Three new griseofulvin derivatives from Aureobasidium pullulans.

Three new griseofulvin derivatives, griseofulvinoside A-C (1-3), were isolated from the ethyl acetate extract of the solid fermentation product of Aureobasidium pullulans. Their structures were elucidated based on extensive spectroscopic data analysis of MS, 1D and 2D NMR. The antifungal activities of new compounds were evaluated against four phytopathogenic fungi in vitro, and all test compounds demonstrated inhibitory effects. Among them, compound 2 exhibited the most potent activities against the four selected phytopathogenic fungi with inhibitory rates ranging from 40.2 to 75.8% at 0.2 mg/mL.

Two new compounds from edible mushroom Sarcomyxa edulis.

Chemical investigation of the edible mushroom Sarcomyxa edulis led to the isolation of one new highly degraded sterol (1), and one new ß-carboline alkaloid (2), along with nine known compounds (3-11) for the first time from this mushroom. The structures of new compounds were elucidated using HR-ESI-MS data and NMR spectroscopy. In addition, anti-inflammatory activity of new compounds was evaluated against lipopolysaccharide-induced NO production in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Compound 2 exhibited a good anti-inflammatory activity with IC50 value of 9.88 ± 0.48 µM, and compound 1 exhibited a weak inhibitory effect with IC50 value of 71.36 ± 5.11 µM.

Chemical Constituents from Mushroom Suillus luteus (Agaricomycetes) and Their Bioactivities.

Wild edible mushrooms are a huge source to discover bioactive natural products. In this work, one new polyprenylphenol derivative, termed 2-geranylgeranyl-1,4-benzenediol 1-O-acetate (1), together with eight known compounds (2-9) were isolated from wild edible mushroom Suillus luteus. The structure of new compound was elucidated by high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance data. The structures of known compounds were elucidated by comparison of their nuclear magnetic resonance data with literature data. Compounds 1-7 exhibited significant 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging activity with IC50 values ranging from 1.55 ± 0.29 to 19.89 ± 2.28 µM. In addition, compounds 1-7 also showed tyrosinase inhibitory activity with IC50 values ranging from 21.97 ± 3.74 to 66.26 ± 6.85 µM.

Comparative transcriptome and WGCNA reveal key genes involved in lignocellulose degradation in Sarcomyxa edulis.

The developmental transcriptomes of Sarcomyxa edulis were assessed to explore the molecular mechanisms underlying lignocellulose degradation. Six stages were analyzed, spanning the entire developmental process: growth of mycelium until occupying half the bag (B1), mycelium under low-temperature stimulation after occupying the entire bag (B2), appearance of mycelium in primordia (B3), primordia (B4), mycelium at the harvest stage (B5), and mature fruiting body (B6). Samples from all six developmental stages were used for transcriptome sequencing, with three biological replicates for all experiments. A co-expression network of weighted genes associated with extracellular enzyme physiological traits was constructed using weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). We obtained 19 gene co-expression modules significantly associated with lignocellulose degradation. In addition, 12 key genes and 8 kinds of TF families involved in lignocellulose degradation pathways were discovered from the four modules that exhibited the highest correlation with the target traits. These results provide new insights that advance our understanding of the molecular genetic mechanisms of lignocellulose degradation in S. edulis to facilitate its utilization by the edible mushroom industry.

Systematic analysis of changes across different developmental stages of the mushroom Sarcomyxa edulis.

Sarcomyxa edulis is a widely harvested mushroom of Northeastern Asia. Its development can be divided into six stages: growth of mycelium until occupying half the bag (B1), mycelium under low-temperature stimulation after occupying the entire bag (B2), appearance of mycelium in primordia (B3), primordia (B4), mycelium at the harvest stage (B5), and mature fruiting body (B6). Differentially expressed gene (DEG) analysis and weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA) are important bioinformatic methods for screening key genes. To explore the growth and development mechanisms of the mushroom S. edulis and clarify its genetic background, DEG and WGCNA analyses were combined to screen key genes at different developmental stages. From A1 to A6, respectively, 459, 97, 885, 169, 277, and 712 key genes were identified. Then the Gene Ontology (GO) terms and KEGG pathways of key genes were analyzed, and GO and KEGG analyses were performed on all genes across different periods using GSEA. In summary, the genes in A1 were mainly involved in amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism, structural molecule activity, and oxidative phosphorylation. At the A2 stage, genes were mainly involved in peptidase activity, peroxidase activity, oxidoreductase activity, antioxidant activity, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, and glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. A3 genes were involved in gene expression, RNA metabolism, spliceosome, RNA transport, and ribosome biogenesis. A4 genes were mainly involved in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, proteasome complex, cellular protein complex assembly, actin filament-based processes, oxidative phosphorylation, and carbon metabolism. The A5 stage genes were involved in the carbohydrate metabolic process, polysaccharide metabolic process, and the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, leucine, isoleucine, and ABC transporters. Finally, A6 genes were mainly involved in the cell cycle, meiosis of yeast, MAPK signaling pathway, cellular response to DNA damage stimulus, DNA metabolic process, DNA replication, and DNA repair. The combination of multiple analyses provides us with an in-depth understanding of the network that regulates mushroom development.

New bioactive α-pyrone from wild mushroom Paxillus involutus.

Chemical investigation of Paxillus involutus (Batsch) Fr. led to the isolation of a pair of new enantiomers (E)-5-(4-methoxy-2-oxo-2H-pyran-6-yl)pent-4-en-1-yl 2-hydroxypropanoate (1a/1b) along with 14 known compounds (2-15) for the first time from this mushroom. The structures of new compounds were elucidated based on extensive spectroscopic data analysis of MS, 1D and 2D NMR, and their absolute configurations were confirmed by comparison of the experimental and calculated ECD data. Compounds 1a and 1b exhibited radical scavenging activities with IC50 values ranging from 10.39 ± 2.26 to 20.43 ± 3.74 µg/mL. Compounds 1a and 1b also showed moderate anti-tyrosinase activity with IC50 value of 25.66 ± 2.84 and 26.82 ± 3.19 µg/mL.

Novel 2,5-Diarylcyclopentenone Derivatives from the Wild Edible Mushroom Paxillus involutus and Their Antioxidant Activities.

Wild edible mushrooms are important as a source of nutraceuticals and for the discovery of bioactive metabolites as pharmaceuticals. In this work, 10 rare 2,5-diarylcyclopentenone derivatives were isolated from the wild edible mushroom Paxillus involutus (Batsch) Fr., including eight novel compounds termed involutenone A-H (1-8) and two previously identified compounds (9-10). Their structures were established using high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy and 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance data. The absolute configurations of compounds 1-3 and 6-8 were assigned based on the comparison of the experimental and calculated electronic circular dichroism data. The antioxidant activities of 1-8 were tested through DPPH free radical scavenging, hydroxyl radical scavenging, and superoxide anion radical scavenging assays. Compounds 3, 5, 6, and 7 demonstrated significant antioxidant activity compared to the positive control (tert-butylhydroquinone). These compounds could be effective natural antioxidants with considerable pharmaceutical value.

Transbrachial Access for Transcatheter Closure of Paravalvular Leak Following Prosthetic Valve Replacement.

Background: Transcatheter closure of paravalvular leak (PVL) has evolved into an alternative to surgery in high-risk patients. In this study, we introduce a new access for transcatheter closure of PVL and seek to evaluate the feasibility and safety of this access. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed patients undergoing transbrachial access for transcatheter mitral or aortic PVL closure (August 2017-November 2019) at our hospital. All patients underwent puncture of the brachial artery under local anesthesia. Results: The study population included 11 patients, with an average age of 55.91 ± 14.82 years. Ten out of 11 patients were successfully implanted with devices via the brachial artery approach, and one patient was converted to the transseptal approach. The technical success rate of transbrachial access was 90.9%. Mean NYHA functional class improved from 3.1 ± 0.5 before the procedure to 1.9 ± 0.5 after PVL closure. Severe paravalvular regurgitation (PVR) in five patients and moderate PVR in six patients prior to the procedure were significantly reduced to mild in four patients and none in seven patients after the procedure. Complications included one case of pseudoaneurysm and one case of moderate hemolysis aggravation after closure. One patient had an unknown cause of sudden death within 24 h after the procedure. The half-year mortality rate during follow-up was 9.1% (1/11). Conclusions: Transbrachial access for transcatheter closure of PVL may be a feasible and safe treatment and should include well-selected patients. It has several potential advantages of simplifying the procedure process and reducing postprocedural bed rest time.

Morphometric measurement of lower lumbar intervertebral foramina based on digital three-dimensional simulation.

AIM: This study aimed to investigate the morphology of the lower lumbar intervertebral foramina through use of a digital three-dimensional (3D) simulation model to guide the endoscope through the intervertebral foramina. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Individuals without disease affecting the lumbar vertebrae underwent computed tomography (CT) scanning in the supine position. The CT images obtained were imported to medical software to reconstruct a 3D model of the lumbar vertebrae. The stereoscopic longitudinal and transverse diameters of the lumbar intervertebral foramina were measured directly on the established simulation model. Comparisons in terms of sex and age were performed using t-test or analysis of variance. RESULTS: In total, 100 individuals were included in the study. Average longitudinal and transverse diameters of the lower lumbar intervertebral foramen decreased moving inferiorly. The longitudinal and transverse diameters of the lower lumbar intervertebral foramina were similar between sexes and between age groups. However, longitudinal diameter decreased with age (P 0.05). CONCLUSION: The reconstructed lumbar vertebrae simulation model presented in this study has high fidelity to the structure of the human lumbar spine. This approach provides individualized, accurate, standardized, and detailed guidance for endoscopic surgery through the lumbar intervertebral foramen.

Coumarin-pi, a new antioxidant coumarin derivative from Paxillus involutus.

Chemical investigation of Paxillus involutus lead to the isolation of a new coumarin derivative coumarin-pi (1), and three known compounds (2-4). The structure of the new compound was elucidated by interpretation of 1D and 2D NMR data. Compound 1 possesses a rare benzofuranylcoumarin skeleton. The isolated compounds were evaluated for antioxidant activities and coumarin-pi (1) exhibited significant activity with IC50 value of 16.3 µg/mL.