Genotyping and zoonotic potential of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in cattle farmed in Hainan Province, the southernmost region of China.

Enterocytozoon bieneusi is an intestinal pathogen that infects a wide range of species, including humans. Cattle constitute an important host for E. bieneusi; however, there is a scarcity of information on the prevalence and genotyping of E. bieneusi in cattle in the Hainan Province of China. In this study, PCR analysis of 314 fecal samples from cattle in six cities of Hainan was performed for genotype identification. The average prevalence of E. bieneusi in these animals was 9.9% (31/314), and ranged from 0.0% (0/12) to 20.5% (8/39). Five known genotypes - EbpC (n = 14), BEB4 (n = 12), J (n = 2), I (n = 1), and CHG5 (n = 1) - and a novel genotype: HNC-I (n = 1) - were identified. Genotypes EbpC and HNC-I were placed in zoonotic Group 1, and the remaining four genotypes (BEB4, J, I, and CHG5) were placed in Group 2. Since 93.5% of the genotypes found in the cattle (29/31) (EbpC, BEB4, J, and I) have previously been found in humans, these genotypes are probably involved in the transmission of microsporidiosis to humans.

TITLE: Génotypage et potentiel zoonotique d'Enterocytozoon bieneusi chez les bovins élevés dans la province de Hainan, la région la plus au sud de la Chine. ABSTRACT: Enterocytozoon bieneusi est un pathogène intestinal qui infecte un large éventail d'espèces, y compris les humains. Le bétail constitue un hôte important pour E. bieneusi, mais les informations sur la prévalence et le génotypage d'E. bieneusi chez les bovins de la province de Hainan en Chine sont rares. Dans cette étude, une analyse PCR de 314 échantillons fécaux provenant de bovins dans six villes de Hainan a été réalisée pour l'identification du génotype. La prévalence moyenne d'E. bieneusi chez ces animaux était de 9,9 % (31/314), et variait de 0,0 % (0/12) à 20,5 % (8/39). Cinq génotypes connus, EbpC (n = 14), BEB4 (n = 12), J (n = 2), I (n = 1) et CHG5 (n = 1), et un nouveau génotype, HNC-I (n = 1), ont été identifiés. Les génotypes EbpC et HNC-I sont placés dans le groupe zoonotique 1, et les quatre génotypes restants (BEB4, J, I et CHG5) sont placés dans le groupe 2. Puisque 93,5 % (29/31) (EbpC, BEB4, J et I) des génotypes trouvés chez les bovins ont déjà été trouvés chez l'homme, ces génotypes sont probablement impliqués dans la transmission de la microsporidiose à l'homme.

Molecular detection of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in farm-raised pigs in Hainan Province, China: infection rates, genotype distributions, and zoonotic potential.

Enterocytozoon bieneusi is a zoonotic fungal pathogen with a high degree of host diversity that can parasitize many animals, including humans. Pigs may play an important role in the epidemiology of E. bieneusi as reservoir hosts. Nevertheless, the genotypes of E. bieneusi in pigs in China remain poorly understood. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of E. bieneusi infection amongst pigs raised on farms from four cities of Hainan Province, using nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of the partial small subunit of the ribosomal RNA gene, and to identify genotypes of E. bieneusi isolates based on sequence analysis of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. Among 188 stool samples, E. bieneusi was detected in 46.8% (88/188). Eight genotypes including four known (EbpA, CS-4, MJ14, and CHG19) and four novel (HNP-I - HNP-IV) genotypes were identified. Using phylogenetic analysis, genotypes EbpA, CS4, CHG19, HNP-III, and HNP-IV were clustered into zoonotic Group 1, while the remaining three genotypes (MJ14, HNP-I, and HNP-II) clustered into Group 10. The high prevalence of zoonotic genotypes of E. bieneusi among pigs suggests that pig farming is a potential source of human infection. Additionally, this is the first identification of genotypes in Group 10 in pigs indicating unique epidemic features of E. bieneusi in pigs in Hainan Province, the southernmost part of China.

TITLE: Détection moléculaire d'Enterocytozoon bieneusi chez les porcs d'élevage dans la province de Hainan en Chine : taux d'infection, répartition des génotypes et potentiel zoonotique. ABSTRACT: Enterocytozoon bieneusi est un pathogène fongique zoonotique avec une grande diversité d'hôte qui peut parasiter de nombreux animaux, y compris les humains. Les porcs peuvent jouer un rôle important dans l'épidémiologie d'E. bieneusi en tant qu'hôtes réservoirs. Néanmoins, les génotypes d'E. bieneusi chez le porc en Chine restent mal connus. Le but de cette étude était de déterminer la prévalence de l'infection par E. bieneusi chez les porcs élevés dans des fermes de quatre villes de la province de Hainan, en utilisant la réaction en chaîne par polymérase emboîtée (PCR) de la petite sous-unité partielle du gène de l'ARN ribosomal et de identifier les génotypes des isolats d'E. bieneusi sur la base d'une analyse de séquence de la région des espaceurs internes transcrits ribosomiques (ITS). Sur 188 échantillons de selles, E. bieneusi a été détecté dans 46,8 % (88/188). Huit génotypes, dont quatre génotypes connus (EbpA, CS-4, MJ14 et CHG19) et quatre génotypes nouveaux (HNP-I à IV), ont été identifiés. Dans une analyse phylogénétique, les génotypes EbpA, CS4, CHG19, HNP-III et HNP-IV étaient regroupés dans le groupe zoonotique 1, tandis que les trois génotypes restants (MJ14, HNP-I et HNP-II) étaient regroupés dans le groupe 10. La prévalence élevée des génotypes zoonotiques d'E. bieneusi chez les porcs suggère que l'élevage porcin est une source potentielle d'infection humaine. De plus, il s'agit de la première identification de génotypes du groupe 10 chez les porcs, indiquant des caractéristiques épidémiques uniques d'E. bieneusi chez les porcs dans la province de Hainan, la partie la plus méridionale de la Chine.

PCR-Based Detection of Cryptosporidium spp. and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in Farm-Raised and Free-Ranging Geese (Anser anser f. domestica) From Hainan Province of China: Natural Infection Rate and the Species or Genotype Distribution.

Cryptosporidium spp. and Enterocytozoon bieneusi are two important zoonotic pathogens that can infect humans and a broad range of animal hosts. However, few studies have been conducted to study infection of the two pathogens in domestic geese until now. The aims of the present study were to determine the prevalence of natural infection, and the species or genotype distribution of Cryptosporidium and E. bieneusi in farm-raised and free-ranging geese from Hainan Province of China. In total, 266 fecal samples of geese were collected (142 farm-raised and 124 free-ranging geese). Cryptosporidium spp. and E. bieneusi were identified by nested PCR and sequencing analysis of the SSU rRNA and the ITS region of the rRNA genes. A total of 4.1% (12/226) of the geese were positive for Cryptosporidium spp., with 0.7% identified in the farm-raised geese and 7.0% in the free-ranging geese. Two bird-adapted species/genotypes were identified: C. baileyi (n = 1) and Cryptosporidium goose genotype I (n = 11). Meanwhile, E. bieneusi was found in 13.9% (37/266) of geese, with 8.9% identified in the farm-raised and 21.8% in the free-ranging geese. Eleven genotypes of E. bieneusi were identified constituted with six known genotypes: D (n = 13), I (n = 5), CHG2 (n = 1), CHG3 (n = 5), and CHG5 (n = 1), and five novel genotypes named HNE-I to V (one each). All of the genotypes identified in the geese here belonged to zoonotic Groups 1 or 2. This study is the first to demonstrate the presence of Cryptosporidium spp. and E. bieneusi in domestic geese from Hainan, China, and provides baseline data that will be useful for controlling and preventing these pathogens in goose farms. The geese infected with E. bieneusi, but not with Cryptosporidium, should be considered potential public health threats.

Genotype identification and phylogenetic analysis of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in farmed black goats (Capra hircus) from China's Hainan Province.

Enterocytozoon bieneusi is an important pathogen commonly found in humans and animals. Farmed animals with close contact to humans are important hosts of E. bieneusi. The role of goats in the transmission of E. bieneusi, however, remains unclear. In this study, 341 fresh fecal samples of black goats were collected from five locations in Hainan Province, China. Enterocytozoon bieneusi was identified and genotyped by sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. Phylogenetic analysis was performed by constructing a neighbor-joining tree of the ITS gene sequences. The average prevalence of E. bieneusi in black goats was 24.0% (82/341) with rates ranging from 6.3% (4/63) to 37.2% (32/86) across the locations (χ2 = 17.252, p < 0.01). Eight genotypes of E. bieneusi were identified, including six known genotypes: CHG5 (n = 47); CHG3 (n = 23); CHG2 (n = 4); CM21 (n = 3); D (n = 2); and AHG1 (n = 1), and two novel genotypes termed HNG-I (n = 1) and HNG-II (n = 1). In the phylogenetic tree, genotype D was clustered into Group 1 and the other identified genotypes were included in Group 2. This represents the first report identifying E. bieneusi in black goats from Hainan Province, with a high prevalence and wide occurrence demonstrated. The two new genotypes identified provide additional insights into the genotypic variations in E. bieneusi. Due to the small percentage of zoonotic genotypes in these animals, there is minimal risk of zoonotic transmission of E. bieneusi.

TITLE: Identification du génotype et analyse phylogénétique d'Enterocytozoon bieneusi chez des chèvres noires (Capra hircus) de la province de Hainan, en Chine. ABSTRACT: Enterocytozoon bieneusi est un agent pathogène important que l'on trouve couramment chez l'homme et les animaux. Les animaux d'élevage, en contact étroit avec l'homme, sont des hôtes importants d'E. bieneusi. Le rôle des chèvres dans la transmission d'E. bieneusi reste toutefois incertain. Dans cette étude, 341 échantillons de fèces fraîches de chèvres noires ont été prélevés dans cinq sites de la province de Hainan, en Chine. Enterocytozoon bieneusi a été identifié et génotypé par des séquences de la région de l'espaceur interne transcrit (ITS). L'analyse phylogénétique a été réalisée en construisant un arbre de jonction voisine des séquences du gène ITS. La prévalence moyenne d'E. bieneusi chez les chèvres noires était de 24,0 % (82/341), avec des taux allant de 6,3 % (4/63) à 37,2 % (32/86) dans tous les sites (χ2 = 17,252, p < 0,01). Huit génotypes d'E. bieneusi ont été identifiés, dont six génotypes connus: CHG5 (n = 47) ; CHG3 (n = 23) ; CHG2 (n = 4) ; CM21 (n = 3) ; D (n = 2) ; AHG1 (n = 1) et deux nouveaux génotypes appelés HNG-I (n = 1) et HNG-II (n = 1). Dans l'arbre phylogénétique, le génotype D appartenait au groupe 1 et les autres génotypes identifiés étaient inclus dans le groupe 2. Il s'agit du premier rapport identifiant E. bieneusi chez des chèvres noires de la province de Hainan, avec une prévalence élevée et une occurrence étendue. Les deux nouveaux génotypes identifiés fournissent des informations supplémentaires sur les variations génotypiques chez E. bieneusi. En raison du faible pourcentage de génotypes zoonotiques chez ces animaux, le risque de transmission zoonotique d'E. bieneusi est minime.

The Prognostic Value of Platelet-to-Lymphocyte Ratio in Urological Cancers: A Meta-Analysis.

The relationship of platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and survival in urological cancers remained inconsistent in previous studies. Therefore, we performed a meta-analysis to assess the prognostic significance of PLR in patients with urological cancers. A literature search was performed in the PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science up to July, 2017 and study quality was obtained using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. To estimate the association of PLR and overall survival (OS) and other survival outcomes in urological cancers, we used pooled hazard ratios (HRs). Subgroup analyses were conducted on different ethnics, sample sizes and cut-off values. 20 high quality studies involving 7562 patients with urological cancers were included in this meta-analysis. High pretreatment PLR was significantly associated with poor OS in patients with urological cancers (pooled HR = 1.58). Elevated PLR was also correlated with other survival outcomes. However, we found that PLR was significantly relevant to the OS of patients with different types of urological cancers except bladder cancer (BCa, HR = 1.16, 95%CI: 0.96-1.41). In conclusion, elevated PLR was negatively related to the OS of patients with urological cancers, except in BCa. However, more large scale prospective studies with high quality are required in the future.