The complete mitogenome of the pond wolf spider Pardosa pseudoannulata, with phylogenetic implications for the Lycosidae.

The pond wolf spider Pardosa pseudoannulata Bösenberg & Strand, 1906 (Araneae: Lycosidae) is an important predator of agricultural pests in southern, eastern and southeastern Asia. Here, we report the complete mitogenome of this spider reconstructed from Illumina sequencing data. The circular mitogenome length is 14,533 bp with the nucleotide composition A (33.3%), C (8.2%), G (15.2%), and T (43.3%). The P. pseudoannulata mitogenome comprises 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, two ribosomal RNA genes, and a control region. Phylogenetic analyses of Lycosidae mitogenomes supported the monophyly of the subfamily Pardosinae and the two genera Pardosa and Alopecosa, and indicated the polyphyly of the subfamily Lycosinae and the paraphyly of its type genus Lycosa. In this study, P. pseudoannulata is the closest relative to P. pusiola. These results provide useful genetic information for future studies on the diversity, phylogeny, and evolution for wolf spiders.

Indian monsoon drove the dispersal of the thoracica group of Scytodes spitting spiders.

We examined the global biogeography of the Scytodes thoracica group of spitting spiders based on 23 years of sampling at the species level (61 species in the thoracica group and 84 species of Scytodes) using DNA data from six loci. Our results indicated that the thoracica group initially dispersed from Southeast Asia to East Africa between 46.5 and 33.0 million years ago, and dispersal events intensified between Southeast/South Asia and East/South Africa from the early to late Miocene. The timing of these events indicates that Asian-African faunal exchange of the thoracica group was driven by the Indian monsoon, and the pattern of dispersal suggests that colonialization took root when the Indian monsoon shifted from a North-South direction to an East-West direction from the middle Eocene.

The stepwise Indian-Eurasian collision and uplift of the Himalayan-Tibetan plateau drove the diversification of high-elevation Scytodes spiders.

The Cenozoic Indian-Eurasian collision and uplift of the Himalayan-Tibetan Plateau (HTP) are among the most important geological events in the world. They have affected the diversification of regional biota of many taxonomic groups on and around the HTP. However, the exact timing and model of the collision and uplift events and speciation on and around the HTP are still in debate. The Himalayas group of Scytodes spitting spiders (Araneae: Scytodidae) are distributed at high elevations of the HTP and northern Indochina. Here, we reconstruct a dated molecular phylogeny for pan-Himalayan Scytodes spiders, including the Himalayas group, with full geographical sampling of the species from the HTP and Indochina. We test a hypothesis to explain that the rich montane biodiversity of the region is uplift-driven diversification-that orogeny drives rapid in situ speciation of the resident Scytodes lineages. Our findings revealed that the separation of the Himalayas clade from the Myanmar clade took place during the middle Oligocene, reflecting the final collision of India with Eurasia. The deep divergences among three clades (the Himalayas, the Myanmar and the Indochina clades) occurred from the middle Eocene to the middle Oligocene, corresponding to two early uplift events of the HTP. The evolutionary split between the Himalayas + Myanmar and Indochina clades were simultaneous with the rapid lateral extrusion of Indochina by the initial Himalayan uplift around the Eocene. This study highlights the importance of the diversification of dispersal-limited, high-elevation invertebrates as independent lines of evidence to reflect key tectonic events in the Himalayan-Indochina region, supporting the stepwise model for the Indian-Eurasian collision and uplift of HTP.

Global Diversification of Anelosimus Spiders Driven by Long-Distance Overwater Dispersal and Neogene Climate Oscillations.

Vicariance and dispersal events, combined with intricate global climatic history, have left an imprint on the spatiotemporal distribution and diversity of many organisms. Anelosimus cobweb spiders (Theridiidae), are organisms ranging in behavior from solitary to highly social, with a cosmopolitan distribution in temperate to tropical areas. Their evolutionary history and the discontinuous distribution of species richness suggest that 1) long-distance overwater dispersal and 2) climate change during the Neogene (23-2.6 Ma), may be major factors in explaining their distribution and diversification. Here, we test these hypotheses, and explicitly test if global Miocene/Pliocene climatic cooling in the last 8 Ma affected Anelosimus radiation in parallel in South America and Madagascar. To do so, we investigate the phylogeny and spatiotemporal biogeography of Anelosimus through a culmination of a 20-year comprehensive global sampling at the species level (69 species, including 84% of the known 75 species worldwide, represented by 268 individuals) using nucleotide data from seven loci (5.5 kb). Our results strongly support the monophyly of Anelosimus with an Oligocene ($\sim $30 Ma) South American origin. Major clades on other continents originate via multiple, long-distance dispersal events, of solitary or subsocial-but not social-lineages, from the Americas. These intercontinental dispersals were to Africa, Madagascar (twice), and SE Asia/Australasia. The early diversification of Anelosimus spiders coincides with a sudden thermal increase in the late Oligocene ($\sim $27-25 Ma), though no causal connection can be made. Our results, however, strongly support the hypothesis that global Neogene climatic cooling in the last 8 Ma drove Anelosimus radiation in parallel in South America and Madagascar, offering a rare empirical evidence for diversification of a socially diverse group driven by an interplay between long-distance dispersal and global Neogene climatic changes. [Cobweb spiders; diversification; global biogeography; long-distance dispersal; molecular phylogenetics; neogene climate changes; sociality; vicariance.].

Global mtDNA genetic structure and hypothesized invasion history of a major pest of citrus, Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae).

The Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri Kuwayama is a key pest of citrus as the vector of the bacterium causing the "huanglongbing" disease (HLB). To assess the global mtDNA population genetic structure, and possible dispersal history of the pest, we investigated genetic variation at the COI gene collating newly collected samples with all previously published data. Our dataset consists of 356 colonies from 106 geographic sites worldwide. High haplotype diversity (H-mean = 0.702 ± 0.017), low nucleotide diversity (π-mean = 0.003), and significant positive selection (Ka/Ks = 32.92) were observed. Forty-four haplotypes (Hap) were identified, clustered into two matrilines: Both occur in southeastern and southern Asia, North and South America, and Africa; lineages A and B also occur in eastern and western Asia, respectively. The most abundant haplotypes were Hap4 in lineage A (35.67%), and Hap9 in lineage B (41.29%). The haplotype network identified them as the ancestral haplotypes within their respective lineages. Analysis of molecular variance showed significant genetic structure (FST = 0.62, p < .0001) between the lineages, and population genetic analysis suggests geographic structuring. We hypothesize a southern and/or southeastern Asia origin, three dispersal routes, and parallel expansions of two lineages. The hypothesized first route involved the expansion of lineage B from southern Asia into North America via West Asia. The second, the expansion of some lineage A individuals from Southeast Asia into East Asia, and the third involved both lineages from Southeast Asia spreading westward into Africa and subsequently into South America. To test these hypotheses and gain a deeper understanding of the global history of D. citri, more data-rich approaches will be necessary from the ample toolkit of next-generation sequencing (NGS). However, this study may serve to guide such sampling and in the development of biological control programs against the global pest D. citri.

Three new species of Pinelema from caves in Guangxi, China (Araneae, Telemidae).

Three new Pinelema species, P. cunfengensis Zhao & Li, sp. n. (♂♀), P. podiensis Zhao & Li, sp. n. (♂♀), and P. qingfengensis Zhao & Li, sp. n. (♂♀), are described from the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region of China, bringing the total number of Pinelema species to eight. All occur in Yunnan Province or the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. The male palp of Telemidae was studied for the first time using scanning electron microscope.

Nine new species of the spider genus Stedocys (Araneae, Scytodidae) from China and Thailand.

Nine new species of the genus Stedocys Ono, 1995 are described: Stedocys gaolingensis Wu & Li sp. n. (♂♀, Guangxi), S. huangniuensis Wu & Li sp. n. (♀, Guangxi), S. ludiyanensis Wu & Li sp. n. (♂♀, Guangxi), S. matuoensis Wu & Li sp. n. (♀, Guangxi), S. pulianensis Wu & Li sp. n. (♂, Guangxi), S. shilinensis Wu & Li sp. n. (♂♀, Hainan), S. xianrenensis Wu & Li sp. n. (♂♀, Guangxi), S. xiangzhouensis Wu & Li sp. n. (♂♀, Guangxi) from China, and S. zhaoi Wu & Li sp. nov. (♂♀, Kanchanaburi) from Thailand. Diagnoses of nine new species are provided. DNA barcodes for six new species are documented for future use and as proof of molecular differences between these species.

The first record of Telemidae from Kenya, with the description of two new species (Arachnida, Araneae).

Two new species of Telemidae from Kenya are described: Guhua kakamegaensis Zhao & Li, gen. et sp. n., Apneumonella taitatavetaensis Zhao & Li, sp. n. Holotypes are deposited in the National Museum of Kenya in Nairobi, and all paratypes are deposited in the Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing. A distribution map of Telemidae found in Kenya is presented.

Seasonal dynamics of Diplectanum grouperi parasitism on wild versus cultured groupers, Epinephelus spp., and the linkage between infestation and host species phylogeny.

In this article, we examined the influences of the polycultured potential hosts on monogenean seasonality and the possible linkage between the infestations on different species of hosts and host phylogeny. The seasonality of Diplectanum grouperi , the dominant species, on wild versus cultured groupers, Epinephelus spp., was analyzed in Daya Bay, South China Sea, between April 2008 and January 2009. The prevalence, mean intensity, abundance, and variance/mean ratio were calculated for each species of host under polycultured and wild conditions. Except for the overall prevalence, which was slightly higher in autumn than that in summer under wild conditions, the mean intensity and variance were highest in summer, decreasing slightly in autumn to lowest levels in winter or spring. The infection level (prevalence, mean intensity, and abundance) was correlated with changes in water temperature during the sampling period, with a peak in summer, with the exception of E. awoara in autumn under wild conditions. The prevalence, intensity, and mean intensity of D. grouperi on Epinephelus spp. in the wild were much lower than those in experimental (mixed species) culture ponds. The correlation between the molecular phylogeny of 5 species of Epinephelus and the dendrogram based on the susceptibility to D. grouperi was not significant, which infers that variable susceptibilities of these Epinephelus species cannot be revealed by phylogenetic relationships determined from mitochondrial 16S rDNA and Cyt b gene sequences.