Detraining and retraining in badminton athletes following 1-year COVID-19 pandemic on psychological and physiological response.

Purpose: Badminton is a racket sport, with fast and explosive movements and mental skills employed to anticipate the opponent's movements. The COVID-19 pandemic, led to social restriction in Brazil and sport event cancellations, subsequently, sports training was banned. Thus, the objective of this study was to compare the impact of long-period detraining due to COVID-19 social restriction (8 months and 1-year) on cardiorespiratory fitness, body composition, nutritional behavior, and profile of mood states in badminton athletes and to verify if the athletes who returned to their regular training 4 months earlier than athletes who stopped their daily training routine during 1-year would improve these variables. Methods: Twenty-three young badminton athletes were analyzed: retrained group (14 athletes who stopped their daily training routine for 8 months due to the COVID-19 pandemic plus 4 months of retraining), and detrained group (9 athletes who stopped their daily training routine during 1 year of the COVID-19 pandemic but performed home-based training). We evaluated body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, nutritional behavior, and mood states profiles. Results: Retrained athletes showed lower body fat (- 24.1% vs. + 20.8%, p < 0.001) and higher fat-free mass (+ 6.0% vs. - 0.2%, p = 0.007) after 1 year compared with the detrained group. For cardiorespiratory fitness [retrained: baseline = 55.5 ± 5.3 (47.1, 63.9) and after 1 year = 58.1 ± 2.4 (54.2, 61.9), ES = 0.65 vs. detrained: baseline = 53.4 ± 6.7 (47.2, 59.5) and after 1 year = 53.1 ± 5.6 (48.0, 58.3), ES = - 0.03] and nutritional behavior, including sauces and spices [retrained: baseline = 8.9 ± 7.0 (4.5, 13.4), and after 1 year = 3.4 ± 2.9 (1.8, 5.5), ES = - 1.11 vs. detrained: baseline = 6.8 ± 6.7 (1.6, 11.9) and after 1 year = 6.3 ± 5.5 (2.1, 10.6), ES = - 0.08], the ESs were medium and large, respectively, for Retrained but trivial for detrained group. For depression, ES was trivial in the retrained [baseline = 2.7 ± 3.3 (0.7, 4.7) and after 1 year = 2.6 ± 2.9 (0.8, 4.4), ES = 0.03] and moderate for detrained [baseline = 1.0 ± 1.5 (- 0.1, 2.1) and after 1 year = 1.8 ± 2.7 (- 0.3, 3.8), ES = 0.50]. Conclusions: Young badminton athletes who returned to their regular daily training 4 months earlier than athletes who stopped their daily training routine during 1-year due to COVID-19 social restriction decreased fat mass and increased fat-free mass. There were no significant differences between groups for cardiorespiratory fitness, nutritional behavior, and profile of mood state response.

Força muscular do assoalho pélvico em mulheres com queixas de disfunção pélvica / Pelvic floor muscle strength in women with pelvic dysfunction complaint

A disfunção do assoalho pélvico envolve condições nosológicas, como incontinência urinária e disfunção sexual, com impacto negativo na qualidade de vida. O presente estudo objetivou avaliar a força muscular do assoalho pélvico de mulheres com disfunção pélvica. Trata-se de desenho analítico transversal realizado com uma amostra de conveniência de 167 mulheres com queixas de disfunções musculares do assoalho pélvico. Foram analisadas características sociodemográficas e clínicas, qualidade de vida relacionada à incontinência e força muscular pélvica. Estatísticas univariadas e bivariadas foram calculadas. A idade média das mulheres foi de 50,2 anos. A maioria foi classificada com impacto muito grave (76,6%) na qualidade de vida relacionada à incontinência, 41 (24,6%) apresentaram contração muscular não sustentada e 7 (4,2%) apresentaram contração. Associações significativas foram identificadas entre força muscular pélvica e idade (p = 0,025), menopausa (p = 0,039) e histerectomia (p = 0,026). A pesquisa permitiu concluir que os fatores de risco responsáveis por problemas no assoalho pélvico podem ser considerados cruciais para avaliar o nível de impacto da incontinência urinária e sua evolução como resultado de intervenções precoces, simples e de baixo custo na atenção primária à saúde. As disfunções do assoalho pélvico afetam negativa e substancialmente a qualidade de vida das mulheres. (AU)

Pelvic floor dysfunction involves nosological conditions, such as urinary incontinence and sexual dysfunction, which have a negative impact on quality of life. This study aimed to evaluate pelvic floor muscle strength of women with pelvic dysfunction. This is an analytical cross-sectional performed design with a convenience sample of 167 women with complaints of pelvic floor muscle dysfunctions. Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, quality of life related to incontinence and pelvic muscle strength were analyzed. Univariate and bivariate statistics were calculated. The mean age of women was 50.2 years. Most were classified having a very severe impact (76.6%) on incontinencerelated quality of life, 41 (24.6%) presented non-sustained muscle contraction and 7 (4.2%) presented in contraction. Significant associations were identified between pelvic muscle strength and age (p = 0.025), menopause (p = 0.039) and hysterectomy (p = 0.026). This study allowed us to conclude that the risk factors responsible for pelvic floor problems can be considered crucial to assess the level of impact of urinary incontinence and its evolution as a result of early, simple and low cost interventions in primary health care. Pelvic floor dysfunctions affect negatively and substantially the quality of life of women. (AU)

COVID-19 pandemic impacts physical activity levels and sedentary time but not sleep quality in young badminton athletes.

PURPOSE: Regular physical activity is a good strategy to maintain the health of athletes, and prevent pain and decreased joint flexibility during the pandemic. On the other hand, higher sedentary time during the pandemic period can have deleterious effects. The objective of this study was to compare physical activity levels, sedentary time, and sleep parameters during the pre-COVID period and the COVID-19 pandemic period in young badminton athletes. METHODS: Fifteen young badminton athletes were evaluated during a pre-COVID period (July 2019) and during the COVID-19 period (July 2020). Sleep parameters, physical activity level, and sedentary time were measured using a tri-axial accelerometer. Participants wore the accelerometer on their dominant wrist for 7 days consecutively. In addition, the average of each sleep parameter [time in bed and total sleep time in hours per day, sleep efficiency (%), wake after sleep onset (WASO, total per day), and sleep latency (minutes per day)] was reported over the 7-day period. RESULTS: Athletes presented increased sedentary time (pre-COVID = 7.0 ± 1.1 vs.COVID-19 = 8.9 ± 1.9 h/day, p = 0.004, d = 1.30) and significant decreases in the total PA observed in counts per day (pre-COVID = 2,967,064.4 ± 671,544.1 vs. COVID-19 = 1,868,210.2 ± 449,768.4 counts/day, p = 0.001, d = 1.99), time in vigorous PA (pre-COVID = 7.7 ± 0.9 vs. COVID-19 = 6.1 ± 1.2 h/day, p = 0.001, d = 1.56), and time in moderate-to-vigorous PA (pre-COVID = 8.1 ± 0.9 vs. COVID-19 = 6.5 ± 1.3 h/day, p = 0.001, d = 1.48). There were no significant differences for time in light and moderate PA or in sleep parameters (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Young badminton athletes presented increased sedentary time, and decreased total physical activity, time in MVPA, and time in vigorous activities during the COVID-19 pandemic compared to the pre-COVID period, however, there were no significant differences in sleep parameters.

Efeito agudo das correntes Russa e Aussie na força muscular de flexores de punho e dedos / Acute effect of the use of Russian and Aussie currents on the muscular strength of fist and finger flexors

Introdução: As alterações motoras e sensoriais da mão diminuem a força dos músculos que compõe esse segmento e pode repercutir na qualidade de vida do indivíduo. No campo da Fisioterapia, a diminuição da força muscular é frequentemente tratada com o emprego de correntes excitomotoras, dentre aquelas comumente empregadas, as correntes russas e Aussie destacam-se por serem de média frequência e promoverem estimulação sensorial confortável. Objetivo: Identificar os efeitos agudos do uso das correntes Aussie e russa sobre a força muscular de flexores de punho e dedos. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo de caráter experimental, no qual se avaliou a força de preensão palmar antes e após a aplicação de correntes excitomotoras (Aussie e russa). Os voluntários foram divididos em dois grupos, GR, os quais foram submetidos a terapia com corrente russa, e GA, que recebeu a terapia usando a corrente Aussie. A estimulação utilizando a corrente russa foi efetuada com frequência portadora de 2500 Hz com burst de 10 ms, frequência de estimulação de 50 Hz, tempo On 5 segundos e tempo Off 15 segundos e modulação de 20%. Já a estimulação com a corrente Aussie foi realizada com frequência portadora de 1000 Hz com burst de 2 ms, frequência de modulação a 50 Hz, tempo On em 5 segundos, tempo Off 15 segundos, Rampas de subida e descidas fixadas em 2 segundos. Em ambas as estimulações, a intensidade da corrente foi ajustada de acordo com a tolerância do participante, buscando desencadear contração muscular visível, e o tempo total de aplicação foi de 10 minutos. Resultados: As alterações na goniometria e dinamometria foram analisadas por meio de uma ANOVA de dois fatores. Ao analisar os efeitos principais dos dados da goniometria, não foram observadas diferenças estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos [F(2,114) = 2,662; p=0,074] e entre os momentos [F(1,114)= 2,893; p=0,092]. Os dados da dinamometria também não apresentaram efeito principal para os momentos [F(1,114) = 0,392; p=0,533]. No entanto, observou-se efeito principal para grupos com [F(2,114) = 3,119; p=0,048]. Assim, o presente estudo não encontrou diferenças estatísticas significativas no ganho de força de preensão palmar como resultado de uma única aplicação das correntes estudadas. Conclusão: Sugere-se a realização de estudos adicionais utilizando eletroestimulação, buscando estabelecer parâmetros mais indicados para promover maiores ganhos de força muscular e benefícios terapêuticos. (AU)

Introduction: The motor and sensorial changes of the strength decrease of the muscles hand can affect the quality of life. In the field of Physical Therapy, the decrease of muscle strength is often treated with the use of excitomotor currents. Among those commonly used, the Russian and Aussie currents stand out because they are of medium frequency and promote comfortable sensory stimulation. Objective: To identify the acute effects of the use of Aussie and Russian currents on the muscular strength of wrist and finger flexors. Methods: An experimental study was carried out, in which the palmar grip strength was evaluated before and after the application of excitomotor currents (Aussie and Russian). The volunteers were divided into two groups, GR, using the Russian current therapy, and GA, who received the Aussie current. The stimulation using the Russian current was performed with carrier frequency of 2500 Hz with burst of 10 ms, stimulation frequency of 50 Hz, time On 5 seconds, time Off 15 seconds and modulation of 20%. The Aussie current stimulation was performed with a frequency of 1000 Hz with a burst of 2 ms, modulation frequency at 50 Hz, time On in 5 seconds, time Off 15 seconds, ramps up and down fixed in 2 seconds. In both stimulations, the intensity of the current was adjusted according to the tolerance of the participant, seeking to trigger visible muscle contraction, and the total time of application was 10 minutes. Results: Changes in goniometry and dynamometry were analyzed using a two-way ANOVA. When analyzing the main effects of the goniometry data, no statistically significant differences were observed between the groups [F (2,114) = 2,662; p = 0.074] and between the moments [F (1.114) = 2.893; p = 0.092]. The dynamometry data also did not present main effect for the moments [F (1,114) = 0.392; p = 0.533]. However, a major effect was observed for groups with [F (2,114) = 3.119; p = 0.048]. Thus, the present study did not find statistically significant differences in palmar grip strength gain as a result of a single application of the currents studied. Conclusion: We suggested to perform additional studies using electrical stimulation, seeking to establish parameters more indicated to promote greater muscle strength gains and therapeutic benefits. (AU)

Uso de instrumentos para a investigação do equilíbrio postural em tarefas funcionais / Use of instruments for the investigation of postural balance in functional tasks

Introdução: Habitualmente, o equilíbrio postural deve ser mantido durante as atividades de vida diária. Diversas são as alterações funcionais na marcha e no equilíbrio postural e alguns instrumentos têm sido utilizados para predizer o risco de quedas. Entretanto, estes instrumentos possuem limitações dependendo da condição clínica em que são aplicados. Objetivo: Descrever e discutir instrumentos utilizáveis para diagnosticar e prevenir desordens do equilíbrio postural, bem como verificar suas vantagens e desvantagens. Reconhece-se um vazio na literatura em relação a testes que podem ser aplicados para investigar o equilíbrio em idosos, mas comumente não são aproveitados para tal. O presente estudo pretende sugerir a aplicação destes testes para se investigar o equilíbrio de idosos. Material e métodos: Os artigos que utilizaram instrumentos de avaliação do equilíbrio postural foram selecionados em diferentes bases de dados. Resultados: Foram encontrados na literatura testes eficazes para se investigar o equilíbrio de idosos mesmo não sendo testes direcionados diretamente para esse fim (análise do equilíbrio). Cabe ao fisioterapeuta saber utilizar sua criatividade e inovar aproveitando melhor seus instrumentos de trabalho/avaliação. Conclusão: Os diferentes instrumentos utilizados parecem relevantes indicadores de desordens do equilíbrio postural, mas são incapazes de analisar o complexo sistema de controle do equilíbrio postural. As escalas possuem suas vantagens e desvantagens, que devem ser levadas em consideração em cada caso (relação custo/benefício). A utilização padronizada dos instrumentos, sem levar em consideração a doença em questão, pode levar a erros de interpretação dependendo da condição clínica. (AU)

Introduction: Habitually, the postural balance should be maintained during activities of daily living. There are several functional alterations in gait and postural balance and some instruments have to be used to predict the risk of falls. However, these instruments have limitations depending on the clinical condition in which they are applied. Objective: To describe and discuss tools used to diagnose and prevent disorders of the postural balance and check their advantages and disadvantages. It is recognized a void in the literature regarding the tests that can be applied to investigate the balance in older adults but commonly are not used to such. This study aimed to suggest the application of these tests to investigate the balance of the elderly. Methods: Articles that used assessment tools postural balance were selected from different databases. Results: We found effective testing in literature to investigate the elderly balance while not directly targeted tests for this purpose (analysis of the balance). It is up to the therapist know how to use his creativity and innovate by taking better his tools of work/evaluation. Conclusion: The instruments used seem important indicators of postural balance disorders, but are unable to analyze the complex postural balance control system. The scales have their advantages and disadvantages, which should be taken into account in each case (cost/benefit relationship). The use of standardized instruments, regardless of the condition in question, can lead to misinterpretation depending on the clinical condition. (AU)

Gamma absolute power reveals activation of motor areas after hand immobilization / Potência absoluta da banda gama revela ativação em áreas motoras após imobilização da mão

OBJECTIVE: To analyze changes in gamma band absolute power in motor cortical areas, before and after a condition of hand immobilization for 48 hours. METHOD: Fifteen healthy volunteers, aged between 20 and 30, were submitted to EEG assessment before and after 48 hours of immobilization of the dominant hand, while performing a motor task triggered by a visual stimulus. A two-way repeated measures ANOVA with two within-group factors (moment x condition), each one with two levels (before vs. after visual stimuli; before vs. after 48-hour HI, respectively) was used to test for changes in beta band absolute power. RESULTS: Statistical analysis revealed that hand immobilization caused changes in cortical areas. A significant increase in gamma band absolute power was found after hand immobilization at electrodes F3 (p = 0.001) at F4 (p = 0.001) and at Fz (p = 0.001), at C3 (p = 0.001), C4 (p = 0.001) and Cz (p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: These results reveal that oscillations of the gamma band can be a cortical strategy to solve the effect of less activation due to movement restriction. Knowledge of the functioning of motor cortical areas after a condition of immobilization can lead to more effective strategies in rehabilitation.

OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar mudanças na potência absoluta da banda gamma em áreas corticais motoras, antes e depois de uma condição de imobilização da mão por 48 horas. MÉTODO: Quinze voluntários saudáveis, com idades entre 20 e 30 anos, foram submetidos a avaliação eletroencefalográfica antes e depois da imobilização, durante a execução de uma tarefa motora desencadeada por um estímulo visual. Uma análise de variância com dois fatores (ANOVA two-way) foi empregada para investigar o fator momento (antes e depois do estímulo visual) e o fator condição (antes e depois da imobilização). RESULTADOS: Um aumento significativo na potencia absoluta da banda gamma foi encontrado após imobilização da mão nos elétrodos (ou derivações) F3, F4, FZ, C3, C4 e Cz. CONCLUSÃO: Estes resultados revelam que as oscilações na banda gama podem ser uma estratégia cortical para resolver o efeito de menor ativação devido à restrição de movimento. Um melhor conhecimento do funcionamento de áreas corticais motoras após uma condição de imobilização pode orientar estratégias mais eficazes na reabilitação.

Involvement of beta absolute power in motor areas after hand immobilization: An EEG study / Envolvimento da potência absoluta da banda beta após imobilização da mão: estudo eletroencefalográfico

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to analyze changes in beta band absolute power in cortical areas, before and after a condition of hand immobilization for 48 hours. METHOD: Fifteen healthy volunteers, aged between 20 and 30, were submitted to EEG assessment before and after immobilization, while performing a motor task triggered by a visual stimulus. RESULTS: Statistical analysis revealed that hand immobilization caused changes in cortical areas. Significant increases in beta band absolute power were found after hand immobilization at electrodes Fp2, C3 and P4. In contrast, at electrode C4 a decrease in beta band absolute power occurred after hand immobilization. CONCLUSION: Predominant hand immobilization, even for 48 hours, is sufficient to cause cortical changes that affect movement planning. Such changes may represent a cortical strategy to supply cortical changes in contralateral hemisphere due to immobilization. Further studies are necessary to understand cortical changes due to hand immobilization and movement planning, especially considering how much time of immobilization is necessary to promote such changes.

OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar mudanças na potencia absoluta da banda beta em áreas corticais, antes e depois de uma condição de imobilização da mão por 48 horas. MÉTODO: Quinze voluntários saudáveis, com idades entre 20 e 30 anos, foram submetidos à avaliação EEG antes e depois da imobilização, durante a execução de uma tarefa motora desencadeada por um estímulo visual. RESULTADOS: A análise estatística revelou que a imobilização da mão causou mudanças em áreas corticais. Um aumento significativo na potencia absoluta da banda beta foi encontrado após imobilização da mão nos eletrodos Fp2 (F (1,3823) = 4,147; p = 0,042), C3 (F (1,3563) = 5,005; p = 0,025) e P4 (F (1,3290) = 5,114; p = 0,024). No C4 eletrodo (F (1,3657) = 11,858; p = 0,001) uma diminuição da potencia absoluta da banda beta ocorreu após imobilização da mão. CONCLUSÃO: A imobilização da mão predominante, mesmo para 48 horas, é suficiente para causar alterações corticais que afetam o planejamento movimento. Tais mudanças podem representar uma estratégia cortical para fornecer alterações corticais em hemisfério contralateral devido à imobilização. Mais estudos são necessários para entender as mudanças corticais devido a imobilização da mão e planejamento do movimento, especialmente considerando quanto tempo de imobilização é necessário para promover essas mudanças.

Acute effects of neural mobilization and infrared on the mechanics of the median nerve.

[Purpose] This study analyzed the acute effects of infrared and neural mobilization on the median nerve on the range of elbow extension of the dominant limb. [Subjects and Methods] Forty participants from university, neurologically asymptomatic, 12 males and 28 females (22.8 ± 1.9 years), were randomly divided into four groups: Group 1 (control) rested for 25 minutes in the supine position; Group 2 received the specific neural mobilization for the median nerve; Group 3 received an application of infrared for 15 minutes on the forearm; Group 4 received the same application of infrared followed by neural mobilization. The goniometric parameters of elbow extension were evaluated after the intervention. [Results] Significant differences of extension value were observed between Group 1 and Group 3 (15.75 degrees), and between Group 1 and Group 4 (14.60 degrees), and the average higher in Group 3 (26.35 degrees). [Conclusion] This research provides new experimental evidence that NM in relation to superficial heat produces an immediate effect on elbow range of motion versus NM isolated.

Time Perception Mechanisms at Central Nervous System.

The five senses have specific ways to receive environmental information and lead to central nervous system. The perception of time is the sum of stimuli associated with cognitive processes and environmental changes. Thus, the perception of time requires a complex neural mechanism and may be changed by emotional state, level of attention, memory and diseases. Despite this knowledge, the neural mechanisms of time perception are not yet fully understood. The objective is to relate the mechanisms involved the neurofunctional aspects, theories, executive functions and pathologies that contribute the understanding of temporal perception. Articles form 1980 to 2015 were searched by using the key themes: neuroanatomy, neurophysiology, theories, time cells, memory, schizophrenia, depression, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and Parkinson's disease combined with the term perception of time. We evaluated 158 articles within the inclusion criteria for the purpose of the study. We conclude that research about the holdings of the frontal cortex, parietal, basal ganglia, cerebellum and hippocampus have provided advances in the understanding of the regions related to the perception of time. In neurological and psychiatric disorders, the understanding of time depends on the severity of the diseases and the type of tasks.

Comparison of the effects of hamstring stretching using proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation with prior application of cryotherapy or ultrasound therapy.

[Purpose] Stretching using proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation involve physiological reflex mechanisms through submaximal contraction of agonists which activate Golgi organ, promoting the relaxation reflex. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation alone and with prior application of cryotherapy and thermotherapy on hamstring stretching. [Subjects and Methods] The sample comprised of 32 young subjects with hamstring retraction of the right limb. The subjects were randomly allocated to four groups: the control, flexibility PNF, flexibility PNF associated with cryotherapy, flexibility PNF in association with ultrasound therapy. [Results] After 12 stretching sessions, experimental groups showed significant improvements compared to the control group. Moreover, we did not find any significant differences among the experimental groups indicating PNF stretching alone elicits similar results to PNF stretching with prior administration of cryotherapy or thermotherapy. [Conclusion] PNF without other therapy may be a more practical and less expensive choice for clinical care.

Another Perspective on Fasciculations: When is it not Caused by the Classic form of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis or Progressive Spinal Atrophy?

Fasciculations are visible, fine and fast, sometimes vermicular contractions of fine muscle fibers that occur spontaneously and intermittently. The aim of this article is to discuss the main causes for fasciculations and their pathophysiology in different sites of the central/peripheral injury and in particular to disprove that the presence of this finding in the neurological examination is indicative of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Undoubtedly, most fasciculations have a distal origin in the motor nerve both in normal subjects and in patients with motor neuron disease. Most of them spread to other dendritic spines often producing an antidromic impulse in the main axon. The clinical and neurophysiological diagnosis must be thorough. It may often take long to record fasciculations with electroneuromyography. In other cases, temporal monitoring is necessary before the diagnosis. The treatment, which may be adequate in some cases, is not always necessary.

Comparative analysis electroencephalographic of alpha, Beta and gamma bands of a healthy individual and one with hemiparesis.

[Purpose] The study analyzed the electroencephalographic (EEG) data of the central cortical areas, during execution of the motor gestures of feeding, activation of the system of mirror neurons, and imagery between a right hemiparetic volunteer (RHV) and a healthy volunteer (HV). [Subjects and Methods] The volunteers' EEG data were recorded with their eyes open for 4 minutes while they performed five experimental tasks. [Results] The alpha band, absolute power value of HV was lower than that of RHV. In the beta band, during the practice condition, there was an increase in the magnitude of the absolute power value of HV at T3, possibly because T3 is representative of secondary motor areas that work with cortical neurons related to planning and organizing sequence of movements performed by the hands. The gamma band is related to the state of preparation for movement and memory. The results of this study indicate that there was increased activation of the gamma frequency band of HV. [Conclusion] The findings of this study have revealed the changes in pattern characteristics of each band which may be associated with the brain injury of the hemiparetic patient.

Análise de parâmetros pneumofuncionais em pacientes com doença de Parkinson: estudo piloto / Analysis of pneumofunctional parameters in patients with Parkinson´s disease: pilot study

A doença de Parkinson (DP) é uma doença crônica e degenerativa do sistema nervoso central (SNC) de causa desconhecida que provoca desordens do movimento. Alterações secundárias são encontradas, entre elas as respiratórias, que compreendem uma das principais causas de morte na DP, por diversas vezes negligenciadas. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar alterações pneumofuncionais em pacientes com DP e sua relação com medidas de avaliação neurológica. Neste estudo participaram 10 indivíduos com diagnóstico de DP, que foram classificados nos estágios da escala modificada de estadia-mento de Hoehn e Yahr (HY) e avaliados pelo Questionário para Qualidade de Vida na DP (PDQ-39), Escala Unificada para a Avaliação da Doença de Parkinson (UPDRS) e função respiratória. Após obtenção dos dados, realizou-se análise da relação entre as variáveis. A idade dos indivíduos (3 homens e 7 mulheres) variou de 57 a 90 anos, e o tempo de evolução da doença entre 6 meses e 30 anos. Oito faziam uso do medicamento levodopa e não existiu relação deste com as variáveis pneumofuncionais. A maioria dos pacientes apresentou alterações respiratórias, entre elas sinais do desconforto respiratório, diminuição da mobilidade torácica e do pico de fluxo expiratório. Existiu correlação negativa significativa entre as medidas do Peak Flow e HY (r = - 0,842; p = 0,009) e do Peak Flow e PDQ-39 (r = - 0,707; p = 0,05). Nesse sentido, sugerem-se avaliação respiratória e intervenção precoce nos estágios iniciais da DP

Parkinson´s disease (PD) is a chronic and degenerative disease of the central nervous system of unknown origin that causes movement disorders. However, in addition to these, secondary problems are found, such as respiratory changes that include one of the main causes of death in PD, which are often overlooked. The aim of this study was to evaluate pneumofunctional changes in patients with PD and their relationship with measures of neurological evaluation. The study included 10 individuals diagnosed with PD, which were classified in stages of Hoehn and Yahr staging modified scale (HY) and evaluated by the Questionnaire for Quality of Life in PD (PDQ-39), Unified Scale for evaluation of Parkinson?s disease (UPDRS) and respiratory function. After obtaining the data, an analysis of the relationship between the variables was performed. The age of the individuals (3 men and 7 women) ranged from 57 to 90 years, and the progression of the disease between 6 months and 30 years. Eight individuals were using the drug levodopa, and there was no relation with the pneumofunctional variables. Most patients had respiratory disorders as signs of respiratory distress, decreased thoracic mobility and peak expiratory flow. There was a significant negative correlation between the measures of Peak Flow and HY (r = - 0.842; p = 0.009) and Peak Flow and PDQ-39 (r = - 0.707; p = 0.05). Therefore, it is suggested respiratory evaluation and early intervention in the early stages of PD

Historical and diagnostic trajectory of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a literature review / Trajetória histórica e diagnóstica do transtorno de déficit de atenção e hiperatividade (TDAH): uma revisão da literatura

The attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), considered a common cause of disorders in children and adolescents, is a neurobiological condition characterized by inattention and disorganization, hyperactivity and impulsivity. The first reports emerged in the sixteenth century and since then a process that extends to the present time to establish the best nomenclature, process diagnosis, etiology and its clinical characteristics has started. As this is a long and fragmented process, it becomes necessary to conduct a review of the main topics related to the subject, including its historical context. The aim of this study is to present, through the literature review, an over­ view of the main historical aspects, diagnosis and clinical of ADHD. To do so, we conducted a search of the databases with the following keywords: "ADHD", "prevalence", "etiology", "diagnosis", "clinical manifestation" and "comorbidities", combined or not, in native and not native languages (English). The articles were selected according to the objectives of the study. As it is considered a complex and heterogeneous disorder, as well as for not having a well­defined etiological process, and for suffering diagnostic tendencies, more studies are needed

O transtorno de déficit de atenção e hiperatividade (TDAH), consi­derado uma causa comum de doenças em crianças e adolescentes, é uma condição neurobiológica caracterizada pela desatenção e desorganização, hiperatividade e impulsividade. Os primeiros relatos surgiram no século XVI, e desde então um processo que se estende até o presente momento para estabelecer a melhor nomenclatura, o diagnóstico de processos, a etiologia e suas características clínicas teve início. Como esse é um processo longo e fragmentado, torna­se necessário proceder com revisão dos principais temas relacionados ao assunto, incluindo seu contexto histórico. O objetivo deste estu­do é apresentar, por meio de revisão de literatura, uma visão geral dos principais aspectos histórico, diagnóstico e clínico de TDAH. Para isso, foi realizada uma pesquisa dos bancos de dados com as seguintes palavras­chave: "TDAH", "prevalência", "etiologia", "diagnóstico", "manifestações clínicas" e "comorbidades", combinadas ou não, em línguas nativas e não (inglês). Os artigos foram selecionados de acordo com os objetivos do estudo. Como ele é considerado um dis­túrbio complexo e heterogêneo, bem como por não ter um processo etiológico bem definido, e por sofrer tendências de diagnóstico, são necessários mais estudos

Changes in the theta band coherence during motor task after hand immobilization.

Many different factors can temporarily or permanently impair movement and impairs cortical organization, e.g. hand immobilization. Such changes have been widely studied using electroencephalography. Within this context, we have investigated the immobilization effects through the theta band coherence analysis, in order to find out whether the immobilization period causes any changes in the inter and intra-hemispheric coherence within the cerebral cortex, as well as to observe whether the theta band provides any information about the neural mechanisms involved during the motor act. We analyzed the cortical changes that occurred after 48 hours of hand immobilization. The theta band coherence was study through electroencephalography in 30 healthy subjects, divided into two groups (control and experimental). Within both groups, the subjects executed a task involving flexion and extension of the index finger, before and after 48 hours. The experimental group, however, was actually submitted to hand immobilization. We were able to observe an increase in the coupling within the experimental group in the frontal, parietal and temporal regions, and a decrease in the motor area. In order to execute manual tasks after some time of movement restriction, greater coherence is present in areas related to attention, movement preparation and sensorimotor integration processes. These results may contribute to a detailed assessment of involved neurophysiological mechanism in motor act execution.

Electroencephalographic analysis in left hemiparesis: a case study / Análise eletroencefalográfica na hemiparesia à esquerda: um estudo de caso

The aim of the present study was to evaluate changes in alpha, beta and gamma bands of distinct cortical regions in variable absolute power due to the execution of feeding motor gesture, through the actuation of mirror neurons system (MNS) and motor imagery (MI). A subject, male, 60 years old, right-handed, with left hemiparesis was subjected to five electroencephalographic measures in different experimental conditions: initial rest, motor practice, mirror neurons system, imagery and final rest. In alpha, there was less mental effort during the condition MI in C3 and Cz. In beta, there was high activity in derivations C4, T3, and T4 during the MNS condition, indicating that these neurons are recruited during the observation and execu-tion task. In gamma, during MI, there was high activation of C4. The MI and MNS promoted cortical activation of regions altered by ce-rebral damage and can be used in rehabilitation of individuals with stroke.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar alterações nas bandas alfa, beta e gama em regiões corticais distintas, na variável potên-cia absoluta decorrente da execução do gesto motor de alimentação, por meio do acionamento do sistema de neurônios espelhos (SNE) e imagética motora (IM). Um sujeito do sexo masculino, 60 anos, destro, hemiparético à esquerda, foi submetido a cinco medidas ele-troencefalográficas em condições experimentais distintas: repouso inicial, prática motora, sistema de neurônios espelho, imagética e repouso final. Em alfa, verificou-se menor esforço mental durante a condição IM nos eletrodos C3 e Cz. Em beta, houve elevada ati-vidade nas derivações C4, T3, e T4 na condição SNE, indicando que esses neurônios são recrutados durante a observação e execução da tarefa. Em gama, durante a IM, verificou-se alta ativação de C4. A IM e SNE promoveram ativação de regiões corticais alteradas pela lesão cerebral, podendo ser utilizados na reabilitação de indivíduos com AVE.

Changes in alpha band activity associated with application of the compression of fourth ventricular (CV-4) osteopathic procedure: a qEEG pilot study.

The compression of the fourth ventricle (CV-4) is one of the more well known procedures in the cranial manipulation curriculum and practice. Cranial manipulation has received criticism because of the subtle, difficult to learn techniques, controversy over whether or not cranial bone structures move, and what if any clinical effects have been shown. The aim of this study was to measure the effects of CV-4 in 10 healthy subjects through quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG), specifically in alpha band. Participants were randomly distributed in control, sham-CV4 and CV4 conditions using a cross-over design. qEEG activity was recorded for each of the 10 subjects in each of the 3 conditions. There was a significant increase in the alpha absolute power between pre and post in the CV-4 condition. There appears to be potential for understanding the effect of the CV-4 if these finding are replicated in further clinical trials.

Evaluation of strength and irradiated movement pattern resulting from trunk motions of the proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation.

Introduction. The proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) is a physiotherapeutic concept based on muscle and joint proprioceptive stimulation. Among its principles, the irradiation is the reaction of the distinct regional muscle contractions to the position of the application of the motions. Objective. To investigate the presence of irradiated dorsiflexion and plantar flexion and the existing strength generated by them during application of PNF trunk motions. Methods. The study was conducted with 30 sedentary and female volunteers, the PNF motions of trunk flexion, and extension with the foot (right and left) positioned in a developed equipment coupled to the load cell, which measured the strength irradiated in Newton. Results. Most of the volunteers irradiated dorsal flexion in the performance of the flexion and plantar flexion during the extension motion, both presenting an average force of 8.942 N and 10.193 N, respectively. Conclusion. The distal irradiation in lower limbs became evident, reinforcing the therapeutic actions to the PNF indirect muscular activation.

Características da dor no ombro após acidente vascular encefálico e perfil de pacientes de Diamantina/MG / Characteristics of shoulder pain after stroke and profile of patients of Diamantina/MG

O Acidente Vascular Encefálico (AVE) é considerado umproblema de saúde pública, podendo gerar sequelas permanentesque levam à limitação funcional e afastamento do trabalho. A dorno ombro é uma das complicações mais comuns após o AVE; temetiologia multifatorial e está associada à má qualidade de vida, piorprognóstico e hospitalização prolongada. O presente estudo teve porobjetivo geral traçar o perfil, com ênfase na dor no ombro após AVE,dos pacientes com este diagnóstico na cidade de Diamantina/MG. Osinstrumentos utilizados nos 52 pacientes estudados foram: formuláriosemiestruturado, contendo dados pessoais e referentes ao AVE; MiniExame do Estado Mental (Mini-Mental) e Escala Visual Analógica(EVA). Tais instrumentos foram selecionados por serem padrão ouronas suas áreas de investigação e por atenderem adequadamente aosobjetivos do trabalho. Testes ortopédicos foram selecionados para avaliaçãoespecífica de padrões no complexo articular do ombro. Comoresultado notou-se: Neer (38,5%); Rowe (17,3%); Speed (38,5%) eApreensão (9,6%), bem como significativa relação entre sensibilidadee EVA (p = 0,026). Observou-se uma maior prevalência de AVE empacientes do sexo masculino (51,9%), idade avançada (26,9%) ebaixa escolaridade (67,3%). A dor no ombro teve alta prevalência(61,5%) e correlação significativa com alteração de sensibilidade tátilno ombro comprometido (13,5%). Conclui-se que há a necessidadede implantação de medidas preventivas e de promoção da saúde comfoco no AVE, bem como intervenções precoces visando a prevençãoda dor no ombro advinda desta condição.

Stroke is considered an important public health problem andcan cause permanent sequelae that lead to functional limitationand absence from work. Shoulder pain is one of the most commoncomplications after stroke, has a multifactorial etiology and isassociated with poor quality of life, poor prognosis and prolongedhospitalization. This study aimed to profile, with emphasis inshoulder pain after stroke, patients with this diagnosis in the city ofDiamantina/MG. The sample consisted of 52 patients. The instrumentsused were semi-structured form with personal data relating tostroke, Mini Mental State Examination (Mini-Mental) and VisualAnalogue Scale (VAS). The orthopedic tests that were positive were:Neer (38.5%); Rowe (17.3%); Speed (38.5%) and Apprehension(9.6%), and significant relationship between sensitivity and VAS (p= 0.026). There was a higher prevalence of stroke in males (51.9%),elderly (26.9%) and low education (67.3%). Shoulder pain hadhigh prevalence (61.5%) and significant correlation with changesin tactile sensitivity shoulder compromised (13.5%). We concludedthat there is a need for preventive measures and health promotionfocused on stroke as well as early interventions aimed at preventionof shoulder pain arising from this condition.