Hofmeister effect driven dynamic-bond cross-linked dialdehyde xylan hydrogels with rapid response and robust mechanical properties for expanding stent.

The biomedical field urgently needs for programmable stent materials with nontoxic, autonomous self-healing, injectability, and suitable mechanical strength, especially self-expanding characteristics. However, such materials are still lacking. Herein, based on gelatin and dialdehyde-functionalized xylan, we synthesized 3D-printable, autonomous, self-healing, and mechanically robust hydrogels with a reversible Schiff base crosslink network. The hydrogels exhibited excellent mechanical properties and automatic healing properties at room temperature. The solid mechanical properties originate from the Schiff base, hydrogen bonding interactions, and xylan nanoparticle reinforcement of the polymer networks. As a proof of concept, the Hofmeister effect enabled the hydrogel to contract in highly concentrated salt solutions. In contrast, the same hydrogel expanded and relaxed in dilute salt solutions (quick response within 10 s), showing ionic stimulus-response and excellent shape memory characteristics, which demonstrated that the prepared hydrogel could be used as self-expanding artificial vascular stents. In particular, good biocompatibility was confirmed by cytotoxicity and compatibility tests, and ex vivo arterial experiments further indicated the feasibility of these artificial vascular scaffolds (the expansion force reached 1.51 N). Combined with its ionic stimuli-responsive shape memory ability, the strong mechanical, self-healing, 3D-printable, and biocompatibility properties make this hydrogel a promising material for artificial stents in various biomedical applications.

One-step Solid-State Synthesis of V1.13Se2/V2O3 Heterostructure as a High Pseudocapacitance Anode for Fast-Charging Sodium-Ion Batteries.

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) offer several benefits, including cost-efficiency and fast-charging characteristics, positioning them as attractive substitutes for lithium-ion batteries in energy storage applications. However, the inferior capacity and cycling stability of electrodes in SIBs necessitate further enhancement due to sluggish reaction kinetics. In this respect, the utilization of heterostructures, which can provide an inherent electric field and abundant active sites on the surface, has emerged as a promising strategy for augmenting the cycling stability and rate features of the electrodes. This work delves into the utilization of V1.13Se2/V2O3 heterostructure materials as anodes, initially fabricated via a simplified one-step solid-state sintering technique. The high pseudocapacitance and low characteristic relaxation time constant give the V1.13Se2/V2O3 heterostructure impressive properties, such as a high capacity of 328.5 mAh g-1 even after 1500 cycles at a high current density of 2 A g-1 and rate capability of 278.9 mAh g-1 at 5 A g-1. Moreover, the assembled sodium-ion full battery delivers a capacity of 118.5 mAh g-1 after 1000 cycles at 1 A g-1. These findings provide novel insight and guidance for the rapid synthesis of heterojunction materials and the advancement of SIBs.

Differential depletion of GluN2A induces heterogeneous schizophrenia-related phenotypes in mice.

BACKGROUND: Schizophrenia, a debilitating psychiatric disorder, displays considerable interindividual variation in clinical presentations. The ongoing debate revolves around whether this heterogeneity signifies a continuum of severity linked to a singular causative factor or a collection of distinct subtypes with unique origins. Within the realm of schizophrenia, the functional impairment of GluN2A, a subtype of the NMDA receptor, has been associated with an elevated risk. Despite GluN2A's expression across various neuronal types throughout the brain, its specific contributions to schizophrenia and its involvement in particular cell types or brain regions remain unexplored. METHODS: We generated age-specific, cell type-specific or brain region-specific conditional knockout mice targeting GluN2A and conducted a comprehensive analysis using tests measuring phenotypes relevant to schizophrenia. FINDINGS: Through the induction of germline ablation of GluN2A, we observed the emergence of numerous schizophrenia-associated abnormalities in adult mice. Intriguingly, GluN2A knockout performed at different ages, in specific cell types and within distinct brain regions, we observed overlapping yet distinct schizophrenia-related phenotypes in mice. INTERPRETATION: Our interpretation suggests that the dysfunction of GluN2A is sufficient to evoke heterogeneous manifestations associated with schizophrenia, indicating that GluN2A stands as a prominent risk factor and a potential therapeutic target for schizophrenia. FUNDING: This project received support from the Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project (Grant No. 2019SHZDZX02) awarded to Y.C. and the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai (Grant No. 19ZR1468600 and 201409003800) awarded to G.Y.

Nanocellulose-based nanogenerators for sensor applications: A review.

With the rapid development of the Internet of Things, nanogenerator as a green energy collection technology has attracted great attention in various fields. Specifically, the natural renewable nanocellulose as a raw material can significantly improve the environmental friendliness of the nanocellulose-based nanogenerators, which also makes the nanocellulose based nanogenerators expected to further develop in areas such as wearable devices and sensor networks. This paper mainly reports the application of nanocellulose in nanogenerator, focusing on the sensor. The types, sources and preparation methods of nanocellulose are briefly introduced. At the same time, the special structure of nanocellulose highlights the advantages of nanocellulose in nanogenerators. Then, the application of nanocellulose-based nanogenerators in sensors is introduced. Finally, the future development prospects and shortcomings of this nanogenerator are discussed.

Effects of Exogenous Abscisic Acid on the Physiological and Biochemical Responses of Camellia oleifera Seedlings under Drought Stress.

This study comprehensively investigates the physiological and molecular regulatory mechanisms of Camellia oleifera seedlings under drought stress with a soil moisture content of about 30%, where exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) was applied via foliar spraying at concentrations of 50 µg/L, 100 µg/L, and 200 µg/L. The results demonstrated that appropriate concentrations of ABA treatment can regulate the physiological state of the seedlings through multiple pathways, including photosynthesis, oxidative stress response, and osmotic balance, thereby aiding in the restructuring of their drought response strategy. ABA treatment effectively activated the antioxidant system by reducing stomatal conductance and moderately inhibiting the photosynthetic rate, thus alleviating oxidative damage caused by drought stress. Additionally, ABA treatment promoted the synthesis of osmotic regulators such as proline, maintaining cellular turgor stability and enhancing the plant's drought adaptability. The real-time quantitative PCR results of related genes indicated that ABA treatment enhanced the plant's response to the ABA signaling pathway and improved disease resistance by regulating the expression of related genes, while also enhancing membrane lipid stability. A comprehensive evaluation using a membership function approach suggested that 50 µg/L ABA treatment may be the most-effective in mitigating drought effects in practical applications, followed by 100 µg/L ABA. The application of 50 µg/L ABA for 7 h induced significant changes in various biochemical parameters, compared to a foliar water spray. Notably, superoxide dismutase activity increased by 17.94%, peroxidase activity by 30.27%, glutathione content by 12.41%, and proline levels by 25.76%. The content of soluble sugars and soluble proteins rose by 14.79% and 87.95%, respectively. Additionally, there was a significant decrease of 31.15% in the malondialdehyde levels.

Effects of environmental and genetic interactions on job burnout in coal miners: interactions between occupational stress, coping styles, and NR3C2 gene polymorphisms.

Objectives: To investigate the current situation regarding occupational burnout among coal miners, explore the relationship between NR3C2 gene polymorphism and occupational burnout, and analyze the influence of the interaction between environment and gene on occupational burnout. This study provides a scientific basis for formulating health strategies to combat job burnout. Methods: A total of 1,500 first-line coal mine workers were selected by cluster random sampling, and the job burnout scale, job content questionnaire (JCQ), and simplified coping style questionnaire (SCSQ) were used for the questionnaire survey. A total of 150 workers were randomly selected from the high burnout group and the low burnout group, and a total of 300 workers were selected as the research objects to examine the relationship between gene polymorphism, environment-gene interactions and burnout. This study employed iMLDRTM genotyping technology for NR3C2 gene (rs5522, rs2070950) polymorphism analysis. The relationship between the occurrence of job burnout, occupational stress, coping styles and the NR3C2 gene was analyzed. Results: Finally, a total of 1,282 valid questionnaires were retrieved, with an effective recovery rate of 85.5%. The study included 128 participants (10%) with zero burnout, 400 (31.2%) with mild burnout, 649 (50.6%) with moderate burnout and 105 (8.2%) with severe burnout. There were significant differences in the rate of burnout among miners with respect to sex, age, working years, educational level, shifts, and marital status (P < 0.05). The difference in occupational stress between the different job burnout groups was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Compared with the GG genotype of rs2070950 of the NR3C2 gene, the CC genotype was identified as a susceptibility gene for occupational burnout (P < 0.05). In respect to rs5522, rs2070950, occupational stress, positive coping, and negative coping, the low-risk group was unlikely to suffer from job burnout compared with the high-risk group (OR = 0.103, 95%CI: 0.058-0.182). Conclusion: In addition to demographic characteristics, occupational stress and negative coping styles were also identified as risk factors for job burnout. The interaction between locus rs5522, locus rs2070950, occupational stress, positive response, and negative response were found to affect the incidence of occupational burnout.

The effect of initial inoculation amount of microalgae on synergistic purification of biogas slurry.

In this study, Chlorella and Scenedesmus were inoculated in biogas slurry medium with initial inoculum (OD680) of 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3, respectively, and 5% CO2 was continuously injected. The study aimed to examine the carbon sequestration capacity of Chlorella and Scenedesmus, as well as the effectiveness of removing pollutants such as TN, TP, and COD in biogas slurry medium. Additionally, an economic efficiency analysis of energy consumption was conducted. The group with an initial inoculum (OD680) of 0.3 for both types of microalgae exhibited better tolerance to pollutants, entered the logarithmic growth stage earlier, promoted nutrient removal, achieved higher energy efficiency, and reduced carbon emissions compared to the other groups. The highest carbon sequestration rates were 18.03% for Chlorella and 11.05% for Scenedesmus. Furthermore, Chlorella demonstrated corresponding nutrient removal efficiencies of 83.03% for TN, 99.84% for TP, and 90.06% for COD, while Scenedesmus exhibited removal efficiencies of 66.35% for TN, 98.74% for TP, and 77.71% for COD. The highest energy efficiency for pollutants and CO2 removal rates for Chlorella were 49.51 ± 2.20 and 9.91 ± 0.44 USD-1, respectively. In conclusion, the findings demonstrate the feasibility of using microalgae for simultaneous purification of biogas and biogas slurry.

Fluorine-tailed glass fibers for adsorption of volatile perfluorinated compounds via F-F interaction.

Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) and their short-chain derivatives are contaminants found globally. Adsorption research on volatile perfluorinated compounds (VPFCs), which are the main PFCs substances that undergo transfer and migration, is particularly important. In this study, new fluorine-containing tail materials (FCTMs) were prepared by combining fluorine-containing tail organic compounds with modified glass fibers. The adsorption effects of these FCTMs were generally stronger than that of pure activated glass fibers without fluorine- tailed, with an adsorption efficiency of up to 86% based on F-F interactions. The results showed that the FCTMs had improved desorption efficiency and reusability, and higher adsorption efficiency compared with that of polyurethane foam. FTGF was applied to the active sampler, and the indoor adsorption of perfluorovaleric acid was up to 2.45 ng/m3. The adsorption kinetics and isotherm simulation results showed that the adsorption process of typical perfluorinated compounds conformed to the second-order kinetics and Langmuir model. Furthermore, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) results showed that the chemical shift in the fluorine spectrum was significantly changed by F-F interactions. This research provides basic theoretical data for the study of VPFCs, especially short-chain VPFCs, facilitating improved scientific support for the gas phase analysis of VPFCs in the environment.

Rhodamine-Anchored Polyacrylamide Hydrogel for Fluorescent Naked-Eye Sensing of Fe3.

A fluorescent and colorimetric poly (acrylamide)-based copolymer probe P(AAm-co-RBNCH) has been designed via free radical polymerization of a commercial acrylamide monomer with a rhodamine-functionalized monomer RBNCH. Metal ion selectivity of RBNCH was investigated by fluorescence and colorimetric spectrophotometry. Upon addition of Fe3+, a visual color change from colorless to red and a large fluorescence enhancement were observed for the ring-opening of the rhodamine spirolactam mechanism. The monomer gives a sensitive method for quantitatively detecting Fe3+ in the linear range of 100-200 µM, with a limit of detection as low as 27 nM and exhibiting high selectivity for Fe3+ over 12 other metal ions. The hydrogel sensor was characterized by FTIR, and the effects of RBNCH amount on gel content and swelling properties were explored. According to the recipe of 1.0 mol% RBNCH to the total monomers, the fabricated hydrogel sensor displayed a good swelling property and reversibility performance and has potential for application in the imaging of Fe3+ level in industrial wastewater.

Application of Ketamine in Pain Management and the Underlying Mechanism.

Since ketamine was approved by the FDA as an intravenous anesthetic, it has been in clinical use for more than 50 years. Apart from its anesthetic effects, ketamine is one of the few intravenous anesthetics with potent analgesic properties. As part of the effort to develop pain management, renewed interest has focused on the use of ketamine for the treatment of acute and chronic pain. Ketamine is commonly used to treat various kinds of chronic pain syndromes and is also applied to control perioperative pain and reduce the consumption of postoperative analgesics. However, its precise mechanisms of action remain mysterious for a large part. Despite extensive research in the field, the mechanism of ketamine is still unclear. Its analgesic effect appears to be largely mediated by blockade of NMDARs, but opioid, GABA, and monoaminergic system seem to partly participate in the pain transmission procedure. Its metabolites also have an analgesic effect, which may prolong pain relief. More recently, the antidepressant effect of ketamine has been considered to reduce pain-related aversion to relieve chronic pain. Overall, the analgesic mechanism of ketamine seems to be a complex combination of multiple factors. Due to its potent analgesic properties, ketamine is an analgesic with great clinical application prospects. Exploring the precise mechanism of action of ketamine will help guide clinical medication and confirm indications for ketamine analgesia. This review aims to list the application of ketamine in pain management and discuss its analgesic mechanism.

Intratumoral microbiome impacts immune infiltrates in tumor microenvironment and predicts prognosis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma patients.

Background: Different intratumoral microbiotaexist in different tumors and play a crucial function in carcinogenesis. However, whether they impact clinical outcomes in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and their mechanism remain unclear. Methods: 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing was performed on surgically resected samples from 98 ESCC patients to analyze intratumoral microbiome abundance and composition. Multiplex fluorescent immunohistochemistry staining was used to profile the phenotypes of immune infiltrates in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Results: Patients with higher intratumoral Shannon index had significantly worse surgical outcomes. When patients were divided into short-term survivors and long-term survivors based on the median survival time, both intratumoral alpha-diversity and beta-diversity were found to be significantly inconsistent, and the relative abundance of Lactobacillus and Leptotrichia emerged as the two microorganisms that probably influenced the survival of ESCC patients. Only Lactobacillus in ESCC was validated to significantly worsen patients' prognoses and to be positively correlated with the Shannon index. Multivariate analysis revealed that the intratumoral Shannon index, the relative abundance of Lactobacillus, and the pathologic tumor-node-metastasis (pTNM) stage were independently associated with patients' overall survival. Furthermore, the relative abundance of both Lactobacillus and Shannon index was positively correlated with the proportions of PD-L1+ epithelial cells (ECs) and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). The Shannon index was negatively correlated with the proportions of natural killer (NK) cells in the TME. Conclusions: A high abundance of intratumoral Lactobacillus and bacterial alpha-diversity was associated with the formation of the immunosuppressive TME and predicted poor long-term survival in ESCC patients.

Manganese triggers persistent activation of the integrated stress response by inhibition of SIRT1 on deacetylation of GADD34.

Overexposure to manganese (Mn) is conducive to neurodegenerative diseases and neuronal injury. Persistent activation of the integrated stress response (ISR) has a substantial impact on the etiology of neurodegenerative disorders by interfering with intracellular homeostasis. Nevertheless, the precise mechanism through which ISR engages in Mn-related neurotoxicity remains unclear. Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), a typical NAD+-dependent protein deacetylase, which is known to participate in Mn-induced neuronal damage. Therefore, the aim of our study was to clarify how SIRT1 regulates persistent ISR activation in mouse hippocampal neuronal cells (HT-22 cells) exposed to various concentrations of Mn. We discovered that persistent ISR activation was engaged in Mn-triggered mitochondrial and exogenous apoptotic signaling pathways, which was attributed to the excessive phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (eIF2α). Growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein 34 (GADD34) is known to be responsible for down-regulating the phosphorylation of eIF2α. However, Mn promoted GADD34 protein expression and its acetylation level. We further investigated the effect of SIRT1 on the acetylation of GADD34 by overexpressing and silencing SIRT1. We discovered that SIRT1 activation significantly declined the acetylation level of GADD34, thus alleviating persistent ISR activation-mediated neuronal apoptosis in HT-22 cells-treated with Mn. In summary, these results suggested that Mn induced persistent activation of the ISR by inhibition of SIRT1 on deacetylation of GADD34.

Anaerobic digestion of hydrothermally pretreated dewatered sewage sludge: effects of process conditions on methane production and the fate of phosphorus.

The hydrothermal pretreatment (HTP) characteristics and the fate of phosphorus (P) and anaerobic digestion (AD) performance of dewatered sewage sludge (DSS) were investigated at different hydrothermal conditions. The maximum methane yield reached 241 mL CH4/g COD when the hydrothermal conditions were 200 °C-2 h-10% (A4), and the yield was 78.28% higher than that without pretreatment (A0) and 29.62% higher than that of the initial hydrothermal conditions (A1, 140 °C-1 h-5%). Proteins, polysaccharides, and volatile fatty acids (VFAs) were the main hydrothermal products of DSS. 3D-EEM analysis revealed that tyrosine, tryptophan proteins, and fulvic acids decreased after HTP, but the content of humic acid-like substances increased, and this phenomenon was more noticeable after AD. Solid-organic P was converted into liquid-P during the hydrothermal process, and nonapatite inorganic P was converted into organic P during AD. All samples achieved positive energy balance, and the energy balance of A4 was 10.50 kJ/g VS. Microbial analysis showed that the composition of the anaerobic microbial degradation community changed as the sludge organic composition was altered. Results showed that the HTP improved the anaerobic digestion of DSS.

Metabolic Reprogramming Driven by IGF2BP3 Promotes Acquired Resistance to EGFR Inhibitors in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.

Acquired resistance represents a bottleneck for effective molecular targeted therapy in lung cancer. Metabolic adaptation is a distinct hallmark of human lung cancer that might contribute to acquired resistance. In this study, we discovered a novel mechanism of acquired resistance to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) mediated by IGF2BP3-dependent cross-talk between epigenetic modifications and metabolic reprogramming through the IGF2BP3-COX6B2 axis. IGF2BP3 was upregulated in patients with TKI-resistant non-small cell lung cancer, and high IGF2BP3 expression correlated with reduced overall survival. Upregulated expression of the RNA binding protein IGF2BP3 in lung cancer cells reduced sensitivity to TKI treatment and exacerbated the development of drug resistance via promoting oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). COX6B2 mRNA bound IGF2BP3, and COX6B2 was required for increased OXPHOS and acquired EGFR-TKI resistance mediated by IGF2BP3. Mechanistically, IGF2BP3 bound to the 3'-untranslated region of COX6B2 in an m6A-dependent manner to increase COX6B2 mRNA stability. Moreover, the IGF2BP3-COX6B2 axis regulated nicotinamide metabolism, which can alter OXPHOS and promote EGFR-TKI acquired resistance. Inhibition of OXPHOS with IACS-010759, a small-molecule inhibitor, resulted in strong growth suppression in vitro and in vivo in a gefitinib-resistant patient-derived xenograft model. Collectively, these findings suggest that metabolic reprogramming by the IGF2BP3-COX6B2 axis plays a critical role in TKI resistance and confers a targetable metabolic vulnerability to overcome acquired resistance to EGFR-TKIs in lung cancer. SIGNIFICANCE: IGF2BP3 stabilizes COX6B2 to increase oxidative phosphorylation and to drive resistance to EGFR inhibitors in lung cancer, which provides a therapeutic strategy to overcome acquired resistance by targeting metabolic transitions.

Effect of Carbonization Temperature on Microstructures and Properties of Electrospun Tantalum Carbide/Carbon Fibers.

Compared with traditional metal materials, carbon-based materials have the advantages of low density, high conductivity, good chemical stability, etc., and can be used as reliable alternative materials in various fields. Among them, the carbon fiber conductive network constructed by electrospinning technology has the advantages of high porosity, high specific surface area and rich heterogeneous interface. In order to further improve the conductivity and mechanical properties of pure carbon fiber films, tantalum carbide (TaC) nanoparticles were selected as conductive fillers. The crystallization degree, electrical and mechanical properties of electrospun TaC/C nanofibers at different temperatures were investigated. As the carbonization temperature increases, the crystallization degree and electrical conductivity of the sample also increases, while the growth trend of electrical conductivity is markedly slowed. The best mechanical properties of 12.39 MPa was achieved when the carbonization temperature was 1200 °C. Finally, through comprehensive analysis and comparison, it can be concluded that a carbonization temperature of 1200 °C is the optimum.

C57BL/6J and C57BL/6N mice exhibit different neuro-behaviors and sensitivity to midazolam- and propofol-induced anesthesia.

Phenotypes of inbred mice are strain-dependent, indicating the important influence of genetic background in biomedical research. C57BL/6 is one of the most commonly used inbred mouse strains, and its two closely related substrains, C57BL/6J and C57BL/6N, have been separated for only about 70 years. These two substrains have accumulated genetic variations and exhibit different phenotypes, but it remains unclear whether they respond to anesthetics differently. In this study, commercially acquired wildtype C57BL/6J or C57BL/6N mice from two different sources were analyzed and compared for their response to a spectrum of anesthetics (midazolam, propofol, esketamine or isoflurane anesthesia) and their performance in a series of behavioral tests associated with neurological functions including open field test (OFT), elevated plus maze (EPM), Y maze, prepulse inhibition (PPI), tail strain test (TST) and forced swimming test (FST). Loss of the righting reflex (LORR) is used to measure the anesthetic effects. Our results suggested that the anesthesia induction time induced by either of the four anesthetics were comparable for the C57BL/6J and C57BL/6N mice. However, C57BL/6J or C57BL/6N mice do exhibit different sensitivity to midazolam and propofol. The anesthesia duration of midazolam of C57BL/6J mice was about 60% shorter than that of the C57BL/6N mice, while the LORR duration induced by propofol in C57BL/6J mice was 51% longer than that of the C57BL/6N. In comparison, the two substrains were anesthetized by esketamine or isoflurane similarly. In the behavioral analysis, the C57BL/6J mice exhibited a lower level of anxiety- and depression-like behaviors in OFT, EPM, FST and TST than the C57BL/6N mice. Locomotor activity and sensorimotor gating of these two substrains remained comparable. Our results stress the point that when selecting inbred mice for allele mutation or behavioral testing, the influence of even subtle differences in genetic background should be fully considered.

High Value Utilization of Waste Wood toward Porous and Lightweight Carbon Monolith with EMI Shielding, Heat Insulation and Mechanical Properties.

With the increasing pollution of electromagnetic (EM) radiation, it is necessary to develop low-cost, renewable electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials. Herein, wood-derived carbon (WC) materials for EMI shielding are prepared by one-step carbonization of renewable wood. With the increase in carbonization temperature, the conductivity and EMI performance of WC increase gradually. At the same carbonization temperature, the denser WC has better conductivity and higher EMI performance. In addition, due to the layered superimposed conductive channel structure, the WC in the vertical-section shows better EMI shielding performance than that in the cross-section. After excluding the influence of thickness and density, the specific EMI shielding effectiveness (SSE/t) value can be calculated to further optimize tree species. We further discuss the mechanism of the influence of the microstructure of WC on its EMI shielding properties. In addition, the lightweight WC EMI material also has good hydrophobicity and heat insulation properties, as well as good mechanical properties.

Esketamine Anesthetizes Mice With a Similar Potency to Racemic Ketamine.

Esketamine, the right-handed optical isomer of racemic ketamine, has recently become widely used for anesthesia and analgesia as a replacement for racemic ketamine. However, there are limited studies comparing the anesthetic and analgesic effects of esketamine and racemic ketamine in mice. This research was conducted to analyze the dose-dependent anesthetic and analgesic efficacy of esketamine in mice and to compare its potency with that of the racemate. We tested the anesthetic effects of different doses of esketamine and compared its potency with that of the racemate using righting reflex tests. Then, the acetic acid-induced pain model and formalin-induced pain model were used to investigate the analgesic effect. Compared with racemic ketamine, an equivalent dose of esketamine at 100 mg/kg was required to induce stable anesthesia. In contrast, 5 mg/kg esketamine was sufficient to provide analgesic effects similar to those of 10 mg/kg ketamine. Together, esketamine had a similar potency to racemic ketamine for anesthesia and a stronger potency for analgesia in mice.

A Tissue Paper/Hydrogel Composite Light-Responsive Biomimetic Actuator Fabricated by In Situ Polymerization.

Stimulus-responsive hydrogels are an important member of smart materials owing to their reversibility, soft/wet properties, and biocompatibility, which have a wide range of applications in the field of intelligent actuations. However, poor mechanical property and complicated fabrication process limit their further applications. Herein, we report a light-responsive tissue paper/hydrogel composite actuator which was developed by combining inkjet-printed tissue paper with poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) hydrogel through simple in situ polymerization. Due to the high strength of natural tissue paper and the strong interaction within the interface of the bilayer structure, the mechanical property of the composite actuator was highly enhanced, reaching 1.2 MPa of tensile strength. Furthermore, the light-responsive actuation of remote manipulation can be achieved because of the stamping graphite with high efficiency of photothermal conversion. Most importantly, we also made a few remotely controlled biomimetic actuating devices based on the near-infrared (NIR) light response of this composite actuator. This work provides a simple strategy for the construction of biomimetic anisotropic actuators and will inspire the exploration of new intelligent materials.