Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-Induced Protein 1 Targets Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1α to Protect Against Hepatic Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury.

Sterile inflammation is an essential factor causing hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. As a critical regulator of inflammation, the role of monocyte chemoattractant protein-induced protein 1 (MCPIP1) in hepatic I/R injury remains undetermined. In this study, we discovered that MCPIP1 downregulation was associated with hepatic I/R injury in liver transplant patients and a mouse model. Hepatocyte-specific Mcpip1 gene knockout and transgenic mice demonstrated that MCPIP1 functions to ameliorate liver damage, reduce inflammation, prevent cell death, and promote regeneration. A mechanistic study revealed that MCPIP1 interacted with and maintained hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) expression by deubiquitinating HIF-1α. Notably, the HIF-1α inhibitor reversed the protective effect of MCPIP1, whereas the HIF-1α activator compensated for the detrimental effect of MCPIP1 deficiency. Thus, we identified the MCPIP1-HIF-1α axis as a critical pathway that may be a good target for intervention in hepatic I/R injury. (Hepatology 2018; 00:000-000).

The deubiquitinating enzyme cylindromatosis mitigates nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a common clinical condition that can lead to advanced liver diseases. Lack of effective pharmacotherapies for NASH is largely attributable to an incomplete understanding of its pathogenesis. The deubiquitinase cylindromatosis (CYLD) plays key roles in inflammation and cancer. Here we identified CYLD as a suppressor of NASH in mice and in monkeys. CYLD is progressively degraded upon interaction with the E3 ligase TRIM47 in proportion to NASH severity. We observed that overexpression of Cyld in hepatocytes concomitantly inhibits lipid accumulation, insulin resistance, inflammation and fibrosis in mice with NASH induced in an experimental setting. Mechanistically, CYLD interacts directly with the kinase TAK1 and removes its K63-linked polyubiquitin chain, which blocks downstream activation of the JNK-p38 cascades. Notably, reconstitution of hepatic CYLD expression effectively reverses disease progression in mice with dietary or genetically induced NASH and in high-fat diet-fed monkeys predisposed to metabolic syndrome. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that CYLD mitigates NASH severity and identify the CYLD-TAK1 axis as a promising therapeutic target for management of the disease.

The deubiquitinating enzyme TNFAIP3 mediates inactivation of hepatic ASK1 and ameliorates nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.

Activation of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) in hepatocytes is a key process in the progression of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and a promising target for treatment of the condition. However, the mechanism underlying ASK1 activation is still unclear, and thus the endogenous regulators of this kinase remain open to be exploited as potential therapeutic targets. In screening for proteins that interact with ASK1 in the context of NASH, we identified the deubiquitinase tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced protein 3 (TNFAIP3) as a key endogenous suppressor of ASK1 activation, and we found that TNFAIP3 directly interacts with and deubiquitinates ASK1 in hepatocytes. Hepatocyte-specific ablation of Tnfaip3 exacerbated nonalcoholic fatty liver disease- and NASH-related phenotypes in mice, including glucose metabolism disorders, lipid accumulation and enhanced inflammation, in an ASK1-dependent manner. In contrast, transgenic or adeno-associated virus-mediated TNFAIP3 gene delivery in the liver in both mouse and nonhuman primate models of NASH substantially blocked the onset and progression of the disease. These results implicate TNFAIP3 as a functionally important endogenous suppressor of ASK1 hyperactivation in the pathogenesis of NASH and identify it as a potential new molecular target for NASH therapy.

USP18 protects against hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance through its deubiquitinating activity.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by hepatic steatosis, impaired insulin sensitivity, and chronic low-grade inflammation. However, the pathogenic mechanism of NAFLD is poorly understood, which hinders the exploration of possible treatments. Here, we report that ubiquitin-specific protease 18 (USP18), a member of the deubiquitinating enzyme family, plays regulatory roles in NAFLD progression. Expression of USP18 was down-regulated in the livers of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis patients and high-fat diet (HFD)-induced or genetically obese mice. When challenged with HFD, hepatocyte-specific USP18 transgenic mice exhibited improved lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity, whereas mice knocked out of USP18 expression showed adverse trends regarding hepatic steatosis and glucose metabolic disorders. Furthermore, the concomitant inflammatory response was suppressed in USP18-hepatocyte-specific transgenic mice and promoted in USP18-hepatocyte-specific knockout mice treated with HFD. Mechanistically, hepatocyte USP18 ameliorates hepatic steatosis by interacting with and deubiquitinating transforming growth factorß-activated kinase 1 (TAK1), which inhibits TAK1 activation and subsequently suppresses the downstream c-Jun N-terminal kinase and nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathways. This is further validated by alleviated steatotic phenotypes and highly activated insulin signaling in HFD-fed USP18-hepatocyte-specific knockout mice administered a TAK1 inhibitor. The therapeutic effect of USP18 on NAFLD relies on its deubiquitinating activity because HFD-fed mice injected with active-site mutant USP18 failed to inhibit hepatic steatosis. CONCLUSION: USP18 associates with and deubiquitinates TAK1 to protect against hepatic steatosis, insulin resistance, and the inflammatory response. (Hepatology 2017;66:1866-1884).