Relationship between Entrepreneurship Education and Entrepreneurial Intention among College Students: A Meta-Analysis.

Meta-analysis was used to investigate the impact of entrepreneurship education on college students' entrepreneurial intention. Based on the rules of meta-analysis, 389 empirical studies were selected from more than 1000 entrepreneurship education-related documents. The current study processed and analyzed data from 36 records (including 24 journal articles, 11 master's theses, and 1 doctoral thesis) with a total sample of 29,736 students. The results suggested that: (1) entrepreneurship education is positively associated with entrepreneurial intention; (2) national context differences among students have a significant and moderating effect on the relationship between entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial intention. As compared to other countries, Chinese college students' entrepreneurial intention is more strongly related with entrepreneurship education.

Improved Singlet Oxygen Production by Synergistic Effect via a Dual-Core Photosensitizer Doped Polymer Fibrous Films: Synthesis and Performance.

Singlet oxygen (1O2) is a common reactive oxygen species that has found wide application in wastewater processing, photochemical synthesis, and photodynamic therapy. In this paper, a dual-core metal [a Re(I)-based component and a Gd(III)-based component] photosensitizer was synthesized and doped into polymer fibrous films for 1O2 generation. Here the Re(I)-based component is responsible for the photosensitizing reaction which directly transformed 3O2 to 1O2, while the Gd(III)-based component served as an auxiliary part that assisted the transformation from 3O2 to 1O2 via synergistic effect by its triplet excited ligands. The photophysical parameters of this photosensitizer (denoted as Re-Gd) and its fibrous films (denoted as Re-Gd@PVP) were carefully recorded, discussed, and compared. It was found that the excited state lifetime and photostability of Re-Gd were both improved after being doped into fibrous films, favoring 1O2 generation. The 1O2 generation performance comparison between Re-Gd in the solid state, in solution, and fibrous films suggested that 1O2 generation performance was indeed improved by the electrospinning films. In addition, the positive factor of synergistic effect on improving 1O2-producing efficiency was confirmed by comparing Re-Gd@PVP films with reference films with a single-core metal photosensitizer having no synergistic effect.

Impact of Postgraduate Student Internships During the COVID-19 Pandemic in China.

To understand the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on postgraduate students' internships in China, 911 students from different regions of China were surveyed through online questionnaires. Among the postgraduate students surveyed, 48.51% of which believed that the pandemic had its greatest impact on colleagues interaction, and 59.60% believed that the pandemic had a strong impact on practical skills. In total, 31.8% of postgraduate internship programs were impacted by COVID-19. The proportions of respondents having severe, moderate, and mild anxiety levels were 1.42%, 4.72%, and 15.92%, respectively; and the rates of severe, moderate, and mild depression were 1.64%, 10.86%, and 21.84%, respectively. ANOVA found that major, degree type, and degree of impact of the pandemic on colleague interactions and improved practical abilities all affected postgraduate mental health. The findings suggest that the mental health of postgraduate students should be monitored during a pandemic, and targeted psychological counseling should be offered. Postgraduate internships should be emphasized as to ensure a smooth internship process during a pandemic period. Psychological counseling and assistance should be provided to those whose internships were affected by the pandemic, and programs should be set up to aid postgraduate students in adapting to the new internship and employment conditions brought on by the "new normal" of pandemic prevention and control.

Orbital alveolar soft part sarcoma: A report of 8 cases and review of the literature.

Alveolar soft part sarcoma (ASPS) is a rare soft tissue neoplasm. The incidence of orbital involvement is the highest in ASPS arising in the head and neck region. However, limited information is available regarding its clinical characteristics. The present study presents the clinical manifestations, imaging findings, pathological features, treatment strategies and prognosis records of 8 cases of orbital ASPS over the last 15 years in a single hospital, along with a review of the literature. Included were 3 male and 5 female patients, with the median age at presentation being 9.5 years. The mean average largest tumour diameter was 3.6 cm. A total of 5 patients underwent surgical excision of the tumour, with 2 undergoing orbital exenteration and 1 undergoing partial orbital exenteration. In total, 6 patients received postoperative radiotherapy and 2 received chemotherapy. Upon follow-up, 6 patients were doing well with no evidence of recurrence or metastasis. Local recurrence developed in 2 patients, of whom 1 succumbed following withdrawal from treatment. According to the present series and the cases mentioned in the literature, orbital alveolar soft part sarcoma has characteristics distinct from those of alveolar soft part sarcoma which arises in other locations. Orbital alveolar soft part sarcoma presents itself in a younger population with a shorter course of disease, smaller tumour size, improved prognosis, a marked association with the extraocular muscles and with the Ki-67 proliferation index possibly associated with prognosis of the disease.

Establishment of a combination scoring method for diagnosis of ocular adnexal lymphoproliferative disease.

Lymphoproliferative diseases (LPDs) of the ocular adnexa encompass the majority of orbital diseases and include reactive follicular hyperplasia (RFH), atypical lymphoid hyperplasia (ALH), and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma (MALToma). Lymphoid follicles (LFs) are usually observed during the histological examination of LPDs. Currently, because there is a lack of specific clinical signs and diagnostic immunohistochemical biomarkers, it is difficult for pathologists to distinguish MALToma from ocular RFH and ALH, which makes the clinical management of these conditions difficult. Here, we analyzed the clinical features of patients with ocular adnexal LPDs (n = 125) and investigated the structure of LFs in paraffin-embedded tissue samples using anti-CD23 and anti-IgD immunochemistry. We found that some clinical features including age, sex, and laterality were different among RFH, LFH, and MALToma. Additionally, immunohistochemistry revealed that the expression of IgD and CD23 was higher in RFH patients and decreased in patients with ALH and MALToma. Moreover, LFs in RFH were intact, whereas the structures of most LFs were disrupted in ALH. In MALToma specimens, few intact LFs were observed. In a further investigation, we combined the results for CD23/IgD immunohistochemistry and the structure of LFs to establish a scoring method for the differential diagnosis of LPDs. According to the BIOMED-2 protocol, we further detected IgH gene monoclonal rearrangement in 73 cases (35 RFH, 17 ALH, and 21 MALToma cases). The sensitivity of our scoring method, based on a comparison with the results of IgH gene monoclonal rearrangement detection, was 85.7% (18/21) for MALToma and 35.3% (6/17) for ALH. Our study provides a method that may be useful for the differential diagnosis of RFH, ALH, and MALToma.

[Clinical analysis of 14 cases of congenital orbital fibrosis].

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to show the clinical and imaging characteristics in patients with congenital orbital fibrosis. METHODS: A retrospective review of a series of 14 patients with congenital orbital fibrosis hospitalized in Institute of Orbital Disease during 2005 to 2009 have been characterized. Patients aged from 3 months to 18 years old, the median age was 7 years old, 6 cases (43%) were male. RESULTS: Ocular changes were found at birth in all patients, symptoms at onset of the disease included dysfunction of eye movement (12 cases), lagophthalmos (7 cases), diplopia (5 cases), exophthalmos (4 cases), conjunctival congestion (4 cases) and endophthalmos (2 cases). The results of medical examinations including visual acuity, exophthalmos or endophthalmos, diplopia with or without compensative head station, displacement of the eye, lagophthalmos, blephroptosis and ocular dyskinesia all have been record. In the 14 cases, 13 patients have undertaken the CT imaging examination, soft tissue lesions have been found in the orbit with high density and irregular shape, accompanied with thickened ocular muscles and anatomical changes. Of the 9 cases which underwent MRI examination, all of the lesions showed medium signals in T(1)WI, with medium to low signals in T(2)WI. Local excision has been performed in 2 patients, we found that the orbital lesions packaged with hard fibrous tissues around, and the ocular muscles were thick and stark. Pathological examination showed fibrosis and degeneration in the lesions, lacrimal gland and ocular muscles. Some lymphocyte infiltration also has been observed. CONCLUSIONS: Congenital orbital fibrosis is an orbital disease occurs at birth and is characterized with series of signs such as endophthalmos or exophthalmos, ocular dyskinesia and diplopia. Imaging examinations often find abnormal mass with irregular shape and soft tissue density in orbit. Till now, no efficient therapy has been established.

[Preliminary observations of embolization treatment of orbital varices with Glubran 2 acrylic glue].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the outcome of embolization via orbital surgical exposure for a series of orbital varices. METHODS: This study is a retrospective review of 28 patients (28 eyes, 11 men, 17 women) which were diagnosed as orbital varix from March to December in 2007, in the Institute of Orbital Diseases. Patient's age ranged from 11 to 54 years old, mean 32 years old. Right orbit 18 cases, left orbit 10 cases. All patients is under general anesthesia, operative approach included lateral orbitotomy (9 cases), anterior orbitotomy (11 cases), transconjunctival (7 cases) and percutaneous puncture (1 case). During the operation, venous malformations were dilatated and punctured with an 20-gauge catheter needle, then injected into 33% Glubran 2 with several punctures with different orientations of the needle were required to reach the different lobules of the venous pouch. RESULTS: Proptosis, visual acuity and eye movement for pre- and post-treatment were observed. All the patients treated with 100% efficiency, in which 16 cases (57%) were complete resolution of the signs and symptoms, no proptosis with Valsalva and correct completely or partially enophthalmos, 12 cases (43%) marked resolution. Six patients partial resection as lesion was stiffen after glue injection, and can touch in anterior part of the orbit. Complications included the vision acuity loss (1 case), limitation of ocular movement (3 cases), and proptosis (2 cases). CONCLUSION: The embolization with Glubran 2 after direct surgical exposure is the safe and effective treatment for orbital varix and can correct some enophthalmos.

[Analysis of the results of surgical management of orbital osteoma].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the results and skill of surgical management of orbital osteoma retrospectively. METHODS: It was a retrospective case series. Nineteen cases of orbital osteoma (the diagnosis was confirmed by surgical and pathological studies) were analyzed retrospectively in the present study. RESULTS: The location of orbital osteoma was as following: 10 cases in medial wall of the orbit, 4 cases in orbital roof and 5 cases in lateral wall of the orbit. Surgical approaches included anterior orbitotomy (8 cases), lateral orbitotomy (7 cases), and medial orbitotomy (2 cases). Complete resection was performed in 12 cases,while partial resection was done in 7 cases. CONCLUSIONS: Orbital osteoma is easy to diagnosis but difficult in surgical treatment. Appropriate surgical approach and skilled surgical technique are able to reduce the surgical complications.

Delayed presentation of grease-gun injury to the orbit.

A 44-year-old man was examined for marked edema and ptosis of the right upper eyelid after grease from high-pressure hydraulic machinery penetrated his right orbit 20 days earlier. The diagnosis of residual grease in the injured orbit was confirmed by CT and MRI, and the clinical presentation. During orbital exploration, the grease was removed completely. Among the wide variety of orbital foreign bodies, grease is rarely reported. We present the sixth case of grease-gun injury to the orbit to be reported in the English language literature since 1964.

[Retrospectively analysis of diagnosis and treatment of the orbital neurilemomas].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the diagnosis and surgery of orbital neurilemoma. METHODS: Thirty-eight patients with pathologically confirmed orbital neurilemomas were analyzed retrospectively. The age of the patients ranged from 9 years to 69 years. Twenty-three patients were female and fifteen were male. Standardized A/B scan was performed in 37 cases. CT scanning was performed in 38 patients with contrast scanning in 15 patients and MR imaging was performed in 33 patients with contrast scanning in 32 patients. RESULTS: Neurilemoma was generally low to medium reflective or echo in the ultrasound. Of the 38 cases with orbital neurilemomas, location of tumors was superior of the orbit in 17 cases; lateral and inferior in 19 cases and medial in 2 cases. Shape of the tumors was elongate or round-like 26 cases, leaf-like and dumb-bell 12 cases. CT scanning showed soft tissue high density mass in 32 cases, 6 cases were heterogeneity (for cystoid change). MR imaging in 33 patients displayed a identical T1 and a long T2 signal intensity weighted images in 4 cases; identical T1 and T2 mixed signal (short, identical and long signal) in 28 cases; identical T1 and T2 in 1 cases. After Gd-DTPA enhancement in 32 cases, heterogeneity enhancement of the mass was seen in 28 cases, marked enhancement 4 cases. Four cases in all cases was found orbital-cranial communicate mass. Surgical approach was lateral orbitotomy in 26 cases, combined lateral and medial orbitotomy in 2 cases, anterior orbitotomy 4 cases and medial orbitotomy in 2 cases. CONCLUSIONS: Modern medical imaging, especial MR imaging can demonstrate the site, configuration, and characteristics of the tumors and contribute to the diagnosis and treatment. Skill of surgery can improve the rate of success and decrease the complications.

[The features of pathology and immunohistochemistry in orbital meningiomas].

OBJECTIVE: To study the biological characteristics of orbital meningiomas using histological and immunohistochemistrical analysis. METHODS: 19 specimens taking from orbital meningiomas were included in the study. HE staining was used for histology analysis and the immunohistochemistry was applied to demonstrate the expression of Vimentin, EMA, Ki-67, p53 in the tissue of orbital meningiomas. RESULTS: The main configuration of orbital meningiomas was meningothelial, transitional and fibrous meningioma. The expression rations of Vimentin and EMA were 94.75% (18/19), 52.63% (10/19), respectively. The detected rations of Ki-67 and p53 were very lower. CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows that the major histological configuration of orbital meningiomas are meningothelial, transitional and fibrous meningioma. Compare with intracranial meningiomas, the expression rate of EMA in orbital meningiomas is lower. No difference of the expression rates of p53 and Ki-67 are found in benignant, recrudescent and malignant of tumor.

[Diagnosis by ultrasonography and CT scan in orbital vascular tumors and malformations].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the value of ultrasonography (standardized A/B scan) and CT scan in the diagnosis of orbital vascular tumors and vascular malformations. METHODS: One hundred and eight cases of orbital vascular tumors and malformations were studied, including 98 cases examined by ultrasonography, 108 cases examined by CT scan and 94 cases studied by orbital operation and pathological examination. There were 54 cases of cavernous hemangioma, 26 cases of varix, 13 cases of venous hemangioma, 6 cases of lymphangioma, 5 cases of infantile hemangioma and 4 cases of others disorders. RESULTS: The tumor could be detected in ultrasonography in 96/98 cases (98%), the false negative rate of ultrasonography was 2% (2/98). The nature of the tumor could be determined by ultrasonography in 93% (91/98) cases pre-operatively. The tumor could be found by CT in all cases (108/108). The nature of the tumor could be determined by CT in 92% (99/108) cases pre-operatively. CONCLUSIONS: Combined ultrasonography with CT scan can estimate the nature, extent and location of orbital vascular tumors and malformations and can be useful for selection of the route of orbital operation.

[The value and importance of CT and MRI for diagnosing optic nerve sheath meningiomas].

OBJECTIVE: To study the value and importance of CT and MRI for diagnosing optic nerve sheath meningiomas. METHODS: Fifteen patients with optic nerve sheath meningiomas were analyzed with CT and MRI and were confirmed by operation and pathological examination. RESULTS: The CT image was enhanced in 2 cases of intracranial extension of the optic nerve sheath meningiomas; for the examination of MRI without Gd-DTPA shown the lesion was extended in 2 cases and the positive result of MRI with Gd-DTPA was consistent with the diagnosis of the brain tumor in 9 cases. CONCLUSION: MRI with Gd-DTPA has been proved to be valuable in detecting intracranial extension of optic nerve sheath meningiomas that are not well visualized on enhanced CT and standard MRI, and should be used as a routinely examination of optic nerve sheath meningiomas before and after orbital surgery.

The clinical study of lateral orbitotomy.

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of lateral orbitotomy. METHODS: Lateral orbitotomy for orbital tumors within muscle cone and area of lacrimal gland was performed for 70 cases by standard lateral orbitotomy, modified lateral orbitotomy and lateral orbitotomy combined with medial orbitotomy from July 1999 to April 2001 in Armed Police General Hospital. RESULTS: The indications of standard lateral orbitotomy were suitable for the orbital tumor below the optic nerve (38 cases), and modified lateral orbitotomy (involving supra or infra orbital edge) for the orbital tumors above the optic nerve (28 cases), as well as lateral orbitotomy combined with medial orbitotomy for the orbital tumors surrounding the optic nerve (4 cases). There were total removal of orbital tumors in 63 cases, partial removal 4 cases, decompression 3 cases of Graves' diseases. CONCLUSION: The indications of lateral orbitotomy depend on the category, location and extent of orbital tumors. Lateral orbitotomy involving supra or infra orbital edge enlarges the operative field, and improves the successful rate of orbital removal.