Predictive value of CD86 for the occurrence of sepsis (Sepsis-3) in patients with infection.

This prospective observational study explored the predictive value of CD86 in the early diagnosis of sepsis in the emergency department. The primary endpoint was the factors associated with a diagnosis of sepsis. The secondary endpoint was the factors associated with mortality among patients with sepsis. It enrolled inpatients with infection or high clinical suspicion of infection in the emergency department of a tertiary Hospital between September 2019 and June 2021. The patients were divided into the sepsis and non-sepsis groups according to the Sepsis-3 standard. The non-sepsis group included 56 patients, and the sepsis group included 65 patients (19 of whom ultimately died). The multivariable analysis showed that CD86% (odds ratio [OR] = 1.22, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.04-1.44, P = 0.015), platelet count (OR = 0.99, 95%CI: 0.986-0.997, P = 0.001), interleukin-10 (OR = 1.01, 95%CI: 1.004-1.025, P = 0.009), and procalcitonin (OR = 1.17, 95%CI: 1.01-1.37, P = 0.043) were independent risk factors for sepsis, while human leukocyte antigen (HLA%) (OR = 0.96, 05%CI: 0.935-0.995, P = 0.022), respiratory rate (OR = 1.16, 95%CI: 1.03-1.30, P = 0.014), and platelet count (OR = 1.01, 95%CI: 1.002-1.016, P = 0.016) were independent risk factors for death in patients with sepsis. The model for sepsis (CD86%, platelets, interleukin-10, and procalcitonin) and the model for death (HLA%, respiratory rate, and platelets) had an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.870 and 0.843, respectively. CD86% in the first 24 h after admission for acute infection was independently associated with the occurrence of sepsis in the emergency department.

Bifenthrin induces changes in clinical poisoning symptoms, oxidative stress, DNA damage, histological characteristics, and transcriptome in Chinese giant salamander (Andrias davidianus) larvae.

Bifenthrin (BF) is a broad-spectrum insecticide that has gained widespread use due to its high effectiveness. However, there is limited research on the potential toxic effects of bifenthrin pollution on amphibians. This study aimed to investigate the 50 % lethal concentration (LC50) and safety concentration of Chinese giant salamanders (CGS) exposed to BF (at 0, 6.25,12.5,25 and 50 µg/L BF) for 96 h. Subsequently, CGS were exposed to BF (at 0, 0.04, and 4 µg/L BF) for one week to investigate its toxic effects. Clinical poisoning symptoms, liver pathology, oxidative stress factors, DNA damage, and transcriptome differences were observed and analyzed. The results indicate that exposure to BF at 4 µg/L significantly decreased the adenosine-triphosphate (ATP), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), and catalase (CAT) contents in the brain, liver, and kidney of CGS. Additionally, the study found that the malondialdehyde (MDA), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) contents were increased. The liver tissue exhibited significant inflammatory reactions and structural malformations. RNA-seq analysis of the liver showed that BF caused abnormal antioxidant indices of CGS. This affected molecular function genes such as catalytic activity, ATP-dependent activity, metabolic processes, signaling and immune system processes, behavior, and detoxification, which were significantly upregulated, resulting in the differential genes significantly enriched in the calcium signaling pathway, PPARα signaling pathway and NF-kB signaling pathway. The results suggest that BF induces the abnormal production of free radicals, which overwhelms the body's self-defense system, leading to varying degrees of oxidative stress. This can result in oxidative damage, DNA damage, abnormal lipid metabolism, autoimmune diseases, clinical poisoning symptoms, and tissue inflammation. This work provides a theoretical basis for the rational application of bifenthrin and environmental risk assessment, as well as scientific guidance for the conservation of amphibian populations.

Two multimodal neuroimaging subtypes of obsessive-compulsive disorder disclosed by semi-supervised machine learning.

BACKGROUND: Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a highly heterogeneous mental condition with a diverse symptom. Existing studies classified OCD on the basis of conventional phenomenology-based taxonomy ignoring the fact that the same subtype identified in accordance with clinical symptom may have different mechanisms and treatment responses. METHODS: This research involved 50 medicine-free patients with OCD and 50 matched healthy controls (HCs). All the participants were subjected to structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and amplitude of low frequency fluctuation (ALFF) were used to evaluate gray matter volume (GMV) and spontaneous neuronal activities at rest respectively. Similarity network fusion (SNF) was utilized to integrate GMVs and spontaneous neuronal activities, and heterogeneity by discriminant analysis was applied to characterise OCD subtypes. RESULTS: Two OCD subtypes were identified: Subtype 1 exhibited decreased GMVs (i.e., left inferior temporal gyrus, right supplementary motor area and right lingual gyrus) and increased ALFF value (i.e., right orbitofrontal cortex), whereas subtype 2 exhibited increased GMVs (i.e., left cuneus, right precentral gyrus, left postcentral gyrus and left hippocampus) and decreased ALFF value (i.e., right caudate nucleus). Furthermore, the altered GMVs was negatively correlated with abnormal ALFF values in both subtype 1 and 2. LIMITATIONS: This study requires further validation via a larger, independent dataset and should consider the potential influences of psychotropic medication on OCD patients' brain activities. CONCLUSIONS: Results revealed two reproducible subtypes of OCD based on underlying multimodal neuroimaging and provided new perspectives on the classification of OCD.

Microbial imidazole propionate affects glomerular filtration rate in patients with diabetic nephropathy through association with HSP90α.

Imidazole propionate (ImP) is a detrimental metabolite produced by the fermentation of histidine intermediates via the intestinal flora. Here, the untargeted metabolite analysis of plasma metabolites from patients with diabetic nephropathy (DN), in combination with the Human Metabolome Database, revealed significantly increased levels of ImP in patients with DN, with a positive correlation with patients' blood creatinine concentration and urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio, and a negative correlation with the glomerular filtration rate. RNA-seq was applied to detect the effects of ImP on renal tissue transcriptome in mice with DN. It demonstrated that ImP exacerbated renal injury in mice with DN and promoted renal tubular epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), leading to renal mesenchymal fibrosis and renal impairment. Furthermore, ImP was found to directly target HAP90α and activate the PI3K-Akt signalling pathway, which is involved in EMT, by the drug affinity response target stability method. The findings showed that ImP may provide a novel target for DN quality, as it can directly bind to and activate HSP90, thereby facilitating the development of DN while acting as a potential indicator for the clinical diagnosis of DN.

Association of the Verbal Rating Scale-Measured Dysmenorrhea with Nausea and Vomiting in Pregnancy: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

OBJECTIVES: Nausea and vomiting in pregnancy (NVP) is a common condition that reduces the quality of life by negatively affecting work and family life, physical and mental health, and economic well-being. However, its risk factors remain unclear. This study aimed to explore the association between NVP and verbal rating scale (VRS)-measured dysmenorrhea and to explore potential protective factors. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study was conducted from June 2018 to December 2020 at Tongji Hospital in Wuhan. Information on baseline characteristics, pregnancy-related history, periconceptional micronutrient supplementation, and obstetric outcomes were collected. The severity of dysmenorrhea was assessed using VRS. RESULTS: A total of 443 pregnant women were recruited and divided into the NVP group (n = 76) and the control group (n = 367). A significant association was observed between NVP and VRS-measured dysmenorrhea (c2=10.038, P = 0.007). After adjusting for covariates, the association between moderate/severe dysmenorrhea and NVP remained significant (OR 2.384; 95% CI 1.104-5.148, P = 0.004). First-trimester docosahexaenoic acid supplement (OR 0.443; 95% CI 0.205-0.960, P = 0.039) may be beneficial in reducing the risk of NVP. CONCLUSIONS: Women with moderate to severe dysmenorrhea have a higher risk of experiencing NVP during the first trimester. Periconceptional docosahexaenoic acid supplementation may play a protective role.

Reduced functional connectivity of the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex at rest in obsessive-compulsive disorder.

BACKGROUND: Neuroimaging studies have revealed the role of the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in the neurobiological mechanism of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). However, only a few studies have examined the functional connectivity (FC) pattern of the right DLPFC at rest in OCD. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this research is to examine the FC patterns of the right DLPFC at rest in OCD. METHODS: Twenty-eight medication-free patients with OCD and 20 healthy controls underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. Seed-based FC and support vector machine (SVM) were used to analyze the imaging data. RESULTS: The patients with OCD showed reduced FC values in the right middle temporal gyrus (MTG), right superior temporal gyrus, right ventral anterior cingulate cortex (vACC), and left Crus II. No brain regions showed a remarkable difference in FC values in patients with OCD after 8 weeks of medication treatment. The reduced right DLPFC-right MTG and right DLPFC-right vACC connectivities were correlated with the clinical symptoms of OCD. SVM results showed that reduced right DLPFC-right MTG connectivity at rest could predict the therapeutic response to OCD medication. CONCLUSIONS: The findings highlight the important role of the right DLPFC in the pathophysiological mechanism of OCD.

Selenizing chitooligosaccharide with site-selective modification to alleviate acute liver injury in vivo.

Two selenized chitooligosaccharide (O-Se-COS and N,O-Se-COS) with different sites modification were synthesized to alleviate liver injury in vivo. Comparing to traditional COS, both selenized COS exhibited enhanced reducibility as well as antioxidant capacity in vitro. Furthermore, O-Se-COS demonstrated superior efficacy in reducing intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial damage compared to N,O-Se-COS as its enhanced cellular uptake by the positive/negative charge interactions. Two mechanisms were proposed to explained these results: one is to enhance the enzymatic activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), which effectively scavenge free radicals; the other is to down-regulate intracellular cytochrome P450 (CYP2E1) levels, inhibiting carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced peroxidation damage. In vivo studies further demonstrated the effective alleviation of CCl4-induced liver injury by selenized COS, with therapeutic efficacy observed in the following order: O-Se-COS > N,O-Se-COS > COS. Finally, hemolysis and histological tests confirmed the biosafety of both selenized COS. Taken together, these finding demonstrated that selenium has the potential to improve the biological activity of COS, and precise selenylation was more conducive to achieving the synergistic effect where 1 + 1>2.

Amifostine ameliorates bleomycin-induced murine pulmonary fibrosis via NAD+/SIRT1/AMPK pathway-mediated effects on mitochondrial function and cellular metabolism.

BACKGROUND: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a devastating chronic lung disease characterized by irreversible scarring of the lung parenchyma. Despite various interventions aimed at mitigating several different molecular aspects of the disease, only two drugs with limited clinical efficacy have so far been approved for IPF therapy. OBJECTIVE: We investigated the therapeutic efficacy of amifostine, a detoxifying drug clinically used for radiation-caused cytotoxicity, in bleomycin-induced murine pulmonary fibrosis. METHODS: C57BL6/J mice were intratracheally instilled with 3 U/kg of bleomycin. Three doses of amifostine (WR-2721, 200 mg/kg) were administered intraperitoneally on days 1, 3, and 5 after the bleomycin challenge. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was collected on day 7 and day 21 for the assessment of lung inflammation, metabolites, and fibrotic injury. Human fibroblasts were treated in vitro with transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-ß1), followed by amifostine (WR-1065, 1-4 µg/mL) treatment. The effects of TGF-ß1 and amifostine on the mitochondrial production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were assessed by live cell imaging of MitoSOX. Cellular metabolism was assessed by the extracellular acidification rate (ECAR), the oxygen consumption rate (OCR), and the concentrations of various energy-related metabolites as measured by mass spectrum (MS). Western blot analysis was performed to investigate the effect of amifostine on sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and adenosine monophosphate activated kinase (AMPK). RESULTS: Three doses of amifostine significantly attenuated lung inflammation and pulmonary fibrosis. Pretreatment and post-treatment of human fibroblast cells with amifostine blocked TGF-ß1-induced mitochondrial ROS production and mitochondrial dysfunction in human fibroblast cells. Further, treatment of fibroblasts with TGF-ß1 shifted energy metabolism away from mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and towards glycolysis, as observed by an altered metabolite profile including a decreased ratio of NAD + /NADH and increased lactate concentration. Treatment with amifostine significantly restored energy metabolism and activated SIRT1, which in turn activated AMPK. The activation of AMPK was required to mediate the effects of amifostine on mitochondrial homeostasis and pulmonary fibrosis. This study provides evidence that repurposing of the clinically used drug amifostine may have therapeutic applications for IPF treatment. CONCLUSION: Amifostine inhibits bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis by restoring mitochondrial function and cellular metabolism.

Sfrp2 promotes renal dysfunction of diabetic kidney disease via modulating Fzd5-induced cytosolic calcium ion concentration and CaMKII/Mek/Erk pathway in mesangial cells.

OBJECTIVE: Mesangial cells (MCs) in the kidney play central role in maintaining glomerular integrity, and their abnormal proliferation leads to major glomerular diseases including diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Although high blood glucose elicits MCs impairment, the underlying molecular mechanism is poorly understood. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of secreted frizzled-related protein 2 (Sfrp2) from single-nucleus RNA profiling on MC proliferation of DKD in vitro and in vivo and explored the specific mechanisms. RESULTS: By snRNA-seq analysis of isolated renal cells from leptin receptor-deficient db/db mice and control db/m mice, we found that Sfrp2 was increased in the MCs of DKD in comparison to other intrinsic renal cells, which was further verified in vitro and in vivo. We also found that the expression of Sfrp2 was significantly upregulated in DKD patients and correlated with renal function, demonstrating that Sfrp2 might serve as an independent biomarker for DKD patients. Functionally, we showed the loss and acquisition of Sfrp2 affected cytosolic Ca2+ concentration, cell proliferation and fibrosis of MC, albuminuria and kidney injury in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, we identify c-Jun as a transcription factor of Sfrp2 promoting its transcription, and the Ca2+ signaling related protein frizzled receptor 5 (Fzd5) as the binding protein of Sfrp2. And we further found Sfrp2 promoted Fzd5-induced cytosolic Ca2+ concentration and the downstream CaMKII/Mek/Erk pathway activation, leading to MC proliferation and fibrosis in DKD. CONCLUSION: Our study revealed a novel involvement for Sfrp2 in the regulation of MC function and the effect of Sfrp2 on cell proliferation and fibrosis of MC via the Fzd5/Ca2+/CaMKII/Mek/Erk pathway, implying that Sfrp2 may be a possible biomarker and therapeutic target for DKD.

Circ_0061140 Potentiates Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma Progression Via the MicroRNA-126-5p/ADAM9 Axis.

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) function as new cancer biomarkers, but the role of circ_0061140 remains unknown in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). Therefore, we aimed to validate the functions of circ_0061140 in ccRCC and its potential as a prognostic biomarker. At first, circ_0061140 expression in ccRCC tissues and cells was detected, and circ_0061140 was upregulated in ccRCC tissues (p < 0.0001) and cells (p < 0.0001). Patients with high expression of circ_0061140 had a worse prognosis (p < 0.05). Then, siRNA against circ_0061140 was transfected into Caki-1 and UT14 cells to explore its roles in the biological functions of ccRCC cells, and suppressing roles of downregulated circ_0061140 were observed in the cell growth of Caki-1 and UT14 cells (p < 0.01). Next, circ_0061140 was found to be a sponge of miR-126-5p, and ADAM9 was determined to be a target of miR-126-5p. Finally, functional rescue experiments were conducted to observe their roles in ccRCC cell growth. It was suggested that suppressed miR-126-5p or overexpressed ADAM9 induced cell proliferation and restricted cell apoptosis in ccRCC cells based on si-circ_0061140 (p < 0.01). Altogether, this study highlights that circ_0061140 plays an oncogenic role in ccRCC through modulation of the miR-126-5p/ADAM9 axis.

Combined BSA-Seq and RNA-Seq Reveal Genes Associated with the Visual Stay-Green of Maize (Zea mays L.).

Maize has become one of the most widely grown grains in the world, and the stay-green mutant allows these plants to maintain their green leaves and photosynthetic potential for longer following anthesis than in non-mutated plants. As a result, stay-green plants have a higher production rate than non-stay-green varieties due to their prolonged grain-filling period. In this study, the candidate genes related to the visual stay-green at the maturation stage of maize were investigated. The F2 population was derived from the T01 (stay-green) and the Xin3 (non-stay-green) cross. Two bulked segregant analysis pools were constructed. According to the method of combining ED (Euclidean distance), Ridit (relative to an identified distribution unit), SmoothG, and SNP algorithms, a region containing 778 genes on chromosome 9 was recognized as the candidate region associated with the visual stay-green in maize. A total of eight modules were identified using WGCNA (weighted correlation network analysis), of which green, brown, pink, and salmon modules were significantly correlated with visual stay-green. BSA, combined with the annotation function, discovered 7 potential candidate genes, while WGCNA discovered 11 stay-green potential candidate genes. The candidate range was further reduced due through association analysis of BSA-seq and RNA-seq. We identified Zm00001eb378880, Zm00001eb383680, and Zm00001eb384100 to be the most likely candidate genes. Our results provide valuable insights into this new germplasm resource with reference to increasing the yield for maize.

Analyses of Factors Associated with Acute Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Review.

Acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) is the exacerbation of a range of respiratory symptoms during the stable phase of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). AECOPD is thus a dangerous stage and key event in the course of COPD, as its deterioration and frequency seriously affects the quality of life of patients and shortens their survival. Acute exacerbations occur and develop due to many factors such as infection, tobacco smoke inhalation, air pollution, comorbidities, airflow limitation, various biomarkers, history of previous deterioration, natural killer cell abnormalities, immunoglobulin G deficiency, genetics, abnormal muscle and nutritional status, negative psychology, and seasonal temperature changes. There is relatively limited research on the impact of the role of standardized management on the alleviation of AECOPD. However, with the establishment of relevant prevention and management systems and the promotion of artificial intelligence technology and Internet medical approaches, long-term effective and standardized management of COPD patients may help to achieve the quality of life and disease prognosis in COPD patients and reduce the risk of AE.

Identifying major depressive disorder with associated sleep disturbances through fMRI regional homogeneity at rest.

BACKGROUND: Anomalies in regional homogeneity (ReHo) have been documented in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and sleep disturbances (SDs). This investigation aimed to scrutinize changes in ReHo in MDD patients with comorbid SD, and to devise potential diagnostic biomarkers for detecting sleep-related conditions in patients with MDD. METHODS: Patients with MDD and healthy controls underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging scans. SD severity was quantified using the 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression. Subsequent to the acquisition of imaging data, ReHo analysis was performed, and a support vector machine (SVM) method was employed to assess the utility of ReHo in discriminating MDD patients with SD. RESULTS: Compared with MDD patients without SD, MDD patients with SD exhibited increased ReHo values in the right posterior cingulate cortex (PCC)/precuneus, right median cingulate cortex, left postcentral gyrus (postCG), and right inferior temporal gyrus (ITG). Furthermore, the ReHo values in the right PCC/precuneus and ITG displayed a positive correlation with clinical symptoms across all patients. SVM classification results showed that a combination of abnormal ReHo in the left postCG and right ITG achieved an overall accuracy of 84.21%, a sensitivity of 81.82%, and a specificity of 87.50% in identifying MDD patients with SD from those without SD. CONCLUSION: We identified disrupted ReHo patterns in MDD patients with SD, and presented a prospective neuroimaging-based diagnostic biomarker for these patients.

PINK1-mediated mitophagy induction protects against preeclampsia by decreasing ROS and trophoblast pyroptosis.

INTRODUCTION: Preeclampsia (PE) is a multisystemic disorder attributed to the excessive presentation of placenta-derived immunoinflammatory factors. PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1)-mediated mitophagy participates in the development and persistence of the inflammation. We hypothesized that dysregulated mitophagy might be involved in the pathogenesis of PE by promoting the activation of trophoblast pyroptosis that augment inflammation. METHODS: The morphology of mitochondrial in placenta were observed by transmission electron microscopy. The localization of PINK1 in the placenta was determined by immunohistochemistry. The expression levels of PINK1, PARKIN, LC3B, and SQSTM1 and pyroptosis-related molecules were compared between normal pregnancies and PE. We used hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) to stimulate the trophoblast hypoxia environment. HTR-8/SVneo cells were transfected with PINK1 plasmid and si-PINK1, respectively, and then were treated with H/R, to determine whether PINK1 regulated ROS and HTR-8/Svneo pyroptosis. Finally, ROS production was inhibited by MitoTEMPO to observe whether the pro-pyroptosis effect of PINK1 knockdown is alleviated. RESULTS: Swollen mitochondrial were accumulated in the PE placentae. PINK1 is localized on villus trophoblast (VTs) and extravillous trophoblast (EVTs). PINK1-mediated mitophagy was abolished in the PE placenta, while the levels of pyroptosis were induced. H/R stimulation aggravated the downregulation of mitophagy and the up-regulation of pyroptosis. Overexpression of PINK1 mitigated H/R-induced upregulation of ROS and pyroptosis while silencing PINK1 did the opposite. Reducing ROS production can effectively resist the pro-pyroptosis effect of PINK1 knockdown. DISCUSSION: This study demonstrated that PINK1-mediated mitophagy might played a protective role in PE by reducing ROS and trophoblast pyroptosis.

CircUBXN7 promotes macrophage infiltration and renal fibrosis associated with the IGF2BP2-dependent SP1 mRNA stability in diabetic kidney disease.

Introduction: Inflammatory cell infiltration is a novel hallmark of diabetic kidney disease (DKD), in part, by activated macrophages. Macrophage-to-tubular epithelial cell communication may play an important role in renal fibrosis. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been reported in the pathogenesis of various human diseases involving macrophages activation, including DKD. However, the exact mechanism of circRNAs in macrophage infiltration and renal fibrosis of DKD remains obscure. Methods: In our study, a novel circRNA circUBXN7 was identified in DKD patients using microarray. The function of circUBXN7 in vitro and in vivo was investigated by qRT-PCR, western blot, and immunofluorescence. Finally, a dual-luciferase reporter assay, ChIP, RNA pull-down, RNA immunoprecipitation and rescue experiments were performed to investigate the mechanism of circUBXN7. Results: We demonstrated that the expression of circUBXN7 was significantly upregulated in the plasma of DKD patients and correlated with renal function, which might serve as an independent biomarker for DKD patients. According to investigations, ectopic expression of circUBXN7 promoted macrophage activation, EMT and fibrosis in vitro, and increased macrophage infiltration, EMT, fibrosis and proteinuria in vivo. Mechanistically, circUBXN7 was transcriptionally upregulated by transcription factor SP1 and could reciprocally promote SP1 mRNA stability and activation via directly binding to the m6A-reader IGF2BP2 in DKD. Conclusion: CircUBXN7 is highly expressed in DKD patients may provide the potential biomarker and therapeutic target for DKD.

Environmental enrichment enhanced neurogenesis and behavioral recovery after stroke in aged rats.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Age is identified as a significant prognostic factor for poorer outcome after stroke. However, environmental enrichment (EE) has been reported to promote functional recovery after ischemic stroke. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether environmental enrichment was beneficial to ischemic stroke in aged rats. METHODS: Aged rats were randomly assigned as control rats, rats subjected to cerebral ischemia, and rats with cerebral ischemia treated with EE for 30 days. Focal cortical ischemia was induced by intracranial injection of endothelin-1 (ET-1). EE housing began one day after focal ischemia and was maintained for the whole experimental period. We used immunofluorescence staining to analyze the neurogenesis in the subventricular zone (SVZ) and TdT-mediated dUTP-biotin nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay to evaluate apoptosis. The expression of neuronal nuclei, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and Iba-1 around the infarcted area were also measured by double immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: EE enhanced the proliferation of newborn neurons in the SVZ, as well as increased the long-term survival of newborn neurons. EE also exerted effects on inflammation after stroke. Furthermore, EE suppressed apoptosis and improved the motor functions after stroke in the aged rats. CONCLUSIONS: EE improved post-stroke recovery on the basis of enhancing neurogenesis in aged rats.

Allosteric modulation of SHP2: Quest from known to unknown.

Src homology-2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase-2 (SHP2) is a key regulatory factor in the cell cycle and its activating mutations play an important role in the development of various cancers, making it an important target for antitumor drugs. Due to the highly conserved amino acid sequence and positively charged nature of the active site of SHP2, it is difficult to discover inhibitors with high affinity for the catalytic site of SHP2 and sufficient cell permeability, making it considered an "undruggable" target. However, the discovery of allosteric regulation mechanisms provides new opportunities for transforming undruggable targets into druggable ones. Given the limitations of orthosteric inhibitors, SHP2 allosteric inhibitors have become a more selective and safer research direction. In this review, we elucidate the oncogenic mechanism of SHP2 and summarize the discovery methods of SHP2 allosteric inhibitors, providing new strategies for the design and improvement of SHP2 allosteric inhibitors.

New Interpretation of Neonatal Outcomes by Phenotypically Classified Preterm Syndrome: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

OBJECTIVE: The global aim to lower preterm birth rates has been hampered by the insufficient and incomplete understanding of its etiology, classification, and diagnosis. This study was designed to evaluate the association of phenotypically classified preterm syndromes with neonatal outcomes; to what extent would these outcomes be modified after the obstetric interventions, including use of glucocorticoid, magnesium sulfate, and progesterone. METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study conducted at Tongji Hospital (composed of Main Branch, Optical Valley Branch and Sino-French New City Branch) in Wuhan. A total of 900 pregnant women and 1064 neonates were retrospectively enrolled. The outcomes were the distribution of different phenotypes among parturition signs and pathway to delivery, the association of phenotypically classified clusters with short-term unfavorable neonatal outcomes, and to what extent these outcomes could be modified by obstetric interventions. RESULTS: Eight clusters were identified using two-step cluster analysis, including premature rupture of fetal membranes (PPROM) phenotype, abnormal amniotic fluid (AF) phenotype, placenta previa phenotype, mixed condition phenotype, fetal distress phenotype, preeclampsia-eclampsia & hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets syndrome (PE-E&HELLP) phenotype, multiple fetus phenotype, and no main condition phenotype. Except for no main condition phenotype, the other phenotypes were associated with one or more complications, which conforms to the clinical practice. Compared with no main condition phenotype, some phenotypes were significantly associated with short-term adverse neonatal outcomes. Abnormal AF phenotype, mixed condition phenotype, PE-E&HELLP phenotype, and multiple fetus phenotype were risk factors for neonatal small-for gestation age (SGA); placenta previa phenotype was not associated with adverse outcomes except low APGAR score being 0-7 at one min; mixed condition phenotype was associated with low APGAR scores, SGA, mechanical ventilation, and grade HI-W intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH); fetal distress phenotype was frequently associated with neonatal SGA and mechanical ventilation; PE-E&HELLP phenotype was correlated with low APGAR score being 0-7 at one min, SGA and neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admission; multiple fetus phenotype was not a risk factor for the outcomes included except for SGA. Not all neonates benefited from obstetric interventions included in this study. CONCLUSION: Our research disclosed the independent risk of different preterm phenotypes for adverse pregnancy outcomes. This study is devoted to putting forward the paradigm of classifying preterm birth phenotypically, with the ultimate purpose of defining preterm phenotypes based on multi-center studies and diving into the underlying mechanisms.

Human milk extracellular vesicles enhance muscle growth and physical performance of immature mice associating with Akt/mTOR/p70s6k signaling pathway.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play an important role in human and bovine milk composition. According to excellent published studies, it also exerts various functions in the gut, bone, or immune system. However, the effects of milk-derived EVs on skeletal muscle growth and performance have yet to be fully explored. Firstly, the current study examined the amino acids profile in human milk EVs (HME) and bovine milk EVs (BME) using targeted metabolomics. Secondly, HME and BME were injected in the quadriceps of mice for four weeks (1 time/3 days). Then, related muscle performance, muscle growth markers/pathways, and amino acids profile were detected or measured by grip strength analysis, rotarod performance testing, Jenner-Giemsa/H&E staining, Western blotting, and targeted metabolomics, respectively. Finally, HME and BME were co-cultured with C2C12 cells to detect the above-related indexes and further testify relative phenomena. Our findings mainly demonstrated that HME and BME significantly increase the diameter of C2C12 myotubes. HME treatment demonstrates higher exercise performance and muscle fiber densities than BME treatment. Besides, after KEGG and correlation analyses with biological function after HME and BME treatment, results showed L-Ornithine acts as a "notable marker" after HME treatment to affect mouse skeletal muscle growth or functions. Otherwise, L-Ornithine also significantly positively correlates with the activation of the AKT/mTOR pathway and myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs) and can also be observed in muscle and C2C12 cells after HME treatment. Overall, our study not only provides a novel result for the amino acid composition of HME and BME, but the current study also indicates the advantage of human milk on skeletal muscle growth and performance.

Preparation and Laser-Induced Thermoelectric Voltage Effect of Bi2Sr2Co2Oy Thin Films Grown on Al2O3 (0001) Substrate.

Bi2Sr2Co2Oy thin films were grown on 10° vicinal-cut Al2O3 (0001) single crystalline substrates by pulsed laser-deposition techniques with in situ annealing, post-annealing and non-annealing process, respectively. The pure phase Bi2Sr2Co2Oy thin film was obtained with a non-annealing process. The result of X-ray diffraction showed that Bi2Sr2Co2Oy thin film was obviously c-axis preferred orientation. The laser-induced thermoelectric voltage signals were detected in Bi2Sr2Co2Oy thin films, which originated from the anisotropy of the Seebeck coefficient. The maximum peak value of laser-induced thermoelectric voltage was strong and could reach as large as 0.44 V and the response time was 1.07 µs when the deposition time was 6 min. Furthermore, the peak voltage enhanced linearly with the single-pulse laser energy. These characteristics demonstrate that Bi2Sr2Co2Oy thin film is also an excellent choice for laser energy/power detectors.