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1.
Environ Health Perspect ; 132(8): 87006, 2024 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39166865

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Exposure to arsenic (As) in well water is a well-documented public health issue for Maine and New Hampshire, as well as for other states in the United States and abroad. Arsenic contamination of well water in these locations is primarily attributed to metasedimentary bedrock that leaches As into groundwater. However, As can also enter groundwater reserves from soils contaminated by the historical use of arsenical pesticides. Approximately half of the households in Maine and New Hampshire rely on private wells, many of which have elevated As. Arsenic exposure has been associated with an increased risk of cancer, cardiovascular disease, reduced infection resistance, and lower intelligence quotient in children. Despite these known health impacts, well water testing and treatment are not universal. OBJECTIVES: We have approached the problem of low well water testing rates in Maine and New Hampshire communities by developing the All About Arsenic (AAA) project, which engages secondary school teachers and students as citizen scientists in collecting well water samples for analysis of As and other toxic metals and supports their outreach efforts to their communities. METHODS: We assessed this project's public health impact by analyzing student data relative to existing well water quality datasets in both states. In addition, we surveyed private well owners who contributed well water samples to the project to determine the actions taken to mitigate As in well water. RESULTS: Students collected 3,070 drinking water samples for metals testing, and 752 exceeded New Hampshire's As standard of 5 ppb. The AAA data has more than doubled the amount of information available to public health agencies about well water quality in multiple municipalities across both states. Students also collected information about well types and treatment systems. Their data reveal that some homeowners did not know what type of wells they had or whether they had filtration systems. Those with filtration systems were often unaware of the type of system, what the system was filtering for, or whether the system was designed to remove As. Through interviews with pilot survey participants, we learned that some had begun mitigating their exposure to As and other toxic metals in response to test results from the AAA project. DISCUSSION: A school-based approach to collecting and analyzing private well water samples can successfully reach communities with low testing rates for toxic elements, such as As and other metals. Importantly, information generated through the program can impact household decision-making, and students can influence local and state policymaking by sharing information in their communities. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP13421.


Assuntos
Arsênio , Saúde Pública , Poluentes Químicos da Água , Poços de Água , Arsênio/análise , Maine , New Hampshire , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Humanos , Saúde Pública/métodos , Ciência do Cidadão/métodos , Instituições Acadêmicas , Água Potável/química , Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , Exposição Ambiental/estatística & dados numéricos , Criança , Abastecimento de Água/estatística & dados numéricos
2.
Blood Adv ; 2024 Jul 29.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39074263

RESUMO

Allogeneic HCT is a potentially curative treatment strategy for patients with inborn errors of immunities (IEIs). Objective of this study was to assess the optimal busulfan exposure prior to allogeneic HCT for patients with an IEI who received an intravenous busulfan-based conditioning regimen between 2000 and 2023. Patients from 17 international centers were included. Main outcome of interest was event-free survival (EFS). Patients were categorized into 4 IEI subgroups: combined-immunodeficiency (CID), severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), neutrophil disorders and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH)-related disorders. Busulfan exposure was calculated by individual centers (AUCCENTER) and was re-estimated using a validated model (AUCNONMEM). Overall, 562 patients were included: 173 (30.8%) CID, 154 (27.4%) SCID, 101 (18.0%) HLH-related disorders, and 134 (23.8%) neutrophil disorders. Median busulfan AUCNONMEM was 69.0 mg×h/L and correlated poorly with AUCCENTER (r2=0.54). Patients with SCID, HLH-related, and neutrophil disorders were analyzed together (n=389), because CID disease subtype was an effect modifier (p=0.03). Estimated 2-year EFS was 78.5%. In patients with the found optimal busulfan AUCNONMEM of 70-90 mg×h/L, 2-year EFS was superior to <70 mg×h/L (adj-HR 1.97, 95% CI 1.11-3.49, p=0.02), and >90 mg×h/L (adj-HR 5.05, 95% CI 2.43-10.49, p<0.0001). Full donor chimerism increased with higher busulfan AUCNONMEM, plateauing at 90 mg×h/L. For CID patients, optimal AUCNONMEM for donor chimerism was found to be >70 mg×h/L. Improved EFS and higher donor chimerism may be achieved by targeting a cumulative busulfan AUCNONMEM of 80 mg×h/L (range 70-90). Our study stresses the importance to uniformly using a validated population PK-model to estimate the AUCNONMEM.

3.
Bioinform Adv ; 3(1): vbad120, 2023.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37745004

RESUMO

Summary: Doublets are usually considered an unwanted artifact of single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) and are only identified in datasets for the sake of removal. However, if cells have a juxtacrine interaction with one another in situ and maintain this association through an scRNA-seq processing pipeline that only partially dissociates the tissue, these doublets can provide meaningful biological information regarding the intercellular signals and processes occurring in the analyzed tissue. This is especially true for cases such as the immune compartment of the tumor microenvironment, where the frequency and the type of immune cell juxtacrine interactions can be a prognostic indicator. We developed Cell type-specific Interaction Analysis using Doublets in scRNA-seq (CIcADA) as a pipeline for identifying and analyzing biologically meaningful doublets in scRNA-seq data. CIcADA identifies putative doublets using multi-label cell type scores and characterizes interaction dynamics through a comparison against synthetic doublets of the same cell type composition. In performing CIcADA on several scRNA-seq tumor datasets, we found that the identified doublets were consistently upregulating expression of immune response genes. Availability and implementation: An R package implementing the CIcADA method is in development and will be released on CRAN, but for now it is available at https://github.com/schiebout/CAMML.

4.
bioRxiv ; 2023 Feb 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36824707

RESUMO

Motivation: Doublets are usually considered an unwanted artifact of single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) and are only identified in datasets for the sake of removal. However, if cells have a juxtacrine attachment to one another in situ and maintain this association through an scRNA-seq processing pipeline that only partially dissociates the tissue, these doublets can provide meaningful biological information regarding the interactions and cell processes occurring in the analyzed tissue. This is especially true for cases such as the immune compartment of the tumor microenvironment, where the frequency and type of immune cell juxtacrine interactions can be a prognostic indicator. Results: We developed Cell type-specific Interaction Analysis using Doublets in scRNA-seq (CIcADA) as a pipeline for identifying and analyzing biological doublets in scRNA-seq data. CIcADA identifies putative doublets using multi-label cell type scores and characterizes interaction dynamics through a comparison against synthetic doublets of the same cell type composition. In performing CIcADA on several scRNA-seq tumor datasets, we found that the identified doublets were consistently upregulating expression of immune response genes. Contact: Courtney.T.Schiebout.GR@Dartmouth.edu , Hildreth.R.Frost@Dartmouth.edu.

6.
Pediatr Blood Cancer ; 68(10): e29261, 2021 10.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34302703

RESUMO

TAFRO (thrombocytopenia, anasarca, fever/elevated C-reactive protein, reticulin myelofibrosis, renal dysfunction, and organomegaly) clinical subtype of idiopathic multicentric Castleman disease (iMCD-TAFRO) is a rare lymphoproliferative disease characterized by systemic inflammation. First-line treatment for iMCD-TAFRO includes steroids and interleukin (IL)-6 blockade. Many patients have refractory disease, which is associated with significant morbidity and mortality, and treatment remains challenging. We present two pediatric cases of iMCD-TAFRO. One patient responded to IL-6 blockade; the other was refractory to siltuximab and chemotherapy, ultimately responding to JAK inhibition with ruxolitinib. This is the first reported pediatric case of refractory iMCD-TAFRO responding to JAK inhibition.


Assuntos
Hiperplasia do Linfonodo Gigante , Adolescente , Anticorpos Monoclonais/uso terapêutico , Hiperplasia do Linfonodo Gigante/tratamento farmacológico , Hiperplasia do Linfonodo Gigante/metabolismo , Feminino , Humanos , Interleucina-6/antagonistas & inibidores , Janus Quinases/antagonistas & inibidores , Masculino , Nitrilas/uso terapêutico , Pirazóis/uso terapêutico , Pirimidinas/uso terapêutico
7.
J Immunol ; 206(1): 89-100, 2021 01 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33229443

RESUMO

Foxo1 is an essential transcription factor required for the survival and differentiation of memory CD8 T cells, yet it is unclear whether these Foxo1-dependent functions are inherently coupled. To address this question, we examined the effects of different Foxo1 posttranslational modifications. Phosphorylation of Foxo1 by Akt kinases at three distinct residues is well characterized to inhibit Foxo1 transcriptional activity. However, the effect of Foxo1 phosphorylation within its DNA-binding domain at serine 209 by Mst1 kinase is not fully understood. In this study, we show that an S209A phospho-null Foxo1 exhibited Akt-dependent nuclear trafficking in mouse CD8 T cells and augmented the expression of canonical Foxo1 target genes such as Il7r and Sell In contrast, an S209D phosphomimetic Foxo1 (SD-Foxo1) was largely excluded from the nucleus of CD8 T cells and failed to transactivate these genes. RNA sequencing analysis revealed that SD-Foxo1 was associated with a distinct Foxo1-dependent transcriptional profile, including genes mediating CD8 effector function and cell survival. Despite defective transactivation of canonical target genes, SD-Foxo1 promoted IL-15-mediated CD8 T cell survival in vitro and survival of short-lived effector cells in vivo in response to Listeria monocytogenes infection. However, SD-Foxo1 actively repressed CD127 expression and failed to generate memory precursors and long-lived memory T cells. Together, these data indicate that S209 is a critical residue for the regulation of Foxo1 subcellular localization and for balancing CD8 T cell differentiation and survival.


Assuntos
Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , Proteína Forkhead Box O1/metabolismo , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/metabolismo , Animais , Sítios de Ligação/genética , Biomimética , Diferenciação Celular , Sobrevivência Celular , Proteína Forkhead Box O1/genética , Redes Reguladoras de Genes , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Memória Imunológica , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intracelular , Camundongos , Camundongos Transgênicos , Mutação/genética , Fosforilação , Ligação Proteica , Serina/genética
8.
Infect Immun ; 85(12)2017 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28947643

RESUMO

Heterogeneity among Aspergillus fumigatus isolates results in unique virulence potential and inflammatory responses. How these isolates drive specific immune responses and how this affects fungally induced lung damage and disease outcome are unresolved. We demonstrate that the highly virulent CEA10 strain is able to rapidly germinate within the immunocompetent lung environment, inducing greater lung damage, vascular leakage, and interleukin 1α (IL-1α) release than the low-virulence Af293 strain, which germinates with a lower frequency in this environment. Importantly, the clearance of CEA10 was consequently dependent on IL-1α, in contrast to Af293. The release of IL-1α occurred by a caspase 1/11- and P2XR7-independent mechanism but was dependent on calpain activity. Our finding that early fungal conidium germination drives greater lung damage and IL-1α-dependent inflammation is supported by three independent experimental lines. First, pregermination of Af293 prior to in vivo challenge drives greater lung damage and an IL-1α-dependent neutrophil response. Second, the more virulent EVOL20 strain, derived from Af293, is able to germinate in the airways, leading to enhanced lung damage and IL-1α-dependent inflammation and fungal clearance. Third, primary environmental A. fumigatus isolates that rapidly germinate under airway conditions follow the same trend toward IL-1α dependency. Our data support the hypothesis that A. fumigatus phenotypic variation significantly contributes to disease outcomes.


Assuntos
Aspergilose/imunologia , Aspergillus fumigatus/imunologia , Aspergillus fumigatus/patogenicidade , Interleucina-1alfa/imunologia , Pulmão/imunologia , Animais , Células Cultivadas , Imunocompetência , Inflamação , Pulmão/microbiologia , Macrófagos/imunologia , Macrófagos/microbiologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , Fenótipo , Esporos Fúngicos/imunologia , Esporos Fúngicos/patogenicidade , Virulência
9.
G3 (Bethesda) ; 5(10): 2209-15, 2015 Jun 22.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26100681

RESUMO

In Caenorhabditis elegans, germline expression programs are actively repressed in somatic tissue by components of the synMuv (synthetic multi-vulva) B chromatin remodeling complex, which include homologs of tumor suppressors Retinoblastoma (Rb/LIN-35) and Malignant Brain Tumor (MBT/LIN-61). However, the full scope of pathways that suppress germline expression in the soma is unknown. To address this, we performed a mutagenesis and screened for somatic expression of GFP-tagged PGL-1, a core P-granule nucleating protein. Eight alleles were isolated from 4000 haploid genomes. Five of these alleles exhibit a synMuv phenotype, whereas the remaining three were identified as hypomorphic alleles of known synMuv B genes, lin-13 and dpl-1. These findings suggest that most suppressors of germline programs in the soma of C. elegans are either required for viability or function through synMuv B chromatin regulation.


Assuntos
Proteínas de Caenorhabditis elegans/genética , Proteínas de Caenorhabditis elegans/metabolismo , Caenorhabditis elegans/genética , Caenorhabditis elegans/metabolismo , Proteínas Repressoras/genética , Proteínas Repressoras/metabolismo , Alelos , Animais , Animais Geneticamente Modificados , Mapeamento Cromossômico , Expressão Gênica , Genes Reporter , Células Germinativas , Mutação , Interferência de RNA , Proteínas de Ligação a RNA/genética , Proteínas de Ligação a RNA/metabolismo
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