Out-of-Pocket Costs and Provider Payments in Cleft Lip and Palate Repair.

BACKGROUND: As healthcare spending within the United States grows, payers have attempted to curb spending through higher cost sharing for patients. For families attempting to balance financial obligations with their children's surgical needs, high cost sharing could place families in difficult situations, deciding between life-altering surgery and bankruptcy. We aim to investigate trends in patient cost sharing and provider payments for cleft lip and palate repair. METHODS: The IBM® MarketScan® Commercial Database was queried to extract patients younger than 18 years who underwent primary or secondary cleft lip and/or palate repair from 2007 to 2016. Financial variables included gross payments to the provider (facility and/or physician), net payment as reported by the carrier, coordination of benefits and other savings, and the beneficiary contribution, which consisted of patients' coinsurance, copay, and deductible payments. Linear regression was used to evaluate trends in payments over time. Poisson regression was used to trend the proportion of patients with a nonzero beneficiary contribution. All financial values were adjusted to 2016 dollars per the consumer price index to account for inflation. RESULTS: The sample included 6268 cleft lip and 9118 cleft palate repair episodes. Total provider payments increased significantly from 2007 to 2016 for patients undergoing cleft lip (median, $2527.33 vs $5116.30, P 0.008) and palate ($1766.13 vs $3511.70, P < 0.001) repair. Beneficiary contribution also increased significantly for both cleft lip ($155.75 vs $193.31, P < 0.001) and palate ($124.37 vs $183.22, P < 0.001) repair, driven by an increase in deductibles ( P < 0.002). The proportion of cleft palate patients with a nonzero beneficiary contribution increased yearly by 1.6% ( P = 0.002). Higher provider payments and beneficiary contributions were found in the Northeast ( P < 0.001) and South ( P < 0.011), respectively, for both cleft lip and palate repair. CONCLUSIONS: The US national data demonstrate that for commercially insured patients with cleft lip and/or palate, there has been a trend toward higher patient cost sharing, most pronounced in the South. This suggests that patients are bearing an increased cost burden while provider payments are simultaneously accelerating. Additional studies are needed to understand the impact of increased cost sharing on parents' decision to pursue cleft lip and/or palate repair for their children.

Pain Interference and Decreased Physical Function After Emergency General Surgery: Measuring Patient-Reported Outcomes.

INTRODUCTION: There is increasing emphasis on patient-reported outcomes (PROs) measures in healthcare, but this area remains largely unexplored in emergency general surgery (EGS) conditions. We hypothesized that postoperative patients in our EGS clinic would report detrimental changes in several domains of health-related quality of life (HRQoL). METHODS: We administered the PROMIS-29, a HRQoL measurement tool, to postoperative patients in our EGS clinic (11/2019-4/2020). Patients responded to measures of 7 domains. Domain scores were converted to t-scores, allowing comparison to average values within the general US population (set to 50 by definition). We report the mean scores within each domain. Higher scores in negatively worded domains (e.g., "Depression") are worse; vice versa for positively worded domains (e.g., "Physical Function"). Changes in scores at subsequent clinic visits were analyzed using the paired t-test. RESULTS: There were 97 patients who completed the PROMIS-29 at the first postoperative visit. Mean (SD) age was 54.1 (16.2) years; 51% were male. There was no difference in our patients from the average US population in the domains of Ability to Participate in Social Roles and Activities, Anxiety, Fatigue, and Sleep Disturbance. However, EGS patients experienced significantly greater Pain Interference (56.1 [54.1, 58.1]) and worse Physical Function (40.6 [38.4, 42.7]) than average. For patients seen in follow-up twice (13 patients, median interval between clinic visits 21 days), there were improvements in the domains of Physical Function (42.9 vs 37.3; p = 0.04) and Fatigue. CONCLUSION: We demonstrate room for improvement in the domains of pain interference and physical function. While positive changes over a relatively short period of time are encouraging, consideration should be given to patient perceptions of illness and lifestyle impact when managing EGS patients.

Differences Between Center-level Outcomes in Emergency and Elective General Surgery.

BACKGROUND: Center-level outcome metrics have long been tracked in elective surgery (ELS). Despite recent interest in measuring emergency general surgery (EGS) quality, centers are often compared based on elective or combined outcomes. Therefore, quality of care for emergency surgery specifically is unknown. METHODS: We extracted data on EGS and ELS patients from the 2016 State Inpatient Databases of Florida, New York, and Kentucky. Centers that performed >100 ELS and EGS operations were included. Risk-adjusted mortality, complication, and failure to rescue (FTR, death after complication) rates were calculated and observed-to-expected ratios were calculated by center for ELS and EGS patients. Centers were determined to be high or low outliers if the 90% CI for the observed: expected ratio excluded 1. We calculated the frequency with which centers demonstrated a different performance status between EGS and ELS. Kendall's tau values were calculated to assess for correlation between EGS and ELS status. RESULTS: A total of 204 centers with 45,500 EGS cases and 49,380 ELS cases met inclusion criteria. Overall mortality, complication, and FTR rates were 1.7%, 8.0%, and 14.5% respectively. There was no significant correlation between mortality performance in EGS and ELS, with 36 centers in a different performance category (high outlier, low outlier, as expected) in EGS than in ELS. The correlation for complication rates was 0.20, with 60 centers in different categories for EGS and ELS. For FTR rates, there was no correlation, with 16 centers changing category. CONCLUSIONS: There was minimal correlation between outcomes for ELS and EGS. High performers in one category were rarely high performers in the other. There may be important differences between the processes of care that are important for EGS and ELS outcomes that may yield meaningful opportunities for quality improvement.

The Impact of Socially Stigmatized Preexisting Conditions on Outcomes After Injury.

BACKGROUND: Socially stigmatized preexisting conditions (SSPECs), including alcohol use disorder (AUD), drug use disorder (DUD), and major psychiatric illness, may lead to provider minimization of patient symptoms and have been associated with negative outcomes. However, the impact of SSPECs on failure to rescue (FTR) has not been evaluated. We hypothesized that SSPEC patients would have increased probability of complications, mortality, and FTR. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of the 2015 National Trauma Data Bank, including patients aged ≥18 y and excluding burn victims, patients with Injury Severity Score <9, and non-SSPEC patients with drug or alcohol withdrawal. We defined SSPECs using the National Trauma Data Bank's comorbidity recording codes for AUD, DUD, and major psychiatric illnesses. We built multivariable logistic regression models to determine the relationships between SSPECs and complications, mortality, and FTR. RESULTS: We included 365,801 patients (62% male, 76% White, median age 56 y [interquartile range 35-74], median Injury Severity Score 10 [interquartile range 9-17]). After adjusting for patient and injury characteristics, SSPEC patients were more likely to have complications (odds ratio [OR] 1.75, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.70-1.79), less likely to die (OR 0.43, CI 0.38-0.48), and less likely to have FTR (OR 0.34, CI 0.26-0.43). SSPEC patients had a significantly higher complication rate (12.4% versus 7.2%; P < 0.001). After excluding drug or alcohol withdrawal, the complication rate remained significantly higher for SSPEC patients (9.3% versus 7.2%; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Although SSPEC patients have lower odds of mortality and FTR, they are at higher probability of complications after injury. Further investigation into the causality behind the higher complications despite lower mortality and FTR is warranted.

A Contemporary Analysis of Delayed Diagnoses After Traumatic Injury : The Role of Operative Therapy.

BACKGROUND: Factors associated with delayed injury diagnosis (DID) have been examined, but incompletely researched. METHODS: We evaluated demographics, mechanism, and measures of mental status and injury severity among 10 years' worth of adult trauma patients at our center for association with DID in a multivariable regression model. Descriptions of DID injuries were reviewed to highlight characteristics of these injuries. RESULTS: We included 13 509 patients, 89 (0.7%) of whom had a recognized DID. In regression analysis, ISS (OR 1.04 per point, 95% CI 1.02-1.06) and number of injuries (OR 1.08 per injury, 95% CI 1.04-1.11) were associated with DID. Operative patients had twice the odds of DID (OR 2.02, 95% CI 1.18-3.44). The most common category of DID was orthopedic extremity injury (22/89). CONCLUSION: DID is associated with injury severity and operative intervention. This suggests that the presence of an injury requiring operation may distract the trauma team from additional injuries.

Enterocutaneous fistula after emergency general surgery: Mortality, readmission, and financial burden.

BACKGROUND: The burden of enterocutaneous fistula (ECF) after emergency general surgery (EGS) has not been rigorously characterized. We hypothesized that ECF would be associated with higher rates of postdischarge mortality and readmissions. METHODS: Using the 2016 National Readmission Database, we conducted a retrospective study of adults presenting for gastrointestinal (GI) surgery. Cases were defined as emergent if they were nonelective admissions with an operation occurring on hospital day 0 or 1. We used International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision, code K63.2 (fistula of intestine) to identify postoperative fistula. We measured mortality rates and 30- and 90-day readmission rates censuring discharges occurring in December or from October to December, respectively. RESULTS: A total of 135,595 patients underwent emergency surgery; 1,470 (1.1%) developed ECF. Mortality was higher in EGS patients with ECF than in those without (10.1% vs. 5.4%; odds ratio [OR], 1.99; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.67-2.36) among patients who survived the index admission. Readmission rates were higher for EGS patients with ECF than without at 30 days (31.0% vs. 12.6%; OR, 3.12; 95% CI, 2.76-3.54) and at 90 days (51.1% vs. 20.1%; OR, 4.15; 95% CI, 3.67-4.70). Similar increases were shown in elective GI surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Enterocutaneous fistula after GI EGS is associated with significantly increased odds of mortality and readmission, with rates continuing to climb out to at least 90 days. Processes of care designed to mitigate risk in this high-risk cohort should be developed. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Prognostic and Epidemiological Study, Level III.

Complications and Failure to Rescue After Abdominal Surgery for Trauma in Obese Patients.

BACKGROUND: Although obesity is considered an epidemic in the United States, there is mixed evidence regarding the impact of obesity on outcomes after traumatic injury and major surgery. We hypothesized that obese patients undergoing trauma laparotomy would be at increased risk of failure to rescue (FTR), defined as death after a complication. METHODS: We analyzed trauma registry data for adult patients who underwent abdominal exploration for trauma at all 30 level I and II Pennsylvania trauma centers, 2011-2014. We used competing risks regression to identify significant risk factors for complications. We used multivariable logistic regression to identify significant risk factors for FTR. RESULTS: Of 95,806 admitted patients, 15,253 (15.9%) were categorized as obese. Overall, 3228 (3.4%) underwent laparotomy, including 2681 (83.1%) nonobese and 547 (17.0%) obese patients. Among obese patients, 47.2% had at least one complication and 28.7% had two or more complications, compared with 33.5% and 18.7% of nonobese patients, respectively. The most common complication was pneumonia (15.0% of obese and 10.5% of nonobese patients; P = 0.003), followed by sepsis (8.8% versus 4.2%; P < 0.001) and deep vein thrombosis (8.4% versus 5.9%; P < 0.001). Obesity was independently associated with complications (hazard ratio, 1.4; 95% confidence interval, 1.2-1.6). In multivariable analysis, obesity was not associated with FTR (odds ratio, 1.3; 95% confidence interval, 0.9-2.0). CONCLUSIONS: Obesity is a risk factor for complications after traumatic injury but not for FTR. The increased risk of complications may reflect processes of care that are not attuned to the needs of this population, offering opportunities for improvement in care.

A 'weekend effect' in operative emergency general surgery.

BACKGROUND: Evidence of a "weekend effect" is limited in emergency general surgery (EGS). We hypothesized that there are increased rates of complications, death, and failure-to-rescue (FTR) in patients undergoing weekend EGS operations. METHODS: National Inpatient Sample (NIS) data, January 2014-September 2015 were used. Operative EGS patients were identified by ICD-9 procedure code and timing to operation. Complications were defined by ICD-9 code. We performed survey-weighted multivariable regression analyses. RESULTS: Of 438,110 EGS patients, 103,450 underwent weekend operation. There was no association between weekend operation and FTR (OR 1.17; 95%CI 0.95-1.45) or complications (OR 1.04; 95%CI 0.97-1.13). There was a weekend effect on mortality (OR 1.22; 95%CI 1.02-1.46) and an interactive effect between weekend operation and teaching status on complications (teaching OR 1.22; 95%CI 1.15-1.29; interaction OR 1.13; 95%CI 1.03-1.25). CONCLUSIONS: There is evidence for a "weekend effect" on mortality, but not complications or FTR, in this cohort.

Failure to rescue as a center-level metric in pediatric trauma.

BACKGROUND: Failure to rescue is defined as death after a complication and has been used to evaluate quality of care in adult trauma patients, but there are no published studies on failure to rescue in pediatric trauma. The aim of this study was to define the relationship among rates of mortality, complications, and failure to rescue at centers caring for pediatric (<18 years of age) trauma patients in a nationally representative database. METHODS: We performed a retrospective cohort study of the 2015 and 2016 National Trauma Data Bank. We included patients <18 years of age with an Injury Severity Score of ≥9. We excluded centers with <50 pediatric patients or that reported no complications. We calculated the complication, failure to rescue, mortality, and precedence rates by center and divided centers into tertiles of mortality. We compared complication and failure-to-rescue rates between high and low tertiles of mortality using the Kruskal-Wallis test. RESULTS: Of 62,190 patients from 284 centers, 2,204 patients had at least 1 complication for an overall complication rate of 4% (center level 0%-15%), and 120 patients died after a complication for an overall failure-to-rescue rate of 5% (center level 0%-67%). High-mortality centers had both higher failure-to-rescue rates (10% vs 0.6%, P < .001) and higher complication rates (5% vs 4%, P = .001) than lower-mortality hospitals. The overall precedence rate was 15% with a median rate of 0% (interquartile range 0%-25%). CONCLUSION: Both complication and failure-to-rescue rates are low in the pediatric injury population, but both complication and failure-to-rescue rates are higher at higher-mortality centers. The low overall complication rates and precedence rates likely limit the utility of failure to rescue as a valid center-level metric in this population, but further investigation into individual failure-to-rescue cases may reveal important opportunities for improvement.