The possibly role of GnIH in stress and gut dysfunction in chicken.

Stress is known to disrupt the intestinal barrier and induce intestinal dysfunction. A critical role for gonadotropin inhibitory hormone (GnIH) in stress has emerged. However, whether GnIH mediates stress-induced intestinal dysfunction remains unknown. The present study explored this question through in vivo and in vitro experiments in hens. Our in vivo experiments showed that continuous intraperitoneal injection of GnIH not only significantly increased the concentration of stress hormones in serum, but also significantly elevated the mRNA expression of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in the duodenum and jejunum. Moreover, morphological and molecular analyses revealed that GnIH disrupted the physical and chemical barriers of the intestine and dramatically increased inflammatory factor levels in the intestine and serum of hens. Interestingly, the microbiomics results showed that GnIH altered the structure and composition of the gut flora in the cecum, revealing an increased abundance of harmful intestinal bacteria such as Desulfovibrionaceae. Similar results were found in in vitro studies in which the GnIH-induced intestinal mucosal barrier was disrupted, and inflammation increased in jejunal explants, although no significant difference was found in the expression of GR between the control and GnIH groups. Our results demonstrated that GnIH not only directly damaged intestinal barriers and elevated intestinal inflammation but also mediated stress and microflora imbalance-induced intestinal function disorder, suggesting that GnIH is a potential therapeutic target for gut dysfunction, stress-induced intestinal function disorder, and inflammatory bowel disease in animals and humans.

Oral phage therapy with microencapsulated phage A221 against Escherichia coli infections in weaned piglets.

BACKGROUND: Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a common pathogen that often causes diarrhea in piglets. Since bacteria are becoming more and more resistant to antibiotics, phages have become a promising alternative therapy. However, the therapy of oral phage often fails to achieve the desired effect. A novel phage named A221 was isolated by using E. coli GXXW-1103 as host strain, characterized by electron microscopy, genomic sequencing and analyzed by measuring lysis ability in vitro. RESULTS: Phage A221 was identified as a member of Ackermannviridae, Aglimvirinae, Agtrevirus with 153297 bp genome and effectively inhibited bacterial growth in vitro for 16 h. This study was conducted to evaluate the therapeutic effect of oral microencapsulated phage A221 on E. coli GXXW-1103 infections in weaned piglets. The protective effect of phage was evaluated by body weight analysis, bacterial load and histopathological changes. The results showed that with the treatment of phage A221, the body weight of piglets increased, the percentage of Enterobacteriaceae in duodenum decreased to 0.64%, the lesions in cecum and duodenum were alleviated, and the bacterial load in the jejunal lymph nodes, cecum and spleen were also significantly different with infected group (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The results showed that phage A221 significantly increased the daily weight gain of piglets, reduced the bacterial load of tissues and the intestinal lesions, achieved the same therapeutic effect as antibiotic Florfenicol. Taken together, oral microencapsulated phage A221 has a good therapeutic effect on bacterial diarrhea of weaned piglets, which provides guidance for the clinical application of phage therapy in the future.

Characterization and genome analysis of a novel phage Kayfunavirus TM1.

Escherichia coli is a common conditional pathogen, for which antibiotic therapy is considered an effective treatment. The imprudent use of antibiotics has led to the increase of multiple-antibiotic-resistant E. coli species. With the incidence of antibiotic resistance reaching a crisis point, it is imperative to find alternative treatments for multidrug-resistant infections. Using phage for pathogen control is a promising treatment option to combat bacterial resistance. In this study, a novel virulent Podoviridae phage Kayfunavirus TM1 infecting Escherichia coli was isolated from pig farm sewage in Guangxi, China. The one-step growth curve with the optimal multiplicity of infection of 0.01 revealed a latent period of 10 min and a burst size of 50 plaque-forming units per cell. The stability test reveals that it is stable from 4 to 60 °C and pH from 3 to 11. The double-stranded DNA genome of phage Kayfunavirus TM1 is composed of 39,948 base pairs with a GC content of 50.03%.

Broad-Spectrum Salmonella Phages PSE-D1 and PST-H1 Controls Salmonella in Foods.

Food contamination by Salmonella can lead to serious foodborne diseases that constantly threaten public health. Innovative and effective strategies are needed to control foodborne pathogenic contamination since the incidence of foodborne diseases has increased gradually. In the present study, two broad-spectrum phages named Salmonella phage PSE-D1 and Salmonella phage PST-H1 were isolated from sewage in China. Phages PSE-D1 and PST-H1 were obtained by enrichment with Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) CVCC1806 and Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) CVCC3384, respectively. They were able to lyse Salmonella, E. coli and K. pneumoniae and exhibited broad host range. Further study demonstrated that PSE-D1 and PST-H1 showed high pH and thermal tolerances. Phage PSE-D1 belongs to the Jiaodavirus genus, Tevenvirinae subfamily, while phage PST-H1 belongs to the Jerseyvirus genus, Guernseyvirinae subfamily according to morphology and phylogeny. The results of genome analysis showed that PSE-D1 and PST-H1 lack virulence and drug-resistance genes. The effects of PSE-D1 and PST-H1 on controlling S. Enteritidis CVCC1806 and S. Typhimurium CVCC3384 contamination in three kinds of foods (eggshells, sausages and milk) were further investigated, respectively. Our results showed that, compared to phage-free groups, PSE-D1 and PST-H1 inhibited the growth of their host strain significantly. A significant reduction of host bacteria titers (1.5 and 1.9 log10 CFU/sample, p < 0.001) on eggshells was observed under PSE-D1 and PST-H1 treatments, respectively. Furthermore, administration of PSE-D1 and PST-H1 decreased the counts of bacteria by 1.1 and 1.2 log10 CFU/cm2 (p < 0.001) in sausages as well as 1.5 and 1.8 log10 CFU/mL (p < 0.001) in milk, respectively. Interesting, the bacteriostasis efficacy of both phages exhibited more significantly at 4 °C than that at 28 °C in eggshells and milk and sausages. In sum, the purpose of our research was evaluating the counteracting effect of phage PSE-D1 and PST-H1 on the spread of Salmonella on contaminated foods products. Our results suggested that these two phage-based biocontrol treatments are promising strategies for controlling pathogenic Salmonella contaminated food.

Possible Role of GnIH as a Novel Link between Hyperphagia-Induced Obesity-Related Metabolic Derangements and Hypogonadism in Male Mice.

Gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone (GnIH) is a reproductive inhibitor and an endogenous orexigenic neuropeptide that may be involved in energy homeostasis and reproduction. However, whether GnIH is a molecular signal link of metabolism and the reproductive system, and thus, regulates reproductive activity as a function of the energy state, is still unknown. In the present study, we investigated the involvement of GnIH in glycolipid metabolism and reproduction in vivo, and in the coupling between these two processes in the testis level. Our results showed that chronic intraperitoneal injection of GnIH into male mice not only increased food intake and altered meal microstructure but also significantly elevated body mass due to the increased mass of liver and epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT), despite the loss of testicular weight. Furthermore, chronic intraperitoneal administration of GnIH to male mice resulted in obesity-related glycolipid metabolic derangements, showing hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, glucose intolerance, and insulin resistance through changes in the expression of glucose and lipid metabolism-related genes in the pancreas and eWAT, respectively. Interestingly, the expression of GnIH and GPR147 was markedly increased in the testis of mice under conditions of energy imbalance, such as fasting, acute hypoglycemia, and hyperglycemia. In addition, chronic GnIH injection markedly inhibited glucose and lipid metabolism of mice testis while significantly decreasing testosterone synthesis and sperm quality, inducing hypogonadism. These observations indicated that orexigenic GnIH triggers hyperphagia-induced obesity-related metabolic derangements and hypogonadism in male mice, suggesting that GnIH is an emerging candidate for coupling metabolism and fertility by involvement in obesity and metabolic disorder-induced reproductive dysfunction of the testes.