X-ray, CT and MRI before the operation. A total of 30 cases of CSM were treated by ACDF with 3D printed cage implantation. Mid- and long-term follow-ups were performed after the surgery. Clinical efficacy was evaluated by comparing the JOA score, SF-36 score, change in neurological function, cervical curvature index (CCI), vertebral intervertebral height (VIH) and fusion rate before the operation, 6 months after the operation, and at the last follow-up. RESULTS: Two of the 30 patients were lost to follow-up. The remaining patients were followed up for 48-76 (65.23 ± 3.54) months. The patients recovered satisfactorily with a significant clinical effect. The JOA score increased meanfully and the improvement rate was 89.4% at the final follow-up. The SF-36 score increased significantly from pre- to postoperatively. The height of the intervertebral space at the last follow-up was not statistically significantly different from that at 6 months after surgery (P > 0.05), showing that the height of the intervertebral space did not change much and the severity of cage subsidence (CS) decreased. The CCI improved from pre- to postoperatively. The CCI did not change much from the 6-month follow-up to the last follow-up. and the cage rate (CR) was 100% at the 6-month and last follow-ups. No severe complications, such as spinal cord injury, esophageal fistula, cerebrospinal fluid leakage, cervical hematoma or wound infection, occurred in any of the patients. CONCLUSION: The clinical and radiological results show that the application of 3D-printed cages in ACDF can significantly relieve symptoms. Moreover, 3D-printed cages can restore the curvature of the cervical spine, effectively maintain the intervertebral height for a long time, and prevent complications related to postoperative subsidence.

Comparison of Imaging Parameters between a New Cervical Full Lamina Back Shift Spinal Canal Enlargement Technique and Single Open-Door Laminoplasty for Multisegment Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy.

PURPOSE: To provide imaging evidence of the feasibility and clinical efficacy of a new full lamina back shift spinal canal enlargement technique. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 64 patients with multisegment cervical spondylotic myelopathy caused by cervical stenosis. Of these, 32 patients underwent the new full lamina back shift spinal canal enlargement technique (as observation group) and 32 patients underwent single open-door miniature titanium plate internal fixation (as control group). The computed tomography (CT) data of both groups were imported into Mimics 17.0 software to measure the median sagittal diameter and cross-sectional area of the spinal canal. Photoshop CS5 was employed to measure the drift distance of the spinal cord on MR images to perform a comparative study of the imaging parameters from the two groups. RESULTS: The T2-weighted MR images in both groups showed continuous recovery of the cerebrospinal fluid signal in the C3 -C7 range. The enlarged spinal canal cross-sectional area (mm2 ) of each segment after the new full lamina back shift spinal canal enlargement technique was 130.90 ± 20.52 (C3 ), 180.81 ± 18.86 (C4 ), 240.48 ± 35.43 (C5 ), 145.93 ± 36.94 (C6 ), and 153.16 ± 36.28 (C7 ), and the enlarged median sagittal diameter (mm) was 5.31 ± 1.13 (C3 ), 8.8 ± 1.28 (C4 ), 10.28 ± 1.68 (C5 ), 9.46 ± 1.48 (C6 ), and 9.22 ± 1.12 (C7 ). Both parameters were significantly superior to single open-door miniature titanium plate internal fixation (P < 0.05). No significant difference was detected in the drift distance of the spinal cord between the two groups (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The new full lamina back shift spinal canal enlargement technique achieved a thorough spinal canal decompression effect on imaging while ensuring a reasonable spinal drift distance and few surgical complications. The clinical curative effect of the new technique was precise.

Development and Clinical Application of a New Open-Powered Nail Anterior Cervical Plate System.

OBJECTIVE: To observe and evaluate the clinical curative effect of a new type of open-powered cervical spine system developed for anterior cervical surgery. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed in our hospital in 2015-2017 of 329 orthopaedic patients treated with cervical anterior decompression, cage or titanium mesh graft fusion, new open-powered nail plate or traditional cervical anterior screw plate. A total of 154 (control group) and 175 (observation group) cases were fixed with conventional cervical- and new open-powered nail plates, respectively. Postoperative follow-up was performed. Cervical stability, internal fixation position, and bone graft fusion were evaluated by imaging. Operative time, intraoperative blood loss, cervical Cobb angle, pain visual analogue scale (VAS) score, and Japanese orthopaedic association (JOA) score were compared between the groups. JOA scoring (spinal cord function) and neurological function improvement rate (IR) were used to assess clinical efficacy. RESULTS: The patients were followed up for 8-36 months with an average of 19.48 months. There was no significant difference in the operation time and intraoperative blood loss between the two groups (P > 0.05). In the control group, the Cobb angles of the cervical spine were 5.13° ± 1.28°, 10.46° ± 1.07°, and 9.72° ± 1.43° before and after the operation. The observation group was followed by the Cobb angle of the cervical spine before and after the operation. They were 4.96° ± 1.39°, 11.67° ± 0.93°, and 11.13° ± 1.19°, respectively; the JOA scores before the operation, 1 week after the operation, and at the last follow-up were (8.07 ± 1.13) points and (13.57 ± 0.82) points, and (14.19 ± 0.96) points, respectively; the IR was 86.52% ± 9.33%. The preoperative, postoperative 1 week, and last follow-up JOA scores in the observation group were (8.37 ± 1.29) points, (14.11 ± 0.93) points, and (14.95 ± 0.78) points respectively. The IR was 88.74% ± 8.16% in the scores; the VAS scores were (5.54 ± 0.89) points, (1.73 ± 0.71) points, and (1.48 ± 0.52) points in the preoperative, postoperative 1 week, and last follow-up in the control group. The VAS scores were (5.81 ± 0.94) points, (1.82 ± 0.61) points, and (1.16 ± 0.49) points before, 1 week, and after the final follow-up. The JOA score and IR, VAS score and preoperative comparison between the two groups were statistically significant (P < 0.05), but there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The new open-powered nail anterior cervical plate system can achieve the same clinical effect as the traditional anterior cervical plate fixation in anterior cervical surgery, but it can simplify the operation process, effectively make up for the shortcomings of the traditional anterior cervical plate operation, and obtain satisfactory clinical application effect, which is worthy of clinical promotion.

Development and Biomechanical Study of a New Open Dynamic Anterior Cervical Nail Plate System.

OBJECTIVE: To develop a new type of open dynamic cervical spine system and study its biomechanical properties. METHODS: Ten fresh goat spine specimens were used in this study. Using high precision digital display grating displacement sensor system, a new type of open dynamic nail plate fixation was compared with Atlantis nail plate fixation in terms of the stability of cervical vertebrae, pull-out strength, and fatigue strength. RESULTS: Biomechanical tests showed: (i) the new type of open dynamic cervical anterior nail plate system has similar three-dimensional stability as the Atlantis nail plate system, and can ensure the stability of anterior cervical fixation surgery; (ii) the fatigue life and fatigue strength of this new open dynamic anterior cervical nail plate and Atlantis nail plate are similar, and can adequately maintain the cervical stability after anterior bone graft fusion, to ensure long-term safety and efficacy of the nail plate system in the body; and (iii) the overall fixed performance of the new type of open dynamic cervical nail system is satisfactory. CONCLUSION: The new type of open dynamic anterior cervical nail plate system has satisfactory biomechanical characteristics and cervical spine stability effect.

Influence of extending expansive open-door laminoplasty to C1 and C2 on cervical sagittal parameters.

BACKGROUND: For patients with spinal canal stenosis in the upper cervical spine who undergo C3-7 laminoplasty alone, it remains impossible to achieve full decompression due to its limited range. This study explores the extension of expansive open-door laminoplasty (EODL) to C1 and C2 for the treatment of cervical spinal stenosis of the upper cervical spine and its effects on cervical sagittal parameters. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of 33 patients presenting with symptoms of cervical spondylosis myelopathy (CSM) and ossification in the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) of the upper cervical spine from February 2013 to December 2015 was performed. Furthermore, the changes in the C0-2 Cobb angle, C1-2 Cobb angle, C2-7 Cobb angle, C2-7 SVA, and T1-Slope in lateral X-rays of the cervical spine were measured before, immediately after, and 1 year after the operation. JOA and NDI scores were used to evaluate spinal cord function. RESULTS: The C0-2 and C1-2 Cobb angles did not significantly increase (P = 0.190 and P = 0.081), but the C2-7 Cobb angle (P = 0.001), C2-7 SVA (P < 0.001), and T1-Slope (P < 0.001) significantly increased from preoperative to 1 year postoperative. In addition, C2-7 SVA was significantly correlated with the T1-Slope (Pearson = 0.376, P < 0.001) and C0-2 Cobb angle (Pearson = 0.287, P = 0.004), and the C2-7 SVA was negatively correlated with the C2-7 Cobb angle (Pearson = - 0.295, P < 0.001). The average preoperative and postoperative JOA scores were 8.3 ± 1.6 and 14.6 ± 1.4 points, respectively, indicating in a postoperative neurological improvement rate of approximately 91.6%. The average preoperative and final follow-up NDI scores were 12.62 ± 2.34 and 7.61 ± 1.23. CONCLUSIONS: The sagittal parameters of patients who underwent EODL extended to C1 and C2 included loss of cervical curvature, increased cervical anteversion and compensatory posterior extension of the upper cervical spine to maintain visual balance in the field of vision. However, the changes in cervical spine parameters were far less substantial than the alarm thresholds reported in previous studies. We believe that EODL extended to C1 and C2 for the treatment of patients with spinal canal stenosis in the upper cervical spine is a feasible and safe procedure with excellent outcomes.

Efficacy and Safety Analysis of Ultrasonic Bone Curette in the Treatment of Thoracic Spinal Stenosis.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the efficacy and safety of ultrasonic bone curette in treating thoracic spinal stenosis. METHODS: A total of 30 patients of thoracic spinal stenosis who underwent posterior thoracic decompression in the hospital from December 2015 to 2017 were enrolled. Of these, 18 patients (group A) underwent posterior thoracic decompression using ultrasonic bone curette; and 12 patients underwent the treatment using a high-speed drill (group B). The time of laminectomy, amount of intraoperative blood loss, presence or absence of cerebrospinal fluid leakage, and nerve root injury were recorded. All patients underwent X-ray, computed tomography with three-dimensional reconstruction, and magnetic resonance imaging before and after surgery. The Frankel classification and the Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) scores were used to assess the neurological function and neurological recovery in patients. The measured data were statistically processed and analyzed using SPSS21.0 software, and the measurement data were expressed as mean ± SD. RESULTS: In groups A and B, the average time for single-segment laminectomy was 3.3 ± 1.2 min and 6.0 ± 1.8 min and the mean bleeding volume was 105.5 ± 43.3 mL and 177.4 ± 54.7 mL, respectively, with a statistically significant difference between the groups. The difference in JOA scores before and after surgery in groups A and B was statistically significant. No significant difference was found between the groups, in group A, the improvement rate of nerve function at the last follow-up was 71% and in group B, the improvement rate at the last follow-up was 70%. In group A, at last follow-up, two patients had Frankel grade B injury, one had grade C injury, seven had grade D injury, and eight had grade E injury. In group B, at last follow-up, one patient had Frankel grade B injury, one had grade C injury, five had grade D injury, and five had grade E injury. The Frankel classification of both groups A and B significantly improved. Four patients experienced cerebrospinal fluid leakage in group A and five in group B, with no significant difference between the groups. There was no nerve root injury in both groups, and no complications, such as pulmonary infection and urinary tract infection, occurred after operation. CONCLUSIONS: With the use of ultrasonic bone curette in posterior thoracic decompression, the decompression surgery could be completed relatively safely and quickly. It effectively reduced the amount of intraoperative blood loss.

Suppression of miR-451a accelerates osteogenic differentiation and inhibits bone loss via Bmp6 signaling during osteoporosis.

Bone homeostasis is known as a dynamic balance, including bone formation through osteoblasts and bone resorption by osteoclasts. MicroRNAs (miRs) play a critical role in regulating bone formation and homeostasis. In the study, the effects of miR-451a on bone homeostasis were investigated. The results indicated that the primary osteoblasts and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), as the main source of osteoblasts, isolated from miR-451a-knockout (KO) mice showed promoted osteogenesis. in vivo, an ovariectomized (OVX) animal model was used to further explore the effect of miR-451a on osteoporosis. Micro-computed tomography (µCT) indicated a promoted bone volume in miR-451a-KO mice compared to wild-type (WT) mice after OVX operation, demonstrating a redundant bone formation after the knockout of miR-451a. Importantly, we for the first time found that bone morphogenetic protein 6 (Bmp6) was a direct target of miR-451a, elevating bone formation through regulating SMAD1/5/8 expression. In conclusion, reducing miR-451a expression levels could enhance bone formation during the progression of osteoporosis, which might be at least partly via the meditation of Bmp6 expression.

[Study on the effect of hydraulic delivery vertebroplasty on vertebral morphology and bone cement diffusion].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of different bone cement injection methods during percutaneous vertebroplasty(PVP) on vertebral morphology and cement diffusion. METHODS: The clinical data of 52 patients with single-segment osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture treated from January 2016 to December 2017 were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were divided into hydraumatic group (28 cases) and pusher group (24 cases) according to bone cement injection method during PVP. By comparing visual analogue scale(VAS), height of anterior vertebral body, compression ratio, kyphosis angle before and after operation and analyzing filling ratio of bone cement in the first 1/3, median line and back 1/3 of the vertebral body in lateral X-rays and the conditions of bone cement diffusion in AP X-rays were to evaluate the effect of different bone cement injection methods on vertebral morphology and cement diffusion. RESULTS: Postoperative VAS was obviously improved in all patients and hydraumatic group was better than pusher group(P<0.05). Postoperative height of anterior vertebral body, compression ratio and kyphosis angle obviously restored in all patients while there was no significant difference between two groups(P>0.05). There was no significant difference in filling ratio of bone cement in the first 1/3 and median line of the vertebral body by lateral X-ray films between two groups(P>0.05), but in the back 1/3 of the vertebral body filling ratio of bone cement in hydraumatic group was better than in pusher group(P<0.05). The distribution of bone cement from AP X-ray films were more significant in hydraumatic group(P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Hydraulic delivery vertebroplasty (HDVP) has better clinical efficacy and it can guarantee sufficient distribution of bone cement into the fractured vertebra and preferably restore the morphology of vertebral body, which is worthy of clinical application.

MicroRNA-378 regulates cell proliferation and migration by repressing RNF31 in pituitary adenoma.

MicroRNA-378 (miR-378) is dysregulated in multiple malignancies and is associated with tumor progression. However, the expression and mechanism of miR-378 in pituitary adenoma (PA) remains to be elucidated. In the present study, the role and mechanism of miR-378 in PA tumorigenesis and development was investigated. It was revealed that the levels of miR-378 expression were markedly downregulated in PA tissues. CCK-8 and wound healing assays revealed that transfection with miR-378 mimics was able to markedly inhibit the proliferation and migration of GH3 cells. Furthermore, quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis demonstrated that ring finger protein 31 (RNF31) was upregulated in PA specimens and the levels of RNF31 expression was negatively regulated by miR-378. In addition, knockdown of RNF31 markedly suppressed cell proliferation and migration in GH3 cells. In conclusion, the present study provides a molecular basis for the function of miR-378/RNF31 in the progression of human PA, indicating a potential novel target for the treatment of PA.

Vitamin D insufficiency correlates with peripheral B10 cells in patients with pituitary tumours.

The mechanism of pituitary gland tumour (PGT) is unclear. Aberrant immune tolerance is associated with the pathogenesis of tumour. Vitamin D and vitamin D receptor (VDR) are involved in the immune regulation. Interleukin (IL)-10 is one of the important immune regulatory molecules. This study aims to elucidate the role of VDR in the regulation of IL-10 in peripheral B cells of PGT patients. In this study, the peripheral blood samples were collected from PGT patients and healthy subjects. B cells were purified from the blood samples and analysed by RT-qPCR and Western blotting. The correlation between the expression of IL-10 and VDR in the B cells was assessed. We observed that the serum VitD levels were negatively correlated with IL-10 expression in peripheral B cells of patients with PGT. Low levels of VDR expression were found in peripheral B cells of PGT patients. Exposure to VitD suppressed the expression of IL-10 in B cells. The VDR bounds the transcription factor of IL-10 to interfere with the expression of IL-10 in B cells. The VDR agonists inhibited IL-10 expression in B cells from PGT patients. In conclusion, modulation of the expression of VDR can regulate the expression of IL-10 in peripheral B cells of PGT patients, which may contribute to the treatment of PGT.

Serum CXCL12 Levels as a Novel Predictor of Future Stroke Recurrence in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke.

Previous studies had shown that CXC chemokine ligand-12 (CXCL12) plays a significant role in animal models of ischemic stroke, but its role in human stroke is unclear. The aim of this study was to test the relationship between elevated serum circulating CXCL12 levels and the 1-year stroke recurrence in Chinese patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS). All consecutive patients with first-ever acute ischemic stroke from January 2011 to September 2013 were recruited to participate in the study. Serum levels of CXCL12 and National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) were measured at the time of admission. Logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the stroke recurrence according to serum CXCL12 levels. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to evaluate the accuracy of serum CXCL12 in predicting stroke recurrence. Clinical follow-up was performed at 1 year. In our study, 248 patients finished the 1-year follow-up. At 1-year follow-up, 31 patients had a recurrence ischemic stroke. The median CXCL12 levels were significantly higher in those who sustained a recurrence ischemic stroke compared with those who did not [24.2 ng/mL (IQR 15.4-33.7) vs 6.5 ng/mL (IQR 3.4-10.2); Z = 8.258, P < 0.0001]. In multivariate analysis, there was an increased risk of stroke recurrence associated with serum CXCL12 levels ≥12.15 ng/mL (OR 9.122, 95 % CI 6.103-15.104) after adjusting for above possible confounders. The time to recurrence stroke distribution between patients with baseline CXCL12 levels ≥12.15 ng/mL and those with baseline CXCL12 levels <12.15 ng/mL were significantly different (P < 0.0001, log-rank test). Elevated circulating CXCL12 levels at admission are strongly associated with the future recurrence of ischemic stroke in Chinese patients with AIS. Further studies are warranted to confirm this association and define the role for CXCL12 as a novel predictor biomarker for stroke recurrence.

Inhibition of LN-308 glioma cell proliferation and migration by retinoic acid amide through activation of Akt pathway.

The present study was performed to investigate the effect of retinoic acid amide (RAA) on the expression of integrin α3ß1, rate of cell proliferation and migration in p53-deficient glioma cell line, LN-308. The results revealed promotion of integrin α3 expression, reduction in proliferation and migration in RAA treated cells compared to the control LN-308 glioma cells. Promotion of RAA induced integrin α3ß1 expression led to the enhancement in cyclin-dependent kinase nuclear localization and activation of Akt pathway. In addition, RAA treatment inhibited the expression of nuclear factor-κB, Bcl-2 and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). These factors are responsible for promoting the rate of cell proliferation and survival in the carcinoma cells. Thus RAA treatment inhibits rate of LN-308 glioma cell proliferation and migration through increase in integrin α3ß1 expression and activation of Akt pathway. Therefore, RAA can be of therapeutic importance for the treatment of glioma.

[A viral meningitis outbreak associated with Echo30 in drinking water].

OBJECTIVE: To study the source of infection, the scope of epidemic and control measures in an outbreak involving students having symptoms as fever, dizziness, headache, vomiting and nausea. METHODS: The suspected-case was defined as fever (armpit temperature ≥ 37°C) and with one or more of the following symptoms: dizziness, headache, vomiting and nausea, among students and teachers at school from Mar 1, 2012. Confirmed-case was among suspected case accompanied by both throat and rectal swabs enterovirus positive by RT-PCR. All the cases were collected through checking the medical records from 4 hospitals as well as through the absence records of students and teachers, from Mar 1, 2012. We conducted a case-control study with ratio of 1:2 and data on the exposures to water among students and teachers was collected prior to the illness. 27 cases' throat and rectal swabs were collected and analyzed by RT-PCR and PCR sequence methods. 2 warm-water samples were collected for testing the counts on total bacteria and E. coli. RESULTS: 103 students' cases were identified in school L, with the attack rate as 4.6% (103/2255). Students from Grade three had the high attack rate as 18.1% (72/397) and 77.7% (80/103) of the cases located in the building with 'multiple-functions'. Epidemic curve of the outbreak showed a pattern with continuous common source of infection. It seemed that the exposure to warm-water appeared to be the major risk factor (OR = 18.3, 95%CI: 2.0 - 169.5) together with the intake of un-boiled water (OR = 15.5, 95%CI: 1.7 - 141.8). Specimens from 27 students (81.5%, 22/27) were identified enterovirus positive by RT-PCR, and 7 of the 9 students were confirmed carrying Echo 30. Bacteria and coli were negative from the 2 warm-water samples. CONCLUSION: This viral meningitis-outbreak was caused by Echo 30, with drinking water as the major risk factor.