Diferenças nas medidas cefalométricas esqueléticas, dentárias e tegumentares de melanodermas e leucodermas: uma revisão da literatura / Differences in skeletal, dental and tegumentary cephalometric measures of melanodermas and leucodermas: a literature review

Introdução: as principais análises cefalométricas utilizadas para o planejamento do tratamento ortodôntico são baseadas nas características da população de raça branca, no entanto as características morfológicas parecem diferir entre os diferentes grupos étnicos. Objetivos: avaliar se há diferenças nas medidas cefalométricas entre leucodermas e melanodermas e definir os valores de normalidade para os melanodermas. Metodologia: revisão de publicações científicas que apresentem as características esqueléticas, dentárias e tegumentares de indivíduos melanodermas e leucodermas até o presente momento através de descritores específicos. Resultados: os melanodermas apresentam medidas cefalométricas que indicam a maxila e mandíbula avançadas em relação à base do crânio, um plano mandibular mais inclinado, terço inferior da face aumentado, maior convexidade facial, incisivos superiores protruídos e levemente vestibularizado, incisivos inferiores acentuadamente protruídos e vestibularizados, lábios superior e inferior mais proeminentes, quando comparados aos leucodermas. Conclusão: existem diferenças entre as medidas cefalométricas de leucodermas e melanodermas e isso deve ser levado em consideração nos tratamentos ortodônticos no momento do planejamento e da análise dos resultados

Introduction: the main cephalometric analyzes used for orthodontic treatment planning are based on the characteristics of the whitepopulation, however the morphological characteristics seem to differ between the different ethnic groups. Objective: to evaluate if there are differences in cephalometric measures between leucodermas and melanoderms and define the normal values for melanodermas. Methodology: review of scientific publications that present the skeletal, dental and tegumentary characteristics of melanodermal and leukodermal individuals up to the present moment through specific descriptors. Results: melanoderms present cephalometric measures that indicate the maxilla and mandible advanced in relation to the base of the skull, a more inclined mandibular plane, inferior third of the face increased, greater facial convexity, protruded and slightly proinclined upper incisors, incisively protruding andproinclined lower incisors, upper and lower lips more prominent, when compared to leucodermas. Conclusion: there are differences between cephalometric measures of leucodermas and melanodermas and this should be taken into account in orthodontic treatments at the time of planning and analysis of the results

Efeito de sessão aguda de Pilates no solo e na água sobre a glicemia de mulheres portadoras de diabetes tipo 2 / Effect of an acute Mat and Water Pilates session upon blood glucose in women with type 2 diabetes

Objetivo: Comparar o efeito de exercícios de Pilates realizados no solo (PS) e na água (PA) sobre a glicemia de mulheres portadoras de diabetes tipo 2 (DM2). Métodos: Oito voluntárias (62,4 ± 7,9 anos) realizaram uma sessão de PS, PA e controle (CO) com duração de 30 min. A glicemia foi mensurada durante o repouso pré-sessão, imediatamente após (IA), aos 15 e 30 min da sessão e aos 15 min de recuperação após a sessão (15'rec). Resultados: Redução significativa (p < 0,05) da glicemia foi observada na sessão PA nos momentos IA (-41 mg/dl) e aos 15'rec (-57 mg/dl) quando comparada com o repouso pré-sessão. Porém, o mesmo não foi observado na sessão PS. Conclusão: A sessão de PA durante 30 min promoveu redução da glicemia capilar durante e nos primeiros 15'rec em mulheres portadoras de DM2, enquanto que a sessão PS não. (AU)

Objective: To compare the effect of Mat Pilates performed on the ground (MP) and Pilates performed in the water (WP). Methods: Eight volunteers (62.4 ± 7.9 years old) performed a MP, WP and control (CO) session lasting 30 minutes. Blood glucose was measured in the presession rest, immediately after (IA), at 15 and 30 min of the session and at 15 min of recovery after the session (15'rec). Results: A significant reduction (p < 0.05) in blood glucose was observed in WP session IA (-41 mg/dl) and 15'rec (-57 mg/dl) compared with the pre session rest. However, the same was not observed in the MP session. Conclusion: The PA session proved to be effective in reducing blood glucose in women with T2DM in the first 15'rec compared to the MP session. (AU)

In vitro analysis of shear bond strength and adhesive remnant index of different metal brackets

ABSTRACT Introduction: There is a great variety of orthodontic brackets in the Brazilian market, and constantly evaluating them is critical for professionals to know their properties, so as to be able to choose which product best suits their clinical practice. Objectives: To evaluate the bond strength and the adhesive remnant index (ARI) of different brands of metal brackets. Material and Methods: A total of 105 bovine incisors were used, and brackets of different brands were bonded to teeth. Seven different bracket brands were tested (MorelliTM, American OrthodonticsTM, TP OrthodonticsTM, Abzil-3MTM, OrthometricTM, TecnidentTM and UNIDENTM). Twenty-four hours after bonding, shear bond strength test was performed; and after debonding, the ARI was determined by using an optical microscope at a 10-fold increase. Results: Mean shear bond strength values ranged from 3.845 ± 3.997 (MorelliTM) to 9.871 ± 5.106 MPa (TecnidentTM). The majority of the ARI index scores was 0 and 1. Conclusion: Among the evaluated brackets, the one with the lowest mean shear bond strength values was MorelliTM. General evaluation of groups indicated that a greater number of bond failure occurred at the enamel/adhesive interface.

RESUMO Introdução: atualmente, há uma grande diversidade de braquetes ortodônticos no mercado brasileiro, e a avaliação desses é fundamental para que os profissionais conheçam suas propriedades e possam qualificar a sua escolha. Objetivo: avaliar o desempenho de diferentes braquetes metálicos - com diferentes características de base -, por meio da resistência de união e do Índice de Adesivo Remanescente (IAR). Material e Métodos: braquetes de sete marcas distintas foram testados (Morelli®, American Orthodontics®, TP Orthodontics®, Abzil-3M®, Orthometric®, Tecnident® e UNIDEN®). Os braquetes foram colados em incisivos bovinos totalizando 105 corpos de prova. O teste de resistência ao cisalhamento foi realizado 24h após a colagem e, em seguida, foi avaliado o IAR, por meio do uso de um microscópio óptico, em aumento de 10 vezes. Resultados: a média dos valores de resistência de união variou entre 3,845 ± 3,997 MPa (Morelli®) e 9,871 ± 5,106 MPa (Tecnident®). A maioria dos escores do IAR foi de 0 e 1. Conclusão: entre os braquetes avaliados, o que obteve a menor média de resistência de união foi o Morelli®. A avaliação geral dos grupos indicou maior número de falhas de colagem na interface esmalte/adesivo.

Safety of mannitol use in bowel preparation: a prospective assessment of intestinal methane (CH4) levels during colonoscopy after mannitol and sodium phosphate (NaP) bowel cleansing / Segurança do uso do manitol no preparo para colonoscopia: avaliação prospectiva do nível de metano (CH4) intestinal durante colonoscopia após preparo com manitol e fosfato de sódio (NaP)

ABSTRACT Background - Adequate bowel preparation is critical for the quality of colonoscopy. Despite reported occurrence of colonic explosion due to methane and hydrogen production by bacterial fermentation during colonoscopy, gas exchange during the procedure is believed to be effective in lowering existing methane concentration, allowing for safe utilization of mannitol for bowel preparation. Thus, mannitol is widely used for bowel cleansing prior to colonoscopy, considering its low cost and effectiveness for bowel preparation. Objective - The aim of this study was to assess the safety of mannitol for bowel preparation, when compared to sodium phosphate (NaP). Methods - We conducted a prospective observational study in which 250 patients undergoing colonoscopy at Universidade Federal de São Paulo and Hospital Albert Einstein (São Paulo, Brazil) were approached for inclusion in the study. Patients received either mannitol (n=50) or NaP (n=200) for bowel preparation, based on physician indication. Study was conducted from August 2009 to December 2009. The main outcome of interest was presence of detectable levels of methane (CH4) during colonoscopy and reduction in such levels after gas exchange during the procedure. Methane concentrations were measured in three intestinal segments during scope introduction and withdrawal. Safety was assessed as the absence of high levels of methane, defined as 5%. Measurements were made using a multi-gas monitor (X-am 7000, Dräger Safety AG & Co. KGaA, Lübeck, Germany) connected to a plastic catheter introduced into the working channel of the colonoscope. Additional outcomes of interest included levels of O2. Methane and O2 levels are reported as ppm. Mean, difference and standard deviation of levels of gas measured in both moments were calculated and compared in both groups. Proportions of patients with detectable or high levels of methane in both groups were compared. Continuous variables were analyzed using t test and categorical variables using qui-square tests. The Ethics Committee in both study sites approved the study protocol. Results - Patients in both groups were similar regarding demographics, colonoscopy indication, ASA status and quality of bowel preparation. Seven (3.5%) patients in the NaP group had methane detected during introduction of the endoscope. Methane levels became undetectable during withdrawal of the scope. None of the patients in the mannitol group had detectable levels of methane. O2 levels did not differ in the groups. Conclusion - This is the largest study to assess the safety of mannitol for bowel preparation, considering methane measurements. Our results indicate that mannitol use is as safe as NaP, and gas exchange was efficient in reducing methane concentrations.

RESUMO Contexto - Preparo adequado é fundamental para garantia de boa qualidade em colonoscopia. Apesar de relatos de explosão do cólon durante colonoscopia, secundários à produção de metano e hidrogênio pela fermentação bacteriana, acredita-se que a troca gasosa durante o procedimento diminua a concentração existente de metano, permitindo a utilização com segurança, de manitol para o preparo de cólon. Assim, manitol é largamente utilizado para limpeza dos cólons antes da colonoscopia, especialmente devido ao seu baixo custo e eficácia. Objetivo - O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a segurança do uso de manitol no preparo dos cólons, quando comparado ao uso de fosfo-soda (NaP). Métodos - Este foi um estudo observacional retrospectivo no qual foram incluídos 250 pacientes submetidos a colonoscopia na Universidade Federal de São Paulo e Hospital Albert Einstein (São Paulo - Brasil). Os pacientes receberam preparo de cólon com manitol (n=50) ou NaP (n=200), de acordo com preferências dos médicos que encaminharam os pacientes. O estudo foi realizado entre agosto e dezembro de 2009. O principal resultado pesquisado foi a presença de níveis detectáveis de metano (CH4) durante a colonoscopia, e a redução nestes níveis após troca gasosa durante o procedimento. As concentrações de metano foram dosadas com detector multi-gas (X-am 7000, Dräger Safety AG & Co., KGaA, Lübeck, Alemanha) conectado a um cateter plástico que foi introduzido no canal de instrumentação do colonoscópio. Outro achado de interesse foram níveis de O2. Níveis de metano e O2 foram relatados em ppm. Média, diferença entre as médias e desvio padrão nos níveis dos gases em ambos momentos foram comparados nos dois grupos. A proporção de pacientes com níveis detectáveis ou altos de metano em ambos os grupos foram comparados. Variáveis contínuas foram analisadas com teste t e variáveis categóricas com o teste do qui-quadrado. Os Comitês de Ética de ambas instituições aprovaram o protocolo do estudo. Resultados - Pacientes nos dois grupos foram comparáveis quanto aos dados demográficos, indicação para colonoscopia, classificação ASA e qualidade do preparo do cólon. Sete (3,5%) pacientes no grupo NaP tinham níveis detectáveis de metano durante a introdução do colonoscópio. Os níveis de metano se tornaram indetectáveis durante a retirada do aparelho. Nenhum dos pacientes no grupo manitol tinha níveis detectáveis de metano. Níveis de O2 foram semelhantes nos dois grupos. Conclusão - Este é o estudo com maior casuística que avaliou a segurança do uso de manitol para preparo de cólon, no que diz respeito a dosagem de metano. Nossos resultados indicam que o emprego do manitol é tão seguro quanto o NaP, e que a troca gasosa é eficaz na redução da concentração de metano.

SAFETY OF MANNITOL USE IN BOWEL PREPARATION: a prospective assessment of intestinal methane (CH4) levels during colonoscopy after mannitol and sodium phosphate (NaP) bowel cleansing.

BACKGROUND: - Adequate bowel preparation is critical for the quality of colonoscopy. Despite reported occurrence of colonic explosion due to methane and hydrogen production by bacterial fermentation during colonoscopy, gas exchange during the procedure is believed to be effective in lowering existing methane concentration, allowing for safe utilization of mannitol for bowel preparation. Thus, mannitol is widely used for bowel cleansing prior to colonoscopy, considering its low cost and effectiveness for bowel preparation. OBJECTIVE: - The aim of this study was to assess the safety of mannitol for bowel preparation, when compared to sodium phosphate (NaP). METHODS: - We conducted a prospective observational study in which 250 patients undergoing colonoscopy at Universidade Federal de São Paulo and Hospital Albert Einstein (São Paulo, Brazil) were approached for inclusion in the study. Patients received either mannitol (n=50) or NaP (n=200) for bowel preparation, based on physician indication. Study was conducted from August 2009 to December 2009. The main outcome of interest was presence of detectable levels of methane (CH4) during colonoscopy and reduction in such levels after gas exchange during the procedure. Methane concentrations were measured in three intestinal segments during scope introduction and withdrawal. Safety was assessed as the absence of high levels of methane, defined as 5%. Measurements were made using a multi-gas monitor (X-am 7000, Dräger Safety AG & Co. KGaA, Lübeck, Germany) connected to a plastic catheter introduced into the working channel of the colonoscope. Additional outcomes of interest included levels of O2. Methane and O2 levels are reported as ppm. Mean, difference and standard deviation of levels of gas measured in both moments were calculated and compared in both groups. Proportions of patients with detectable or high levels of methane in both groups were compared. Continuous variables were analyzed using t test and categorical variables using qui-square tests. The Ethics Committee in both study sites approved the study protocol. RESULTS: - Patients in both groups were similar regarding demographics, colonoscopy indication, ASA status and quality of bowel preparation. Seven (3.5%) patients in the NaP group had methane detected during introduction of the endoscope. Methane levels became undetectable during withdrawal of the scope. None of the patients in the mannitol group had detectable levels of methane. O2 levels did not differ in the groups. CONCLUSION: - This is the largest study to assess the safety of mannitol for bowel preparation, considering methane measurements. Our results indicate that mannitol use is as safe as NaP, and gas exchange was efficient in reducing methane concentrations.

In vitro analysis of shear bond strength and adhesive remnant index of different metal brackets.

INTRODUCTION:: There is a great variety of orthodontic brackets in the Brazilian market, and constantly evaluating them is critical for professionals to know their properties, so as to be able to choose which product best suits their clinical practice. OBJECTIVES:: To evaluate the bond strength and the adhesive remnant index (ARI) of different brands of metal brackets. MATERIAL AND METHODS:: A total of 105 bovine incisors were used, and brackets of different brands were bonded to teeth. Seven different bracket brands were tested (MorelliTM, American OrthodonticsTM, TP OrthodonticsTM, Abzil-3MTM, OrthometricTM, TecnidentTM and UNIDENTM). Twenty-four hours after bonding, shear bond strength test was performed; and after debonding, the ARI was determined by using an optical microscope at a 10-fold increase. RESULTS:: Mean shear bond strength values ranged from 3.845 ± 3.997 (MorelliTM) to 9.871 ± 5.106 MPa (TecnidentTM). The majority of the ARI index scores was 0 and 1. CONCLUSION:: Among the evaluated brackets, the one with the lowest mean shear bond strength values was MorelliTM. General evaluation of groups indicated that a greater number of bond failure occurred at the enamel/adhesive interface.

IMMUNE RESPONSE OF SEVERE MALNUTRITION CHILDREN TREATED ACCORDING TO THE PROTOCOL OF THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION.

The aim of the study was to compare the innate immune system of severely malnourished children admitted to the Instituto de Medicina Integral Professor Fernando Figueira and treated according to the protocol of the World Health Organization (WHO) at admission and discharge. An experimental study was conducted with 20 children under two years of age. Ten of them had severe malnutrition and ten were a control group. The malnourished group consisted of hospitalized infants and it was submitted to WHO's protocol. Children with HIV and re-admitted during the study period were excluded. A blood sample was taken at admission and at discharge. Later, an analysis of blood leukocytes, adherence index, phagocytic capacity, production of free radicals superoxide and nitric oxide was performed. Patients with severe malnutrition at hospital discharge showed improved phagocytic function, release of oxygen radicals and reduction of the number of lymphocytes when compared to the time of admission. When compared to the control group, patients at hospital discharge had lower lymphocyte values and lower production of free radicals. Thus, it can be concluded that the duration of hospitalization was insufficient to restore cell-mediated immunity and microbicide activity.

El objetivo del estudio fue comparar el sistema inmune innato de niños con malnutrición grave ingresados en el Instituto de Medicina Integral Professor Fernando Figueira, tratados de acuerdo con el protocolo de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), al ingreso y al alta hospitalaria. Se llevó a cabo un estudio experimental con 20 niños menores de dos años de edad, 10 con malnutrición grave y 10 niños del grupo de control. El grupo de malnutridos se compuso de lactantes hospitalizados y sometidos al protocolo de la OMS. Se excluyeron los niños afectados por el HIV y los readmitidos durante el período del estudio. Se recogió una muestra de sangre al ingreso y otra al alta, y posterioriormente se realizó el análisis del perfil leucocitario, y el índice de adherencia, la capacidad fagocítica y la producción de los radicales libres superóxido y óxido nítrico. Los pacientes con malnutrición grave en el alta hospitalaria mostraron mejoría de la función fagocítica, la liberación de radicales oxidantes y la reducción del número de linfocitos en comparación con el ingreso hospitalario. En comparación con el grupo de control, los pacientes en el alta hospitalario presentaron valores más bajos de linfocitos y de producción de radicales libres. Por lo tanto, se puede concluir que el tiempo de hospitalización fue insuficiente para restablecer la inmunidad mediada por células, así como para restaurar la actividad microbicida.

Sedation in gastrointestinal endoscopy: a prospective study comparing nonanesthesiologist-administered propofol and monitored anesthesia care.

INTRODUCTION: Adequate sedation is one of the cornerstones of good quality gastrointestinal endoscopy (GIE). Propofol sedation has increased significantly but there has been much debate over whether it can be administered by endoscopists. The aim of this prospective trial was to compare nonanesthesiologist-administered propofol (NAAP) and monitored anesthesia care (MAC). METHODS: A total of 2000 outpatients undergoing GIE at Hospital Albert Einstein (São Paulo, Brazil), a tertiary-care private hospital, were divided into two matched groups: NAAP (n = 1000) and MAC (n = 1000). In NAAP, propofol doses were determined by the endoscopist. A second physician stayed in the room during the entire procedure, according to local regulations. In MAC, the anesthesiologist administered propofol. RESULTS: In total, 1427 patients (71.3 %) were ASA (American Society of Anesthesiologists) class I and 573 were ASA class II. In NAAP, patients received more propofol + fentanyl (61.1 % vs. 50.5 %; P < 0.05) and there were fewer cases of deep sedation (44.7 % vs. 66.1 %; P < 0.05). Hypoxemia rates were similar (12.8 % for NAAP and 11.2 % for MAC; P = 0.3) but these reverted more rapidly in MAC (4.22 seconds vs. 7.26 seconds; P < 0.05). Agitation was more frequent in MAC (14.0 % vs. 5.6 %; P < 0.05). No later complications were observed. Patient satisfaction was very high and similar in both groups. CONCLUSION: In this setting, NAAP was as safe and effective as MAC for healthy patients undergoing GIE. Clinical trial ref. no.: U1111-1134-4430.

Influence of mouthwashes on the physical properties of orthodontic acrylic resin

AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of acrylic resin immersion in different mouthwashes on hardness, roughness and color. METHODS: Specimens of an orthodontic self-cured acrylic resin (Orto Clas(r)) were produced and immersed in five mouthwashes: Plax(r) Classic (Colgate(r)); Plax(r) alcohol-free (Colgate(r)); Listerine(r) (Johnson & Johnson(r)); Periogard(r) (Colgate(r)) and Periogard(r) alcohol-free (Colgate(r)). Nine different immersion times were studied: 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24 h and 7 days, totalizing 45 groups. The specimens were evaluated before and after immersion by Knoop microhardness (n=5), roughness in Ra parameter (n=5), and colorimetric analysis, CIElab (n=3). RESULTS: All mouthwashes softened the acrylic resins after 7 days of immersion. PlaxÒ alcohol-free showed no statistically significant difference of softening between the immersion times. Listerine(r) showed softening after immersion at all times. Plax(r) alcohol-free and Listerine(r) showed significantly increased values of roughness after 12 h of immersion (p<0.05). Listerine(r) presented a significant increase in color variation after 12 h of immersion. CONCLUSIONS: Immersion in mouthwashes could influence acrylic resin hardness, roughness and color...

Pigment effect on the long term elasticity of elastomeric ligatures

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the response of elastomeric ligatures in several colors for a 4 mm traction over time. METHODS: Morelli® elastomeric ligatures, were submitted to traction forces using two rods of circular cross section, until a 4 mm distance was reached, matching the approximate diameter of an upper central incisor bracket of the same manufacturer. The ligatures were kept in artificial saliva immersion at 37 ºC. Forces levels were measured immediately (0 h), 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96 hours, 1, 2, 3, 4 weeks and results were submitted to two-way repeated-measures ANOVA statistical analysis. RESULTS: The gray samples showed the higher initial values of tensile strength. The lowest values were presented by purple, light pink, green, black and red groups. The greater tensile strength instability was presented by red, black, silver, green and gray groups. The greater tensile strength stability was presented by deep pink, dark blue, blue, purple and light pink groups. CONCLUSION: Elastomeric ligatures do not present stable behavior when suffering traction forces over time and different colors display different behaviors. Deep pink, dark blue, blue, purple and light pink groups, displayed the most stable forces, suggesting that they should be used during the treatment to obtain constant forces.

Influence of peracetic acid at acrylic resin properties / Influência do ácido peracético nas propriedades de uma resina acrílica

PURPOSE: To evaluate the influence of peracetic acid immersion on water sorption, solubility and microhardness of heat and self-cured acrylic resins. METHODS: Thirty specimens of each type of acrylic resin were produced for sorption, solubility and microhardness evaluation. Sorption and solubility were evaluated based on ISO1567. For the microhardness test, specimens (20.0×5.0×10.0 mm) were made and evaluated under a 100 g load for 15 s. The test groups were submitted to a peracetic acid 0.2% immersion for 10 minutes. Data of sorption and solubility were analyzed by two way ANOVA and, hardness values, by paired t-test. RESULTS: Values of sorption and solubility were in agreement with ISO1567 requirements to both groups and ranged, in µg/mm³, for sorption from 22.28 (±4.40) to 24.25 (±3.27), and from 1.09 (±0.16) to 1.29 (±0.10) for solubility. Solubility showed a statistically significant difference between the two types of resin at test group. There was no statistical significant difference at the microhardness values. CONCLUSION: In this study, immersion in peracetic acid solution 0.2% showed no alterations at acrylic resin properties tested.Peracetic acid could be recommended to replace the conventional agents for the disinfection of acrylic resin devices.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a influência da imersão em ácido peracético sobre a sorção, solubilidade e microdureza de resinas acrílicas termo e autopolimerizada. METODOLOGIA: Trinta corpos de prova de cada resina acrílica foram confeccionados para avaliação da sorção, solubilidade e microdureza. A sorção e a solubilidade foram avaliadas de acordo com a ISO 1567. Para a determinação da microdureza, os corpos de prova (20×5×10 mm) foram confeccionados e avaliados com uma carga de 100 g por 15 s. Os grupos teste foram imersos em ácido peracético 0,2% por 10 minutos. Os dados de sorção e solubilidade foram analisados com ANOVA de duas vias e de dureza por teste t pareado. RESULTADOS: Os valores de sorção e solubilidade ficaram de acordo com as especificações da ISO 1567 para ambos os grupos e no ensaio de sorção variaram entre 22,28 (±4,40) até 24,25 (±3,27), e de 1,09 (±0,16) até 1,29 (±0,10) para solubilidade, em µg/mm³. A solubilidade apresentou diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os dois tipos de resina após imersão em ácido peracético. Os valores de microdureza não apresentaram diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos. CONCLUSÃO: A imersão em ácido peracético 0,2% não alterou as propriedades avaliadas das resinas acrílicas.

Influência do ácido peracético na resistência à flexão e rugosidade das cerâmicas do sistema Procera AllCeram® / Peracetic acid influence on flexural strength and roughness of the Procera AllCeramTM ceramic system

Objetivo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência da imersão em ácido peracético sobre a resistência à flexão e rugosidade das cerâmicas do sistema Procera AllCeram®. Métodos: Para cada ensaio foram analisados o grupo de controle e o experimental, cuja variável foi a imersão em ácido peracético (0,2%) por 50min. A resistência à flexão biaxial foi avaliada de acordo com a especificação 6872-08 da International Organization Standardization (ISO). A rugosidade (Ra,em micrometros) foi avaliada em rugosímetro. Para este estudo foram confeccionados trinta corpos-de-prova para cerâmica Procera® e 30 para AllCeram®, sendo vinte para o ensaio de resis-tência à flexão (dez unidades para o grupo de controle e dez para o grupo teste) e dez corpos-de-prova para o ensaio de rugosidade. Resultados: Os valores médios (MPa) da resistência à flexão ± desvio-padrão dos grupos de controle e experimental do Procera® e AllCeram® foram, respectivamente: 441 ± 115; 412 ± 45; 77 ± 3,6 e 87 ± 15. Os valores médios (micrometros) da rugosidade ± desvio-padrão dos grupos de controle e experimental do Procera® e AllCeram® foram, respectivamente: 0,090 ± 0,014; 0,086 ± 0,009; 0,022 ± 0,004 e 0,021 ± 0,006. Todos os corpos-de-prova atingiram os critérios exigidos quanto à resistência à flexão quando comparados com a ISO 6872-08. Não houve diferença estatística significativa entre os grupos teste e de controle tanto para resistência à flexão quanto para a rugosidade, mostrando que não houve influência significativa do ácido peracético nessas propriedades. Conclusão: Baseado na metodologia realizada, a imersão em ácido peracético não influenciou deleteriamente nas propriedades das cerâmicas do sistema Procera AllCeram®.

Efeito do treinamento físico e da desnutrição durante a gestação sobre os eixos cranianos de ratos neonatos / Effects of physical training and malnutrition during pregnancy on the skull axis of newborn rats

Nos períodos críticos de desenvolvimento do organismo, estímulos ambientais como o exercício físico e a dieta podem influenciar o fluxo placentário e o crescimento somático fetal. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar as repercussões do treinamento físico e da desnutrição durante a gestação sobre os eixos cranianos de ratos neonatos. Ratos machos Wistar foram divididos de acordo com a manipulação de suas mães: não treinados controle (Cf, n = 25), treinados (Tf, n = 25), não treinados e desnutridos (Df, n = 25), treinados e desnutridos (TDf, n = 25). Mães treinadas (T e TD) foram submetidas a oito semanas de treinamento físico moderado antes e durante a gestação (60min/dia, cinco dias/sem a 65 por cento do VO2max). Mães desnutridas (D e TD) receberam dieta hipoproteica durante a gestação (8 por cento caseína) enquanto as nutridas (C e T) receberam dieta normoproteica (17 por cento caseína). No primeiro dia pós-natal foi verificado número de filhotes nascidos por ninhada, peso da ninhada e peso ao nascer, eixo látero-lateral do crânio (ELLC) e anteroposterior do crânio (EAPC), eixo longitudinal do corpo (EL) e comprimento da cauda (CC) de cada neonato. No terceito dia pós-parto, os encéfalos foram extraídos e pesados. Durante a gestação, as fêmeas dos grupos T e D apresentaram menor ganho de peso em comparação ao grupo C na terceira semana (C = 34,4 ± 1,3; T = 30,7 ± 0,60; D = 25,8 ± 0,78; TD = 29,9 ± 0,83). Os grupos desnutridos apresentaram menor peso ao nascer em relação aos seus respectivos controles (Cf = 6,3 ± 0,1; Tf = 6,3 ± 0,1; Df = 4,7 ± 0,07; TDf = 5,0 ± 0,06). O grupo Df apresentou as medidas do ELLC (Cf = 9,8 ± 0,06; Tf = 9,8 ± 0,05; Df = 9,2 ± 0,04; TDf = 9,6 ± 0,13) e EAPC (Cf = 18,1 ± 0,1; Tf = 18,2 ± 0,1; Df = 17,5 ± 0,1; TDf = 18,0 ± 0,2) menores comparadas aos filhotes controles. Com base nos resultados, pode-se concluir que a desnutrição no período fetal alterou o desenvolvimento somático enquanto o treinamento físico influenciou positiv...

In critical periods of body development, environmental stimuli such as physical exercise and diet may influence on placental flow and fetal somatic growth. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of physical training and malnutrition during pregnancy on the skull axis of newborn rats. Male Wistar rats were divided according to manipulation of their mothers: untrained control (Cf, n = 25), trained (Tf, n = 25), untrained and malnourished (Mf, n = 25), trained and malnourished (TMf, n = 25). Trained mothers (T and TM) were submitted to 8 weeks of moderate physical training before and during pregnancy (60min/day, 5 days/wk to 65 percent of VO2max). Malnourished mothers (M and TM) received a low protein diet during pregnancy (8 percent casein) while the nourished (C and T) were fed with normal diet (17 percent casein). On the 1st postnatal day, the number of pups born per litter, litter weight and birth weight, latero-lateral axis of skull (LLAS) and antero-posterior axis of skull (APAS), longitudinal axis of the body (LA) and length of tail (LT) of each neonate were verified. On the 3rd day after delivery, the brains were extracted and weighed. During pregnancy, the females of the T and M groups showed lower weight gain compared with group C at 3rd week (C = 34.4 ± 1.3, T = 30.7 ± 0.60, M = 25.8 ± 0.78, TM = 29.9 ± 0.83). The malnourished group had lower birth weight in relation to their respective controls (Cf = 6.3 ± 0.1, Tf = 6.3 ± 0.1, Mf = 4.7 ± 0.07; TMf = 5.0 ± 0.06). Group Mf presented measures of LLAS (Cf = 9.8 ± 0.06, Tf = 9.8 ± 0.05, Mf = 9.2 ± 0.04; TMf = 9.6 ± 0.13) and EAPC (Cf = 18.1 ± 0.1, Tf = 18.2 ± 0.1, Mf = 17.5 ± 0.1, TMf = 18.0 ± 0.2) lower compared to controls. Based on the results, it can be concluded that malnutrition during fetal period changed somatic development, while physical training positively influenced on the skull axis of the concepts.

Efeitos da deficiência de cobre, zinco e magnésio sobre o sistema imune de crianças com desnutrição grave: [revisão] / Effects of copper, zinc and magnesium deficiency on the immune system of severely malnourished children: [review]

OBJETIVO: Esclarecer as repercussões da deficiência de cobre, zinco e magnésio sobre o sistema imune de crianças desnutridas graves. FONTES DE DADOS: Foi realizada revisão bibliográfica mediante consulta às bases de dados Pubmed Medline, Lilacs e SciELO, selecionando-se publicações científicas recentes, da última década, e representativas do tema por meio dos descritores: desnutrição infantil, cobre, zinco, magnésio e sistema imune. SÍNTESE DE DADOS: Os micronutrientes são compostos orgânicos essenciais. Além de sua função regulatória, atuam de maneira decisiva na modulação da resposta imune. Sua deficiência pode ocorrer devido à ingestão inadequada ou associada a doenças específicas. Quando associada à desnutrição, a multideficiência de minerais pode acarretar disfunções imunológicas e aumento na suscetibilidade a infecções, afetando gravemente a eficácia de intervenções terapêuticas. Cobre, zinco e magnésio atuam como cofatores de enzimas responsáveis tanto por diversas atividades metabólicas como na resposta imune inata e adquirida, além do papel importante na maturação dos tecidos e células linfoides. Sua deficiência acarreta neutropenia e linfopenia, comprometendo a imunocompetência. CONCLUSÕES: As alterações ocasionadas pelos déficits séricos dos minerais cobre, zinco e magnésio comprometem o funcionamento do sistema imune, levando à imunossupressão. A reposição desses elementos no manejo da desnutrição grave, como preconizada pela Organização Mundial da Saúde, é essencial, uma vez que tais alterações podem ser reversíveis.

OBJECTIVE: To report the effects of the deficiency of copper, zinc and magnesium on the immune system of severely malnourished children. DATA SOURCE: A literature review was performed by consulting the databases Pubmed Medline, Lilacs and SciELO, using the descriptors: child malnutrition, copper, zinc, magnesium and immune system. Representative studies published during the last decade were chosen. DATA SYNTHESIS: Micronutrients are essential organic compounds. Besides their regulatory function, the minerals act on the modulation of the immune response. Their deficiency may be due to inadequate intake or associated with specific diseases. When combined with malnutrition, a multimineral deficiency can cause immune dysfunction and increased susceptibility to infections, altering the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions. Copper, zinc and magnesium act as co-factors of both enzymes responsible for several metabolic activities and associated to the innate and acquired immune response. These minerals also play an important role in the maturation of lymphoid tissues and cells. Their deficiency causes neutropenia and lymphopenia, decreasing the immunocompetence. CONCLUSIONS: Deficits of serum copper, zinc and magnesium affect the function of the immune system, leading to immunosuppression. The replacement of these elements in the management of severe malnutrition, as recommended by the World Health Organization, is essential, since such changes may be reversible.

Atividade antioxidante de macrófagos alveolares em ratos endotoxêmicos / Anti-oxidative activity of alveolar macrophages in endotoxemic rats

Avaliou-se o efeito da endotoxemia sobre a atividade antioxidante de macrófagos alveolares em ratos da linhagem Wistar. Foram utilizados 24 ratos machos, com idade entre 90 e 120 dias, os quais foram divididos em dois grupos: controle e endotoxêmico. O grupo endotoxêmico foi submetido à injeção intraperitonial de lipopolissacarídio na dose de 1mg/kg de peso corporal. Após 24 h, coletou-se sangue para contagem total e diferencial de leucócitos; lavado broncoalveolar para contagem total e diferencial dos leucócitos e, a partir de macrófagos isolados deste lavado, foram realizadas as dosagens de superóxido e superóxido dismutase. A endotoxemia aumentou a contagem total de leucócitos e o número de neutrófilos no sangue periférico, no lavado broncoalveolar, e aumentou a produção de superóxido sem modificar a produção da superóxido dismutase. Esses resultados sugerem que a endotoxemia induz a uma resposta inflamatória no pulmão. Contudo, não altera a atividade antioxidante em ratos adultos. Tal fato potencializa a resposta contra agentes infecciosos pelo hospedeiro, mas também pode contribuir na patogênese de injúria pulmonar.

The effects of endotoxemia on the antioxidant activity in alveolar macrophages of Wistar rats were evaluated. Twenty-four male rats, 90-120 days of age, were separated into 2 groups: control and endotoxemic. To the endotoxemic animals was administered, intraperitoneally, a lipopolyssaccaride at dosage of 1mg/kg body weight. Twenty-four hours after this procedure, blood was collected for total and differential leukocytes counts. In addition, bronchoalveolar lavage was collected for total and differential leukocyte counting. From this lavage macrophages were isolated for the dosage of superoxide and superoxide dismutase. The endotoxemia increased the total leukocyte counts and the number of neutrophils in the peripheral blood and bronchoalveolar lavage of the rats. There was an increased superoxide production without changing the superoxide dismutase. Our findings indicate that endotoxemia induces lung inflammatory response. However, it does not alter the antioxidant activity in adult rats. This fact not only enhances host response against infectious agents, but might also contribute to the pathogenesis of pulmonary injury.

Endoscopic follow-up of cyanoacrylate obliteration of gastric varices.

Bleeding from gastric varices is a life-threatening condition. We report our experience with cyanoacrylate injection. Twenty three patients with portal hypertension and gastric varices underwent intra-variceal injection of a cyanoacrylate/lipiodol solution (1:1). Study endpoint was variceal obliteration. Mean follow-up was 25.3 months. Variceal obliteration was achieved in 87% of patients. Recurrence occurred in one patient (4.3%) and rebleeding in another case (4.3%). Mild abdominal pain was described in 13% of patients. Overall mortality was 21.7% and rebleeding related mortality rate was 4.3%. Our results confirm that cyanoacrylate injection is effective and safe to eradicate gastric varices.