Modulation of in Vitro SARS-CoV-2 Infection by Stephania tetrandra and Its Alkaloid Constituents.

Botanical natural products have been widely consumed for their purported usefulness against COVID-19. Here, six botanical species from multiple sources and 173 isolated natural product compounds were screened for blockade of wild-type (WT) SARS-CoV-2 infection in human 293T epithelial cells overexpressing ACE-2 and TMPRSS2 protease (293TAT). Antiviral activity was demonstrated by an extract from Stephania tetrandra. Extract fractionation, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), antiviral assays, and computational analyses revealed that the alkaloid fraction and purified alkaloids tetrandrine, fangchinoline, and cepharanthine inhibited WT SARS-CoV-2 infection. The alkaloids and alkaloid fraction also inhibited the delta variant of concern but not WT SARS-CoV-2 in VeroAT cells. Membrane permeability assays demonstrate that the alkaloids are biologically available, although fangchinoline showed lower permeability than tetrandrine. At high concentrations, the extract, alkaloid fractions, and pure alkaloids induced phospholipidosis in 293TAT cells and less so in VeroAT cells. Gene expression profiling during virus infection suggested that alkaloid fraction and tetrandrine displayed similar effects on cellular gene expression and pathways, while fangchinoline showed distinct effects on cells. Our study demonstrates a multifaceted approach to systematically investigate the diverse activities conferred by complex botanical mixtures, their cell-context specificity, and their pleiotropic effects on biological systems.

High-throughput functional annotation of natural products by integrated activity profiling.

Determining mechanism of action (MOA) is one of the biggest challenges in natural products discovery. Here, we report a comprehensive platform that uses Similarity Network Fusion (SNF) to improve MOA predictions by integrating data from the cytological profiling high-content imaging platform and the gene expression platform Functional Signature Ontology, and pairs these data with untargeted metabolomics analysis for de novo bioactive compound discovery. The predictive value of the integrative approach was assessed using a library of target-annotated small molecules as benchmarks. Using Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) tests to compare in-class to out-of-class similarity, we found that SNF retains the ability to identify significant in-class similarity across a diverse set of target classes, and could find target classes not detectable in either platform alone. This confirmed that integration of expression-based and image-based phenotypes can accurately report on MOA. Furthermore, we integrated untargeted metabolomics of complex natural product fractions with the SNF network to map biological signatures to specific metabolites. Three examples are presented where SNF coupled with metabolomics was used to directly functionally characterize natural products and accelerate identification of bioactive metabolites, including the discovery of the azoxy-containing biaryl compounds parkamycins A and B. Our results support SNF integration of multiple phenotypic screening approaches along with untargeted metabolomics as a powerful approach for advancing natural products drug discovery.

11B and 1H-11B HMBC NMR as a Tool for Identification of a Boron-Containing Nucleoside Dimer.

Boron-containing compounds are commonly used in synthetic chemistry and are known to play important roles in biology. Despite the widespread relevance of boronated compounds, there have been limited methods to discover, characterize, and study them. Here, we describe the use of 11B NMR, including 1H-11B HMBC, for the isolation and characterization of the boron-containing natural product diadenosine borate. Utilizing synthetic standards, we optimized coupling parameters for 1H-11B HMBC experiments to allow for the analysis of small quantities (∼1 mg) of boron-containing compounds. This work can facilitate the broader application of 11B NMR to the study of boron in a range of applications, from synthetic chemistry to the role of boron in naturally occurring systems.

Nonenzymatic Reactions in Natural Product Formation.

Biosynthetic mechanisms of natural products primarily depend on systems of protein catalysts. However, within the field of biosynthesis, there are cases in which the inherent chemical reactivity of metabolic intermediates and substrates evades the involvement of enzymes. These reactions are difficult to characterize based on their reactivity and occlusion within the milieu of the cellular environment. As we continue to build a strong foundation for how microbes and higher organisms produce natural products, therein lies a need for understanding how protein independent or nonenzymatic biosynthetic steps can occur. We have classified such reactions into four categories: intramolecular, multicomponent, tailoring, and light-induced reactions. Intramolecular reactions is one of the most well studied in the context of biomimetic synthesis, consisting of cyclizations and cycloadditions due to the innate reactivity of the intermediates. There are two subclasses that make up multicomponent reactions, one being homologous multicomponent reactions which results in dimeric and pseudodimeric natural products, and the other being heterologous multicomponent reactions, where two or more precursors from independent biosynthetic pathways undergo a variety of reactions to produce the mature natural product. The third type of reaction discussed are tailoring reactions, where postmodifications occur on the natural products after the biosynthetic machinery is completed. The last category consists of light-induced reactions involving ecologically relevant UV light rather than high intensity UV irradiation that is traditionally used in synthetic chemistry. This review will cover recent nonenzymatic biosynthetic mechanisms and include sources for those reviewed previously.

Biomimetic Total Synthesis and Investigation of the Non-Enzymatic Chemistry of Oxazinin A.

We report the first total synthesis of an antimycobacterial natural product oxazinin A that takes advantage of a multi-component cascade reaction of anthranilic acid and a precursor polyketide containing an aldehyde. The route utilized for the synthesis of the pseudodimeric oxazinin A validates a previously proposed biosynthetic mechanism, invoking a non-enzymatic pathway to the complex molecule. We found a 76 : 10 : 9 : 5 ratio of oxazinin diastereomers from the synthetic cascade, which is an identical match to that found in the fermentation media from the fungus Eurotiomycetes 110162. Further investigation of the non-enzymatic formation of oxazinin A using 1 H-15 N HMBC NMR spectroscopy allowed for a plausible determination of the stepwise mechanism. The developed route is highly amenable for the synthesis of diverse sets of analogs around the oxazinin scaffold to study structure-activity relationships (SAR).

Antibiotic natural product hunanamycin A: Lead identification towards anti-Salmonella agents.

Design and synthesis of library of compounds around the antibiotic natural product hunanamycin A scaffold and their biological evaluation are disclosed here. These efforts resulted in identification of a lead compound 36, which is a structurally simplified analogue of original hunanamycin A with impressive activity against Salmonella enterica and possesses other druggable properties. In addition, no acute oral toxicity was observed for compound 36 in Swiss albino mice dosed up to 2 g/kg. It has the potential to be developed for the treatment of food infections caused by Salmonella.

Boron NMR as a Method to Screen Natural Product Libraries for B-Containing Compounds.

Natural products are biologically relevant metabolites exploited for biomedicine and biotechnology. The frequent reisolation of known natural products questions whether existing discovery models are still capable of identifying novel compounds. As innovative NMR-based screening techniques can help overcome these challenges, we applied a phase cycling composite pulse sequence to 11B NMR experiments to enhance their sensitivity to screen libraries for novel boron-containing molecules. Aplasmomycin and autoinducer-2 were detected in crude and enhanced microbial fractions, via their boron signals, as proof of concept. Subsequently, a screen of 21 crude plant and 50 crude marine microbial extracts were chosen at random and analyzed with the optimized 11B experiment for feasibility as a high throughput discovery method. Eight of the plant samples and 13 of the microbial samples were identified as boron-containing, suggesting that there is a higher presence of boron metabolites available from natural sources than previously known due to a lack of appropriate discovery methods. As a result, we believe that this optimized 11B NMR experiment can serve as a robust method for quick and facile discovery of novel boron-containing metabolites from a variety of natural sources.

A method for campus-wide SARS-CoV-2 surveillance at a large public university.

The systematic screening of asymptomatic and pre-symptomatic individuals is a powerful tool for controlling community transmission of infectious disease on college campuses. Faced with a paucity of testing in the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, many universities developed molecular diagnostic laboratories focused on SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic testing on campus and in their broader communities. We established the UC Santa Cruz Molecular Diagnostic Lab in early April 2020 and began testing clinical samples just five weeks later. Using a clinically-validated laboratory developed test (LDT) that avoided supply chain constraints, an automated sample pooling and processing workflow, and a custom laboratory information management system (LIMS), we expanded testing from a handful of clinical samples per day to thousands per day with the testing capacity to screen our entire campus population twice per week. In this report we describe the technical, logistical, and regulatory processes that enabled our pop-up lab to scale testing and reporting capacity to thousands of tests per day.

Strategies and Approaches for Discovery of Small Molecule Disruptors of Biofilm Physiology.

Biofilms, the predominant growth mode of microorganisms, pose a significant risk to human health. The protective biofilm matrix, typically composed of exopolysaccharides, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids, combined with biofilm-grown bacteria's heterogenous physiology, leads to enhanced fitness and tolerance to traditional methods for treatment. There is a need to identify biofilm inhibitors using diverse approaches and targeting different stages of biofilm formation. This review discusses discovery strategies that successfully identified a wide range of inhibitors and the processes used to characterize their inhibition mechanism and further improvement. Additionally, we examine the structure-activity relationship (SAR) for some of these inhibitors to optimize inhibitor activity.

Draft Genome Sequence of Marine Actinobacterium Streptomyces spinoverrucosus SNB-032.

Actinobacteria represent a large source of diverse bioactive compounds of medical and economic importance. Here, we report the 8.8-Mb draft genome of the marine bacterium Streptomyces spinoverrucosus SNB-032. Bioinformatic sequence analysis proved similarities to known Streptomyces strains and revealed the capacity for the production of various secondary metabolites.

Pseudonocardia cytotoxica sp. nov., a novel actinomycete isolated from an Arctic fjord with potential to produce cytotoxic compound.

Herein we report the isolation of a novel actinomycete, strain MCCB 268T, from the sediment sample collected from a high Arctic fjord Kongsfjorden. MCCB 268T showed greater than 97% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with those of Pseudonocardia konjuensis LM 157T (98.06%), Pseudonocardia soli NW8-21 (97.22%) Pseudonocardia endophytica YIM 56035 (97.08%) and Pseudonocardia nantongensis KLBMP 1282 (97.34%) showing that the strain should be assigned to the genus Pseudonocardia. DNA-DNA hybridization with Pseudonocardia konjuensis LM 157T showed only 41.5% relatedness to strain MCCB 268T. The whole genome of the strain MCCB 268T was sequenced. Whole-genome average nucleotide identity, dDDH (%) and genome tree analysis demonstrated that strain significantly differed from other Pseudonocardia species. The G + C content was 70.5 mol%. MCCB 268T exhibited in vitro cytotoxicity and through bioassay guided fractionation followed by HPLC separation a cytotoxic compound (I) was isolated. The compound (I) was identified as 1-acetyl-ß-carboline through NMR spectra and high-resolution mass spectrometry. Compound (I) showed cytotoxicity against lung cancer cell line and mode of anticancer activity was found to be through the induction of apoptosis. Based on the genotypic and phenotypic features, MCCB 268T ought to be classified as a novel species under the genus Pseudonocardia for which the name Pseudonocardia cytotoxica sp. nov. is proposed (= CCUG72333T = JCM32718T).

Assessing Accuracy of Genomic Predictions for Resistance to Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus With Progeny Testing of Selection Candidates in a Commercial Rainbow Trout Breeding Population.

Infectious hematopoietic necrosis (IHN) is an economically important disease of salmonid fish caused by the IHN virus (IHNV). Under industrial aquaculture settings, IHNV can cause substantial mortality and losses. Actually, there is no confirmed and cost-effective method for IHNV control. Clear Springs Foods, Inc. has been performing family-based selective breeding to increase genetic resistance to IHNV in their rainbow trout breeding program. In an earlier study, we used siblings cross-validation to estimate the accuracy of genomic prediction (GP) for IHNV resistance in this breeding population. In the present report, we used empirical progeny testing data to evaluate whether genomic selection (GS) can improve the accuracy of breeding value predictions over traditional pedigree-based best linear unbiased predictions (PBLUP). We found that the GP accuracy with single-step GBLUP (ssGBLUP) outperformed PBLUP by 15% (from 0.33 to 0.38). Furthermore, we found that ssGBLUP had higher GP accuracy than weighted ssGBLUP (wssGBLUP) and single-step Bayesian multiple regression (ssBMR) models with BayesB and BayesC priors which supports our previous findings that the underlying liability of genetic resistance against IHNV in this breeding population might be polygenic. Our results show that GS can be more effective than either the traditional pedigree-based PBLUP model or the marker-assisted selection approach for improving genetic resistance against IHNV in this commercial rainbow trout population.

The Serotonin Neurotransmitter Modulates Virulence of Enteric Pathogens.

The gut-brain axis is crucial to microbial-host interactions. The neurotransmitter serotonin is primarily synthesized in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, where it is secreted into the lumen and subsequently removed by the serotonin transporter, SERT. Here, we show that serotonin decreases virulence gene expression by enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) and Citrobacter rodentium, a murine model for EHEC. The membrane-bound histidine sensor kinase, CpxA, is a bacterial serotonin receptor. Serotonin induces dephosphorylation of CpxA, which inactivates the transcriptional factor CpxR controlling expression of virulence genes, notably those within the locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE). Increasing intestinal serotonin by genetically or pharmacologically inhibiting SERT decreases LEE expression and reduces C. rodentium loads. Conversely, inhibiting serotonin synthesis increases pathogenesis and decreases host survival. As other enteric bacteria contain CpxA, this signal exploitation may be engaged by other pathogens. Additionally, repurposing serotonin agonists to inhibit CpxA may represent a potential therapeutic intervention for enteric bacteria.

Multiple decades of stocking has resulted in limited hatchery introgression in wild brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) populations of Nova Scotia.

Many populations of freshwater fishes are threatened with losses, and increasingly, the release of hatchery individuals is one strategy being implemented to support wild populations. However, stocking of hatchery individuals may pose long-term threats to wild populations, particularly if genetic interactions occur between wild and hatchery individuals. One highly prized sport fish that has been heavily stocked throughout its range is the brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis). In Nova Scotia, Canada, hatchery brook trout have been stocked since the early 1900s, and despite continued stocking efforts, populations have suffered declines in recent decades. Before this study, the genetic structure of brook trout populations in the province was unknown; however, given the potential negative consequences associated with hatchery stocking, it is possible that hatchery programs have adversely affected the genetic integrity of wild populations. To assess the influence of hatchery supplementation on wild populations, we genotyped wild brook trout from 12 river systems and hatchery brook trout from two major hatcheries using 100 microsatellite loci. Genetic analyses of wild trout revealed extensive population genetic structure among and within river systems and significant isolation-by-distance. Hatchery stocks were genetically distinct from wild populations, and most populations showed limited to no evidence of hatchery introgression (<5% hatchery ancestry). Only a single location had a substantial number of hatchery-derived trout and was located in the only river where a local strain is used for supplementation. The amount of hatchery stocking within a watershed did not influence the level of hatchery introgression. Neutral genetic structure of wild populations was influenced by geography with some influence of climate and stocking indices. Overall, our study suggests that long-term stocking has not significantly affected the genetic integrity of wild trout populations, highlighting the variable outcomes of stocking and the need to evaluate the consequences on a case-by-case basis.

Synthesis and Investigation of the Abiotic Formation of Pyonitrins A-D.

Pyonitrins A-D are recently isolated natural products from the insect-associated Pseudomonas protegens strain, which were isolated from complex fractions that exhibited antifungal activity via an in vivo murine candidiasis assay. Genomic studies of Pseudomonas protegens suggested that pyonitrins A-D are formed via a spontaneous nonenzymatic reaction between biosynthetic intermediates of two well-known natural products pyochelin and pyrrolnitrin. Herein we have accomplished the first biomimetic total synthesis of pyonitrins A-D in three steps and studied the nonenzymatic formation of the pyonitrins using 15N NMR spectroscopy.

Improving natural product research translation: From source to clinical trial.

While great interest in health effects of natural product (NP) including dietary supplements and foods persists, promising preclinical NP research is not consistently translating into actionable clinical trial (CT) outcomes. Generally considered the gold standard for assessing safety and efficacy, CTs, especially phase III CTs, are costly and require rigorous planning to optimize the value of the information obtained. More effective bridging from NP research to CT was the goal of a September, 2018 transdisciplinary workshop. Participants emphasized that replicability and likelihood of successful translation depend on rigor in experimental design, interpretation, and reporting across the continuum of NP research. Discussions spanned good practices for NP characterization and quality control; use and interpretation of models (computational through in vivo) with strong clinical predictive validity; controls for experimental artefacts, especially for in vitro interrogation of bioactivity and mechanisms of action; rigorous assessment and interpretation of prior research; transparency in all reporting; and prioritization of research questions. Natural product clinical trials prioritized based on rigorous, convergent supporting data and current public health needs are most likely to be informative and ultimately affect public health. Thoughtful, coordinated implementation of these practices should enhance the knowledge gained from future NP research.

A Genome-wide Functional Signature Ontology Map and Applications to Natural Product Mechanism of Action Discovery.

Gene expression signature-based inference of functional connectivity within and between genetic perturbations, chemical perturbations, and disease status can lead to the development of actionable hypotheses for gene function, chemical modes of action, and disease treatment strategies. Here, we report a FuSiOn-based genome-wide integration of hypomorphic cellular phenotypes that enables functional annotation of gene network topology, assignment of mechanistic hypotheses to genes of unknown function, and detection of cooperativity among cell regulatory systems. Dovetailing genetic perturbation data with chemical perturbation phenotypes allowed simultaneous generation of mechanism of action hypotheses for thousands of uncharacterized natural products fractions (NPFs). The predicted mechanism of actions span a broad spectrum of cellular mechanisms, many of which are not currently recognized as "druggable." To enable use of FuSiOn as a hypothesis generation resource, all associations and analyses are available within an open source web-based GUI (http://fusion.yuhs.ac).

Genome-wide association analysis and accuracy of genome-enabled breeding value predictions for resistance to infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus in a commercial rainbow trout breeding population.

BACKGROUND: Infectious hematopoietic necrosis (IHN) is a disease of salmonid fish that is caused by the IHN virus (IHNV). Under intensive aquaculture conditions, IHNV can cause significant mortality and economic losses. Currently, there is no proven and cost-effective method for IHNV control. Clear Springs Foods, Inc. has been applying selective breeding to improve genetic resistance to IHNV in their rainbow trout breeding program. The goals of this study were to elucidate the genetic architecture of IHNV resistance in this commercial population by performing genome-wide association studies (GWAS) with multiple regression single-step methods and to assess if genomic selection can improve the accuracy of genetic merit predictions over conventional pedigree-based best linear unbiased prediction (PBLUP) using cross-validation analysis. RESULTS: Ten moderate-effect quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with resistance to IHNV that jointly explained up to 42% of the additive genetic variance were detected in our GWAS. Only three of the 10 QTL were detected by both single-step Bayesian multiple regression (ssBMR) and weighted single-step GBLUP (wssGBLUP) methods. The accuracy of breeding value predictions with wssGBLUP (0.33-0.39) was substantially better than with PBLUP (0.13-0.24). CONCLUSIONS: Our comprehensive genome-wide scan for QTL revealed that genetic resistance to IHNV is controlled by the oligogenic inheritance of up to 10 moderate-effect QTL and many small-effect loci in this commercial rainbow trout breeding population. Taken together, our results suggest that whole genome-enabled selection models will be more effective than the conventional pedigree-based method for breeding value estimation or the marker-assisted selection approach for improving the genetic resistance of rainbow trout to IHNV in this population.

Isolation, Structure, and Total Synthesis of the Marine Macrolide Mangrolide D.

The isolation, characterization, and total synthesis of the macrocyclic polyene mangrolide D is reported. A 16-step total synthesis relies on robust Suzuki and ring-closing metathesis reactions, and an iron-catalyzed hydroazidation of an exomethylene substituted tetrahydropyran as a key step for the synthesis of the appended 4- epi-vancosamine sugar. Although mangrolide D did not display antibiotic activity, this work should prove enabling toward the synthesis of the antitubercular tiacumicins which display a virtually identical macrocyclic backbone.